You‐tien Hsing
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199568048
- eISBN:
- 9780191721632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568048.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Chapter 6 moves to the third type of place examined in this book, the rural edge of the metropolitan region, where the influence of the metropolitan government gives way to ...
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Chapter 6 moves to the third type of place examined in this book, the rural edge of the metropolitan region, where the influence of the metropolitan government gives way to low‐ranking township governments exercising informal power over rural land. Acting as power and property brokers between the state bureaucracy and peasants, township leaders try to avoid scrutiny from above while intensifying downward control over village land to develop illegal industrial, commercial, and residential projects. Townships' power and property brokerage is exemplified by their issuing of homeownership certificates that attract buyers of affordable homes but are not recognized by the state. Townships' limited formal power is secured through construction projects and expanded through the operation of the black market for property.Less
Chapter 6 moves to the third type of place examined in this book, the rural edge of the metropolitan region, where the influence of the metropolitan government gives way to low‐ranking township governments exercising informal power over rural land. Acting as power and property brokers between the state bureaucracy and peasants, township leaders try to avoid scrutiny from above while intensifying downward control over village land to develop illegal industrial, commercial, and residential projects. Townships' power and property brokerage is exemplified by their issuing of homeownership certificates that attract buyers of affordable homes but are not recognized by the state. Townships' limited formal power is secured through construction projects and expanded through the operation of the black market for property.
G. Anandalingam and Henry C. Lucas
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195177404
- eISBN:
- 9780199789559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177404.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter focuses on a major force in the economy, and one that is key to the capitalist system: securities markets and the brokerage industry. Although Nasdaq online securities market was one of ...
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This chapter focuses on a major force in the economy, and one that is key to the capitalist system: securities markets and the brokerage industry. Although Nasdaq online securities market was one of the first movers in electronic markets, when Electronic Communications Networks (ECNs) came along and siphoned a considerable amount of trade away, Nasdaq, with its very survival in question, took a long time to respond to the threat. The chapter relates the story of how organizational factors made it difficult for the most successful broker, Merrill Lynch, to respond with a new price structure for trading stocks when electronic brokerages like Schwab and e-Trade came along. These examples illustrate a winner’s curse that comes from complacency and the psychological and organizational factors that often prevent a winner from responding to new events and challenges.Less
This chapter focuses on a major force in the economy, and one that is key to the capitalist system: securities markets and the brokerage industry. Although Nasdaq online securities market was one of the first movers in electronic markets, when Electronic Communications Networks (ECNs) came along and siphoned a considerable amount of trade away, Nasdaq, with its very survival in question, took a long time to respond to the threat. The chapter relates the story of how organizational factors made it difficult for the most successful broker, Merrill Lynch, to respond with a new price structure for trading stocks when electronic brokerages like Schwab and e-Trade came along. These examples illustrate a winner’s curse that comes from complacency and the psychological and organizational factors that often prevent a winner from responding to new events and challenges.
Mario Luis Small
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195384352
- eISBN:
- 9780199869893
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384352.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Social capital theorists have shown that inequality arises in part because some people enjoy larger, more supportive, or otherwise more useful networks. But why do some people have better networks ...
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Social capital theorists have shown that inequality arises in part because some people enjoy larger, more supportive, or otherwise more useful networks. But why do some people have better networks than others? This book argues that the answer lies less in people's deliberate “networking” than in the institutional conditions of the churches, colleges, firms, gyms, and other organizations in which they happen to participate routinely. This book introduces a model of social inequality that takes seriously the embeddedness of networks in formal organizations, proposing that what people gain from their connections depends on where those connections are formed and sustained. The model is illustrated and developed through a study of the experiences of mothers whose children were enrolled in New York City childcare centers. As a result of the routine practices and institutional conditions of the centers—from the structure of their parents' associations, to apparently innocuous rules such as pick‐up and drop‐off times—many of these mothers dramatically increased their social capital and measurably improved their wellbeing. Yet how much they gained depended on how their respective centers were organized. This book identifies the mechanisms through which childcare centers structured the networks of mothers, and shows that similar mechanisms operate in many other routine organizations, from beauty salons and bath houses to colleges and churches. The book makes a case for the importance of organizational embeddedness in the study of personal ties.Less
Social capital theorists have shown that inequality arises in part because some people enjoy larger, more supportive, or otherwise more useful networks. But why do some people have better networks than others? This book argues that the answer lies less in people's deliberate “networking” than in the institutional conditions of the churches, colleges, firms, gyms, and other organizations in which they happen to participate routinely. This book introduces a model of social inequality that takes seriously the embeddedness of networks in formal organizations, proposing that what people gain from their connections depends on where those connections are formed and sustained. The model is illustrated and developed through a study of the experiences of mothers whose children were enrolled in New York City childcare centers. As a result of the routine practices and institutional conditions of the centers—from the structure of their parents' associations, to apparently innocuous rules such as pick‐up and drop‐off times—many of these mothers dramatically increased their social capital and measurably improved their wellbeing. Yet how much they gained depended on how their respective centers were organized. This book identifies the mechanisms through which childcare centers structured the networks of mothers, and shows that similar mechanisms operate in many other routine organizations, from beauty salons and bath houses to colleges and churches. The book makes a case for the importance of organizational embeddedness in the study of personal ties.
