Charles S. Chihara
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198239758
- eISBN:
- 9780191597190
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198239750.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
A continuation of the study of mathematical existence begun in Ontology and the Vicious‐Circle Principle (published in 1973); in the present work, Quine's indispensability argument is rebutted by the ...
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A continuation of the study of mathematical existence begun in Ontology and the Vicious‐Circle Principle (published in 1973); in the present work, Quine's indispensability argument is rebutted by the development of a new nominalistic version of mathematics (the Constructibility Theory) that is specified as an axiomatized theory formalized in a many‐sorted first‐order language. What is new in the present work is its abandonment of the predicative restrictions of the earlier work and its much greater attention to the applications of mathematics in science and everyday life. The book also contains detailed discussions of rival views (Mathematical Structuralism, Field's Instrumentalism, Burgess's Moderate Realism, Maddy's Set Theoretical Realism, and Kitcher's Ideal Agent account of mathematics), in which many comparisons with the Constructibility Theory are made.Less
A continuation of the study of mathematical existence begun in Ontology and the Vicious‐Circle Principle (published in 1973); in the present work, Quine's indispensability argument is rebutted by the development of a new nominalistic version of mathematics (the Constructibility Theory) that is specified as an axiomatized theory formalized in a many‐sorted first‐order language. What is new in the present work is its abandonment of the predicative restrictions of the earlier work and its much greater attention to the applications of mathematics in science and everyday life. The book also contains detailed discussions of rival views (Mathematical Structuralism, Field's Instrumentalism, Burgess's Moderate Realism, Maddy's Set Theoretical Realism, and Kitcher's Ideal Agent account of mathematics), in which many comparisons with the Constructibility Theory are made.
John P. Burgess and Gideon Rosen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198250128
- eISBN:
- 9780191597138
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198250126.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
Numbers and other mathematical objects are exceptional in having no locations in space and time and no causes or effects in the physical world. This makes it difficult to account for the possibility ...
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Numbers and other mathematical objects are exceptional in having no locations in space and time and no causes or effects in the physical world. This makes it difficult to account for the possibility of mathematical knowledge, leading many philosophers to embrace nominalism, the doctrine that there are no abstract entities. It has also led some of them to embark on ambitious projects for interpreting mathematics so as to preserve the subject while eliminating its objects, eliminating so‐called ontological commitment to numbers, sets, and the like. These projects differ considerably in the apparatus they employ, and the spirit in which they are put forward. Some employ synthetic geometry, others modal logic. Some are put forward as revolutionary replacements for existing mathematics and science, others hermeneutic hypotheses about what they have meant all along. We attempt to cut through technicalities that have obscured previous discussions of these projects, and to present concise accounts with minimal prerequisites of a dozen strategies for nominalistic interpretation of mathematics. We also examine critically the aims and claims of such interpretations, suggesting that what they really achieve is something quite different from what the authors of such projects usually assume.Less
Numbers and other mathematical objects are exceptional in having no locations in space and time and no causes or effects in the physical world. This makes it difficult to account for the possibility of mathematical knowledge, leading many philosophers to embrace nominalism, the doctrine that there are no abstract entities. It has also led some of them to embark on ambitious projects for interpreting mathematics so as to preserve the subject while eliminating its objects, eliminating so‐called ontological commitment to numbers, sets, and the like. These projects differ considerably in the apparatus they employ, and the spirit in which they are put forward. Some employ synthetic geometry, others modal logic. Some are put forward as revolutionary replacements for existing mathematics and science, others hermeneutic hypotheses about what they have meant all along. We attempt to cut through technicalities that have obscured previous discussions of these projects, and to present concise accounts with minimal prerequisites of a dozen strategies for nominalistic interpretation of mathematics. We also examine critically the aims and claims of such interpretations, suggesting that what they really achieve is something quite different from what the authors of such projects usually assume.
David M. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568469
- eISBN:
- 9780191717611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The ecology of a planet is influenced by historical processes. At any stage in its development, the current conditions of life on a planet form the starting point from which new conditions develop. ...