Zeynep Devrim Gürsel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520286368
- eISBN:
- 9780520961616
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520286368.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
How does a photograph become a news image? An ethnography of the labor behind international news images, this book ruptures the self-evidence of the journalistic photograph by revealing the many ...
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How does a photograph become a news image? An ethnography of the labor behind international news images, this book ruptures the self-evidence of the journalistic photograph by revealing the many factors determining how news audiences are shown people, events, and the world. News images, this book argues, function as formative fictions—fictional insofar as these images are constructed and culturally mediated, and formative because their public presence and circulation have real consequences in the world. Set against the backdrop of the War on Terror and based on fieldwork conducted at photojournalism's centers of power, the book offers an intimate look at an industry in crisis. At the turn of the 21st century, image brokers—the people who manage the distribution and restriction of news images—found the core technologies of their craft, the status of images, and their own professional standing all changing rapidly with the digitalization of the infrastructures of representation. From corporate sales meetings to wire service desks, newsrooms to photography workshops and festivals, the book investigates how news images are produced and how worldviews are reproduced in the process.Less
How does a photograph become a news image? An ethnography of the labor behind international news images, this book ruptures the self-evidence of the journalistic photograph by revealing the many factors determining how news audiences are shown people, events, and the world. News images, this book argues, function as formative fictions—fictional insofar as these images are constructed and culturally mediated, and formative because their public presence and circulation have real consequences in the world. Set against the backdrop of the War on Terror and based on fieldwork conducted at photojournalism's centers of power, the book offers an intimate look at an industry in crisis. At the turn of the 21st century, image brokers—the people who manage the distribution and restriction of news images—found the core technologies of their craft, the status of images, and their own professional standing all changing rapidly with the digitalization of the infrastructures of representation. From corporate sales meetings to wire service desks, newsrooms to photography workshops and festivals, the book investigates how news images are produced and how worldviews are reproduced in the process.
Mario Luis Small
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195384352
- eISBN:
- 9780199869893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384352.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines not social but organizational ties: connections that, through their centers, mothers made to other organizations that possessed valuable resources. It finds that centers were ...
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This chapter examines not social but organizational ties: connections that, through their centers, mothers made to other organizations that possessed valuable resources. It finds that centers were connected, in varying degrees, to organizations such as hospitals, youth organizations, museums, and federal agencies. These connections differed in type and orientation, and provided mothers access to many resources that can be categorized into information, services, and material goods. These connections were brokered by the centers through four mechanisms: referrals, collaboration, validation, and storage.Less
This chapter examines not social but organizational ties: connections that, through their centers, mothers made to other organizations that possessed valuable resources. It finds that centers were connected, in varying degrees, to organizations such as hospitals, youth organizations, museums, and federal agencies. These connections differed in type and orientation, and provided mothers access to many resources that can be categorized into information, services, and material goods. These connections were brokered by the centers through four mechanisms: referrals, collaboration, validation, and storage.
Zain Abdullah
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195314250
- eISBN:
- 9780199871797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314250.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter covers relations between longtime Black residents and newly arrived West African Muslims. During their settlement, African immigrants try to reconcile their Black identity with their ...
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This chapter covers relations between longtime Black residents and newly arrived West African Muslims. During their settlement, African immigrants try to reconcile their Black identity with their Muslim identity, but relations between them and their Black counterparts are often strained. Blacks view them as scornful invaders, and Africans see American-born Blacks as incorrigible slackers. Although Harlem residents have held a positive view of Muslims over the years, the Islamic identity of Africans is disregarded in their ongoing conflict. Some Africans are embraced as role models or cultural brokers, while other Blacks see their African clothing and religious practices as an opportunity to reclaim their African heritage.Less
This chapter covers relations between longtime Black residents and newly arrived West African Muslims. During their settlement, African immigrants try to reconcile their Black identity with their Muslim identity, but relations between them and their Black counterparts are often strained. Blacks view them as scornful invaders, and Africans see American-born Blacks as incorrigible slackers. Although Harlem residents have held a positive view of Muslims over the years, the Islamic identity of Africans is disregarded in their ongoing conflict. Some Africans are embraced as role models or cultural brokers, while other Blacks see their African clothing and religious practices as an opportunity to reclaim their African heritage.
Oscar Gelderblom
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142883
- eISBN:
- 9781400848591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142883.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter focuses on the creation of spot markets as a means for foreign traders in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to find buyers or sellers and negotiate deals with them. It first considers how ...
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This chapter focuses on the creation of spot markets as a means for foreign traders in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to find buyers or sellers and negotiate deals with them. It first considers how public vending locations were constantly adapted to the size and composition of the merchant community before discussing how the work of local hostellers and brokers was regulated to ensure the availability of current commercial information to all merchants at low cost. It then examines the ability of resident traders to pass over local intermediaries and organize their own information supply by focusing on the business of one merchant, Hans Thijs, a jeweler from Antwerp who settled in Amsterdam in 1595. It also assesses the extent to which the urban magistrates were willing, in the interest of the merchant community at large, to align the financial reward for the hostellers' services with the value they added to the business of individual merchants.Less
This chapter focuses on the creation of spot markets as a means for foreign traders in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to find buyers or sellers and negotiate deals with them. It first considers how public vending locations were constantly adapted to the size and composition of the merchant community before discussing how the work of local hostellers and brokers was regulated to ensure the availability of current commercial information to all merchants at low cost. It then examines the ability of resident traders to pass over local intermediaries and organize their own information supply by focusing on the business of one merchant, Hans Thijs, a jeweler from Antwerp who settled in Amsterdam in 1595. It also assesses the extent to which the urban magistrates were willing, in the interest of the merchant community at large, to align the financial reward for the hostellers' services with the value they added to the business of individual merchants.
Rebecca Sager
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391763
- eISBN:
- 9780199866304
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391763.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
There is often more than meets the eye where politics and religion are concerned. Faith‐based initiatives are no exception. Using data from multiple sources, this book examines how and why states ...
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There is often more than meets the eye where politics and religion are concerned. Faith‐based initiatives are no exception. Using data from multiple sources, this book examines how and why states have been creating these policies and practices, revealing three key aspects of faith‐based policy implementation by states: appointment of state actors known as faith‐based liaisons, passage of legislation, and development of state faith‐based policy conferences. Despite the good intentions of some, faith‐based policies did not create significant new programs to help those in need. Instead these initiatives were powerful political symbols used to reshape church‐state relationships and alter the distribution of political power, creating a system in which neither the greatest hopes of the supporters, nor the greatest fears of the opponents have been realized. Supporters hoped faith‐based initiatives would solve problems of poverty and an over‐burdened welfare system, while opponents feared rampant proselytizing with government funds.Less
There is often more than meets the eye where politics and religion are concerned. Faith‐based initiatives are no exception. Using data from multiple sources, this book examines how and why states have been creating these policies and practices, revealing three key aspects of faith‐based policy implementation by states: appointment of state actors known as faith‐based liaisons, passage of legislation, and development of state faith‐based policy conferences. Despite the good intentions of some, faith‐based policies did not create significant new programs to help those in need. Instead these initiatives were powerful political symbols used to reshape church‐state relationships and alter the distribution of political power, creating a system in which neither the greatest hopes of the supporters, nor the greatest fears of the opponents have been realized. Supporters hoped faith‐based initiatives would solve problems of poverty and an over‐burdened welfare system, while opponents feared rampant proselytizing with government funds.
Colin Newbury
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257812
- eISBN:
- 9780191717864
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257812.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
This book applies a patron-client model to case studies of imperial over-rule to examine the political relationships between administrative and indigenous hierarchies derived from existing social ...