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The ecology of a planet is influenced by historical processes. At any stage in its development, the current conditions of life on a planet form the starting point from which new conditions develop. This means that over time, an ever increasing number of historical accidents will be incorporated into the system and so the role of past history will become increasingly important. This happens across a range of scales, from the chance long distance dispersal of seeds, to the survival of mass extinction events. Gould's interpretation of the Burgess Shale is discussed as a well-known example of the potential importance of historical contingency. The idea of historical contingency is a simple one and yet it is crucially important in understanding much of ecology. This constrained the possible subsequent trajectories of ecological development on Earth.Less
The ecology of a planet is influenced by historical processes. At any stage in its development, the current conditions of life on a planet form the starting point from which new conditions develop. This means that over time, an ever increasing number of historical accidents will be incorporated into the system and so the role of past history will become increasingly important. This happens across a range of scales, from the chance long distance dispersal of seeds, to the survival of mass extinction events. Gould's interpretation of the Burgess Shale is discussed as a well-known example of the potential importance of historical contingency. The idea of historical contingency is a simple one and yet it is crucially important in understanding much of ecology. This constrained the possible subsequent trajectories of ecological development on Earth.
ALAN HARDING
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198219583
- eISBN:
- 9780191717574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219583.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
When the Carolingian empire broke up in the 10th century the immunity from public interference within their fiefs which kings were accustomed to grant to the greater landlords was transformed into a ...
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When the Carolingian empire broke up in the 10th century the immunity from public interference within their fiefs which kings were accustomed to grant to the greater landlords was transformed into a cluster of ‘liberties’ which included the exercise from their castles of the jurisdiction of a count in the pagus. For a while the idea of the state of the kingdom was eclipsed by feudal law, which did not allow the king's reach to go beyond his tenants-in-chief to those further down the landholding hierarchy. But townsmen continued to look to the king for the grant or confirmation of the mercantile customs essential to their way of life, and the peasant traders of the bourgs (in English burh, ‘boroughs’) which grew up everywhere beside castle walls, appealed to the king for enfranchisement as burgesses. Ultimately, seignorial and urban courts gave greater depth to the administration of justice and marked an essential stage in the structuring of territorial states.Less
When the Carolingian empire broke up in the 10th century the immunity from public interference within their fiefs which kings were accustomed to grant to the greater landlords was transformed into a cluster of ‘liberties’ which included the exercise from their castles of the jurisdiction of a count in the pagus. For a while the idea of the state of the kingdom was eclipsed by feudal law, which did not allow the king's reach to go beyond his tenants-in-chief to those further down the landholding hierarchy. But townsmen continued to look to the king for the grant or confirmation of the mercantile customs essential to their way of life, and the peasant traders of the bourgs (in English burh, ‘boroughs’) which grew up everywhere beside castle walls, appealed to the king for enfranchisement as burgesses. Ultimately, seignorial and urban courts gave greater depth to the administration of justice and marked an essential stage in the structuring of territorial states.
ALAN HARDING
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198219583
- eISBN:
- 9780191717574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219583.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter shows how a ‘community of the realm’ was structured by ‘estates of people’. Personal liberty and rights depended on the extent of the law's protection of the tenure of landlords, the ...
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This chapter shows how a ‘community of the realm’ was structured by ‘estates of people’. Personal liberty and rights depended on the extent of the law's protection of the tenure of landlords, the benefices of the clergy, and the ‘free customs’ of burgesses; and the disabilities of Jews and serfs were similarly determined by legislation and court action. Alongside a law of property and ‘civil injuries’, a criminal law sought to create a public peace by replacing the self-help of victims and repressing the revolts of the commons as ‘conspiracies’.Less
This chapter shows how a ‘community of the realm’ was structured by ‘estates of people’. Personal liberty and rights depended on the extent of the law's protection of the tenure of landlords, the benefices of the clergy, and the ‘free customs’ of burgesses; and the disabilities of Jews and serfs were similarly determined by legislation and court action. Alongside a law of property and ‘civil injuries’, a criminal law sought to create a public peace by replacing the self-help of victims and repressing the revolts of the commons as ‘conspiracies’.
Christopher Ricks
- Published in print:
- 1984
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198128298
- eISBN:
- 9780191671654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198128298.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, Poetry
Thomas Burgess started The Physiology or Mechanism of Blushing in 1839. There is no other poet that knew more intimately than John Keats that ‘there is a physiology of the mind as well as of the ...
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Thomas Burgess started The Physiology or Mechanism of Blushing in 1839. There is no other poet that knew more intimately than John Keats that ‘there is a physiology of the mind as well as of the body’. In John Keats' Dream of Truth, John Jones has a richly resonant account of what a blush can mean in Keats. The strength of Keats' imagination is its peaceful accommodation. Moreover, Keats forgets his self-consciousness in the company of Jane Cox. Keats' self-possession when it comes to animating the language is an exhilarating counterpart to her self-possession as ‘she walks across a room’; Keats' too is ‘a magnetic Power’.Less
Thomas Burgess started The Physiology or Mechanism of Blushing in 1839. There is no other poet that knew more intimately than John Keats that ‘there is a physiology of the mind as well as of the body’. In John Keats' Dream of Truth, John Jones has a richly resonant account of what a blush can mean in Keats. The strength of Keats' imagination is its peaceful accommodation. Moreover, Keats forgets his self-consciousness in the company of Jane Cox. Keats' self-possession when it comes to animating the language is an exhilarating counterpart to her self-possession as ‘she walks across a room’; Keats' too is ‘a magnetic Power’.
Christopher Ricks
- Published in print:
- 1984
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198128298
- eISBN:
- 9780191671654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198128298.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, Poetry
Dr. Burgess' sense of the physical alliance between ‘vitality’ and ‘susceptibility’ in a blush expands in the creative ‘genial warmth’ of a quotation from Shakespeare to a fuller feeling for vitality ...
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Dr. Burgess' sense of the physical alliance between ‘vitality’ and ‘susceptibility’ in a blush expands in the creative ‘genial warmth’ of a quotation from Shakespeare to a fuller feeling for vitality and susceptibility. It is noted that one should be a good-humoured discriminator of blushes according to John Keats. The deepest truest blushes in Keats are those within a pathetic fallacy, known to be a tender fiction; this most human of bodily sensations and communications is for a moment thought of as a property of the non-human, and one should ponder the human truths and assurances which may come from imagining so.Less
Dr. Burgess' sense of the physical alliance between ‘vitality’ and ‘susceptibility’ in a blush expands in the creative ‘genial warmth’ of a quotation from Shakespeare to a fuller feeling for vitality and susceptibility. It is noted that one should be a good-humoured discriminator of blushes according to John Keats. The deepest truest blushes in Keats are those within a pathetic fallacy, known to be a tender fiction; this most human of bodily sensations and communications is for a moment thought of as a property of the non-human, and one should ponder the human truths and assurances which may come from imagining so.
J. R. Maddicott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199585502
- eISBN:
- 9780191723148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585502.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, Political History
This chapter describes the evolution of parliament, and its growth as a popular and less exclusively baronial assembly, from the accession of Edward I to the deposition of his son. It shows how, in ...
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This chapter describes the evolution of parliament, and its growth as a popular and less exclusively baronial assembly, from the accession of Edward I to the deposition of his son. It shows how, in Edward I's early years, parliament was re‐established, after the traumas of the previous reign, as a central part of the consensual apparatus of royal government; but how this consensus broke down after 1294 under the stress of war and excessive demands for taxes. Parliament then became the focal point for opposition to the crown and one which drew together bishops, magnates, and knights in opposition to royal government. In the next reign, marked as it was by viciously factious aristocratic politics, the knights and the elected burgesses began to draw apart from the magnates and to gain a real political independence for the first time. The role which both elected knights and burgesses played in the deposition of Edward II was a mark of their political status.Less
This chapter describes the evolution of parliament, and its growth as a popular and less exclusively baronial assembly, from the accession of Edward I to the deposition of his son. It shows how, in Edward I's early years, parliament was re‐established, after the traumas of the previous reign, as a central part of the consensual apparatus of royal government; but how this consensus broke down after 1294 under the stress of war and excessive demands for taxes. Parliament then became the focal point for opposition to the crown and one which drew together bishops, magnates, and knights in opposition to royal government. In the next reign, marked as it was by viciously factious aristocratic politics, the knights and the elected burgesses began to draw apart from the magnates and to gain a real political independence for the first time. The role which both elected knights and burgesses played in the deposition of Edward II was a mark of their political status.
David Gary Shaw
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This book is a history of the city of Wells in the Middle Ages. The book makes full use of the archives of Wells to trace its growth from a rural manor into the prosperous borough it became by the ...
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This book is a history of the city of Wells in the Middle Ages. The book makes full use of the archives of Wells to trace its growth from a rural manor into the prosperous borough it became by the late 12th century. It examines the variety of trades which flourished in Wells — including tanning, glove-making, and cloth-manufacture — and analyses the composition of the burgess community. It also explores the importance of the family, the extent of social mobility, the position of women, and the roles of conviviality on the one hand and religion on the other in shaping communal activity and communal spirit.Less
This book is a history of the city of Wells in the Middle Ages. The book makes full use of the archives of Wells to trace its growth from a rural manor into the prosperous borough it became by the late 12th century. It examines the variety of trades which flourished in Wells — including tanning, glove-making, and cloth-manufacture — and analyses the composition of the burgess community. It also explores the importance of the family, the extent of social mobility, the position of women, and the roles of conviviality on the one hand and religion on the other in shaping communal activity and communal spirit.
Nige West and Oleg Tsarev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300123470
- eISBN:
- 9780300156416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300123470.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter presents an introduction to “Triplex,” which was one of the most closely guarded secrets of the World War II. No reference to it has ever been published, and the official multivolume ...
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This chapter presents an introduction to “Triplex,” which was one of the most closely guarded secrets of the World War II. No reference to it has ever been published, and the official multivolume history of British Intelligence in World War II contains absolutely no mention of this source, which is still highly classified in Britain. The chapter reveals that the Soviet spies recruited from Cambridge University were known in Moscow as the “Ring of Five” and consisted of Kim Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, and John Cairncross. What made the network so remarkable was that they all knew one another. The only outsider was John Cairncross, a formidable intellect but a cantankerous, socially insecure Scot who, despite his undoubted talents, made himself unpopular in successive Whitehall posts, including the Foreign Office, the Treasury, the Secret Intelligence Service SIS, and the Government Communications Headquarters.Less
This chapter presents an introduction to “Triplex,” which was one of the most closely guarded secrets of the World War II. No reference to it has ever been published, and the official multivolume history of British Intelligence in World War II contains absolutely no mention of this source, which is still highly classified in Britain. The chapter reveals that the Soviet spies recruited from Cambridge University were known in Moscow as the “Ring of Five” and consisted of Kim Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, and John Cairncross. What made the network so remarkable was that they all knew one another. The only outsider was John Cairncross, a formidable intellect but a cantankerous, socially insecure Scot who, despite his undoubted talents, made himself unpopular in successive Whitehall posts, including the Foreign Office, the Treasury, the Secret Intelligence Service SIS, and the Government Communications Headquarters.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Professor Norman Trenholme pointed out that the monastic boroughs of England, towns like Abingdon and Bury, Cirencester and Dunstable, spent much of the 14th century in conflict with their ...
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Professor Norman Trenholme pointed out that the monastic boroughs of England, towns like Abingdon and Bury, Cirencester and Dunstable, spent much of the 14th century in conflict with their ecclesiastical overlords. At the time of the Peasants' Revolt, there were further disruptions in some monastic and seigniorial towns. The essential point is that it was the seigniorial boroughs which were most dissatisfied in the 14th century, that their burgesses were generally unable to attain the privileges that they thought were their due, and that independence was a feature of only some of England's towns. The reality of power-sharing is better measured on a graded ruler. Wells comes somewhere in the bottom half of the scale of independence. It was a seigniorial borough, and the townsmen had distinctly fewer powers than the burgesses of many seigniorial and even some ecclesiastical boroughs, but it was nevertheless a royal town during the Middle Ages.Less
Professor Norman Trenholme pointed out that the monastic boroughs of England, towns like Abingdon and Bury, Cirencester and Dunstable, spent much of the 14th century in conflict with their ecclesiastical overlords. At the time of the Peasants' Revolt, there were further disruptions in some monastic and seigniorial towns. The essential point is that it was the seigniorial boroughs which were most dissatisfied in the 14th century, that their burgesses were generally unable to attain the privileges that they thought were their due, and that independence was a feature of only some of England's towns. The reality of power-sharing is better measured on a graded ruler. Wells comes somewhere in the bottom half of the scale of independence. It was a seigniorial borough, and the townsmen had distinctly fewer powers than the burgesses of many seigniorial and even some ecclesiastical boroughs, but it was nevertheless a royal town during the Middle Ages.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The Borough Community was one of two groups into which the laymen of the town were divided. This was a division encountered in virtually all enfranchised towns across Europe. Simply put, it separated ...
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The Borough Community was one of two groups into which the laymen of the town were divided. This was a division encountered in virtually all enfranchised towns across Europe. Simply put, it separated the privileged from the rest, those with a corporate identity and political authority from those who deferred to their rule. This chapter aims to break down the corporate community into its constituent parts. The membership's composition is examined first, followed by an analysis of those burgesses that took a more active part in the guild's affairs by serving in one of its offices. Finally, the elite of the guild — and, therefore, of the city — is sketched to outline the nature of Wells's governing social group and to face the vexed question of oligarchy in the later medieval town.Less
The Borough Community was one of two groups into which the laymen of the town were divided. This was a division encountered in virtually all enfranchised towns across Europe. Simply put, it separated the privileged from the rest, those with a corporate identity and political authority from those who deferred to their rule. This chapter aims to break down the corporate community into its constituent parts. The membership's composition is examined first, followed by an analysis of those burgesses that took a more active part in the guild's affairs by serving in one of its offices. Finally, the elite of the guild — and, therefore, of the city — is sketched to outline the nature of Wells's governing social group and to face the vexed question of oligarchy in the later medieval town.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The issues that this chapter raises have not often been discussed by historians of the medieval English town, and so it is appropriate to acknowledge the important contribution of Susan Reynolds in ...
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The issues that this chapter raises have not often been discussed by historians of the medieval English town, and so it is appropriate to acknowledge the important contribution of Susan Reynolds in raising, often in a general but stimulating way, the question of the political theory of the towns — and, indeed, of all communities. The path was indicated long ago by Sylvia Thrupp's The Merchant Class of Medieval London, but, as in the case of so many of her fine experiments, there were few followers until lately. The chapter follows up many of their hints and gives a more concentrated account of a single guild, the Wells Borough Community. It outlines some of the concepts to be found in the constitution that played a large part in defining and organising community life, before going on to discuss the specific social and cultural functions and projects undertaken by the burgesses.Less
The issues that this chapter raises have not often been discussed by historians of the medieval English town, and so it is appropriate to acknowledge the important contribution of Susan Reynolds in raising, often in a general but stimulating way, the question of the political theory of the towns — and, indeed, of all communities. The path was indicated long ago by Sylvia Thrupp's The Merchant Class of Medieval London, but, as in the case of so many of her fine experiments, there were few followers until lately. The chapter follows up many of their hints and gives a more concentrated account of a single guild, the Wells Borough Community. It outlines some of the concepts to be found in the constitution that played a large part in defining and organising community life, before going on to discuss the specific social and cultural functions and projects undertaken by the burgesses.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter tries to present a complete picture of the social world of later medieval Wells, but fails to do so. It had too little to say of several groups, although they may have fitted into one or ...
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This chapter tries to present a complete picture of the social world of later medieval Wells, but fails to do so. It had too little to say of several groups, although they may have fitted into one or another of the major categories of society. This said, the chapter makes important additions to the world of the burgesses of the Middle Ages. They can now be seen in their essential and dynamic relationships with the foreigners from whose ranks most of them came, and in relation to the poor. Burgesses could be poor; foreigners rich. A significant minority of outsiders would one day succeed in joining the civic elite, that is, the Borough Community. However, the great majority remained socially and economically humble, if not impoverished. A large proportion of the foreigners and some of the burgesses, especially widows, poverty was a stage of life closely connected to old age or sickness.Less
This chapter tries to present a complete picture of the social world of later medieval Wells, but fails to do so. It had too little to say of several groups, although they may have fitted into one or another of the major categories of society. This said, the chapter makes important additions to the world of the burgesses of the Middle Ages. They can now be seen in their essential and dynamic relationships with the foreigners from whose ranks most of them came, and in relation to the poor. Burgesses could be poor; foreigners rich. A significant minority of outsiders would one day succeed in joining the civic elite, that is, the Borough Community. However, the great majority remained socially and economically humble, if not impoverished. A large proportion of the foreigners and some of the burgesses, especially widows, poverty was a stage of life closely connected to old age or sickness.
Andrew D. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205210
- eISBN:
- 9780191676550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205210.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, History of Religion
The corporate solidarity felt among a town's elite could be expressed in a number of ways. Freedom from tolls, the right to appoint officials, and the ability to hold courts became features that were ...
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The corporate solidarity felt among a town's elite could be expressed in a number of ways. Freedom from tolls, the right to appoint officials, and the ability to hold courts became features that were increasingly known as borough privileges. Another right was to be able to form a guild merchant which could represent the whole town; the guild would include all the enfranchised burgesses, who had often earned membership through apprenticeship to a particular craft. By the fifteenth century, the term ‘guild merchant’ had generally lapsed: town government was usually run by common councils, and burgesses gathered collectively as social and religious guilds like those of Malmesbury, even if few towns laid claim to such illustrious pedigrees. This chapter examines the function of these guilds, particularly within the context of civic unity, and how they fitted into the structure of devotional life, civic, parochial, and guild.Less
The corporate solidarity felt among a town's elite could be expressed in a number of ways. Freedom from tolls, the right to appoint officials, and the ability to hold courts became features that were increasingly known as borough privileges. Another right was to be able to form a guild merchant which could represent the whole town; the guild would include all the enfranchised burgesses, who had often earned membership through apprenticeship to a particular craft. By the fifteenth century, the term ‘guild merchant’ had generally lapsed: town government was usually run by common councils, and burgesses gathered collectively as social and religious guilds like those of Malmesbury, even if few towns laid claim to such illustrious pedigrees. This chapter examines the function of these guilds, particularly within the context of civic unity, and how they fitted into the structure of devotional life, civic, parochial, and guild.
Penelope Maddy
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195148770
- eISBN:
- 9780199835560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195148770.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter compares and contrasts Quine’s naturalism with the versions of two post-Quineans (Burgess and Maddy) on the nature of science, logic, and mathematics. The role of indispensability in the ...
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This chapter compares and contrasts Quine’s naturalism with the versions of two post-Quineans (Burgess and Maddy) on the nature of science, logic, and mathematics. The role of indispensability in the philosophy of mathematics is treated in detail.Less
This chapter compares and contrasts Quine’s naturalism with the versions of two post-Quineans (Burgess and Maddy) on the nature of science, logic, and mathematics. The role of indispensability in the philosophy of mathematics is treated in detail.
Charles Chihara
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195148770
- eISBN:
- 9780199835560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195148770.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
Nominalism is the view that abstract mathematical objects like numbers, functions, and sets do not exist. The chapter articulates and defends a variety of nominalism, based on a reading of ...
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Nominalism is the view that abstract mathematical objects like numbers, functions, and sets do not exist. The chapter articulates and defends a variety of nominalism, based on a reading of mathematical statements in terms of possible linguistic constructions. The chapter responds directly to a recent study of nominalism by Gideon Rosen and John Burgess, and develops a reply to the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument for the existence of mathematical objects.Less
Nominalism is the view that abstract mathematical objects like numbers, functions, and sets do not exist. The chapter articulates and defends a variety of nominalism, based on a reading of mathematical statements in terms of possible linguistic constructions. The chapter responds directly to a recent study of nominalism by Gideon Rosen and John Burgess, and develops a reply to the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument for the existence of mathematical objects.
David Dowland
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269298
- eISBN:
- 9780191683589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269298.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, History of Christianity
In 1803, Thomas Burgess was enthroned at St David's where he was perceived as another indifferent English bishop. However, this chapter discusses the dedication and the passion of Thomas Burgess in ...
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In 1803, Thomas Burgess was enthroned at St David's where he was perceived as another indifferent English bishop. However, this chapter discusses the dedication and the passion of Thomas Burgess in providing a quality Anglican theological training and education in the impoverished see of St David's. From being a relatively unknown college in Wales, the St David's College became a Welsh substitute for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge wherein eventually, the College gained affiliation to Oxford University. The chapter also discusses the many issues and problems surrounding the College such as the increasing number of competitors, the failure to create prestige in their degrees and courses, and issues with administration and governance. One of the most striking features of the College is that while the College was originally intended for the impoverished members of the diocese of St David's, the College was predominantly governed by Oxford and Cambridge graduates — an indicator that while efforts had been made to elevate the status of local colleges, the prestige and dominance of the deemed superior universities continued to thrive and limit the capabilities of lesser-known colleges.Less
In 1803, Thomas Burgess was enthroned at St David's where he was perceived as another indifferent English bishop. However, this chapter discusses the dedication and the passion of Thomas Burgess in providing a quality Anglican theological training and education in the impoverished see of St David's. From being a relatively unknown college in Wales, the St David's College became a Welsh substitute for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge wherein eventually, the College gained affiliation to Oxford University. The chapter also discusses the many issues and problems surrounding the College such as the increasing number of competitors, the failure to create prestige in their degrees and courses, and issues with administration and governance. One of the most striking features of the College is that while the College was originally intended for the impoverished members of the diocese of St David's, the College was predominantly governed by Oxford and Cambridge graduates — an indicator that while efforts had been made to elevate the status of local colleges, the prestige and dominance of the deemed superior universities continued to thrive and limit the capabilities of lesser-known colleges.
Charles S. Chihara
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198239758
- eISBN:
- 9780191597190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198239750.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
Concerns an attempted refutation of nominalism put forward by John Burgess in the form of a dilemma argument. Argues that Burgess's argument is based upon a false dilemma.
Concerns an attempted refutation of nominalism put forward by John Burgess in the form of a dilemma argument. Argues that Burgess's argument is based upon a false dilemma.
Megan Taylor Shockley
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814783191
- eISBN:
- 9780814786529
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814783191.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
In 1852 Hannah Rebecca Crowell married sea captain William Burgess and set sail. Within three years, Rebecca Burgess had crossed the equator eleven times and learned to navigate a vessel. In 1856, ...
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In 1852 Hannah Rebecca Crowell married sea captain William Burgess and set sail. Within three years, Rebecca Burgess had crossed the equator eleven times and learned to navigate a vessel. In 1856, 22-year-old Rebecca saved the ship Challenger as her husband lay dying from dysentery. The widow returned to her family's home in Sandwich, Massachusetts, where she refused all marriage proposals and died wealthy in 1917. This is the way Rebecca Burgess recorded her story in her prodigious journals and registers, which she donated to the local historical society upon her death, but there is no other evidence that this dramatic event occurred exactly this way. This book examines how Burgess constructed her own legend and how the town of Sandwich embraced that history as its own. Through careful analysis of myriad primary sources, the book also addresses how Burgess dealt with the conflicting gender roles of her life, reconciling her traditionally masculine adventures at sea and her independent lifestyle with the accepted ideals of the period's “Victorian woman.”Less
In 1852 Hannah Rebecca Crowell married sea captain William Burgess and set sail. Within three years, Rebecca Burgess had crossed the equator eleven times and learned to navigate a vessel. In 1856, 22-year-old Rebecca saved the ship Challenger as her husband lay dying from dysentery. The widow returned to her family's home in Sandwich, Massachusetts, where she refused all marriage proposals and died wealthy in 1917. This is the way Rebecca Burgess recorded her story in her prodigious journals and registers, which she donated to the local historical society upon her death, but there is no other evidence that this dramatic event occurred exactly this way. This book examines how Burgess constructed her own legend and how the town of Sandwich embraced that history as its own. Through careful analysis of myriad primary sources, the book also addresses how Burgess dealt with the conflicting gender roles of her life, reconciling her traditionally masculine adventures at sea and her independent lifestyle with the accepted ideals of the period's “Victorian woman.”