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This book applies a patron-client model to case studies of imperial over-rule to examine the political relationships between administrative and indigenous hierarchies derived from existing social structures and surviving into the period of decolonization. It goes beyond classification of administration as ‘direct’ or ‘indirect’, and rejects the notion that imperial rule was simply maintained by threat of force. From the range of cases presented it is argued that there was a continuity between pre-colonial regimes and succeeding European hierarchies that incorporated indigenous leaders. There are common themes in the initial dependency of European agencies (evangelical, commercial, official) on the patronage of indigenous rulers in states and reversal of this status at the onset of colonial rule. Remarkably few indigenous governments disappeared; and most subordinated leaders accommodated willingly or unwillingly within a new hierarchy deficient in resources and administrative personnel. In short, Europeans became imperial patrons and brokers between a distant metropolis and local systems of government in ways that were symbiotic, rather than hegemonic, subject to compromise beneath the rhetoric of colonial policies.Less
This book applies a patron-client model to case studies of imperial over-rule to examine the political relationships between administrative and indigenous hierarchies derived from existing social structures and surviving into the period of decolonization. It goes beyond classification of administration as ‘direct’ or ‘indirect’, and rejects the notion that imperial rule was simply maintained by threat of force. From the range of cases presented it is argued that there was a continuity between pre-colonial regimes and succeeding European hierarchies that incorporated indigenous leaders. There are common themes in the initial dependency of European agencies (evangelical, commercial, official) on the patronage of indigenous rulers in states and reversal of this status at the onset of colonial rule. Remarkably few indigenous governments disappeared; and most subordinated leaders accommodated willingly or unwillingly within a new hierarchy deficient in resources and administrative personnel. In short, Europeans became imperial patrons and brokers between a distant metropolis and local systems of government in ways that were symbiotic, rather than hegemonic, subject to compromise beneath the rhetoric of colonial policies.
Manolo I. Abella
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of ...
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Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of employment and origin have not agreed on exclusive systems for recruiting labour. Job brokers or recruiters have successfully organized labour migration between many states, especially where few or no political or economic linkages have existed before. However, recruiting activities have been frequently characterized by fraudulent practices. Little evidence indicates that public authorities’ efforts to protect workers against such practices have been effective.Less
Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of employment and origin have not agreed on exclusive systems for recruiting labour. Job brokers or recruiters have successfully organized labour migration between many states, especially where few or no political or economic linkages have existed before. However, recruiting activities have been frequently characterized by fraudulent practices. Little evidence indicates that public authorities’ efforts to protect workers against such practices have been effective.
Lisa Rose Mar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199733132
- eISBN:
- 9780199866533
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733132.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, World Medieval History
This work traces several generations of Chinese “brokers,” ethnic leaders who acted as intermediaries between the Chinese and Anglo worlds of Canada. At the time, most Chinese could not vote and many ...
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This work traces several generations of Chinese “brokers,” ethnic leaders who acted as intermediaries between the Chinese and Anglo worlds of Canada. At the time, most Chinese could not vote and many were illegal immigrants, so brokers played informal but necessary roles as representatives to the larger society. Brokers’ work reveals the changing boundaries between Chinese and Anglo worlds and how tensions among Chinese shaped them. By reinserting Chinese back into mainstream politics, this book alters common understandings of how legally “alien” groups helped create modern immigrant nations. Over several generations, brokers deeply embedded Chinese immigrants in the larger Canadian, U.S., and Chinese politics of their time. On the nineteenth-century Western frontier, Chinese businessmen competed with each other to represent their community. By the early 1920s, a new generation of brokers based in social movements challenged traditional brokers, shifting the power dynamic within the Chinese community. During the Second World War, social movements helped reconfigure both brokerage and race relations. Based on new Chinese language evidence, this book recounts history from the “middle,” a view that is neither bottom up nor top down. Through brokerage, Chinese wielded considerable influence, navigating a period of anti-Asian sentiment and exclusion throughout society. Consequently, Chinese immigrants became significant players in race relations, influencing policies that affected all Canadians and Americans.Less
This work traces several generations of Chinese “brokers,” ethnic leaders who acted as intermediaries between the Chinese and Anglo worlds of Canada. At the time, most Chinese could not vote and many were illegal immigrants, so brokers played informal but necessary roles as representatives to the larger society. Brokers’ work reveals the changing boundaries between Chinese and Anglo worlds and how tensions among Chinese shaped them. By reinserting Chinese back into mainstream politics, this book alters common understandings of how legally “alien” groups helped create modern immigrant nations. Over several generations, brokers deeply embedded Chinese immigrants in the larger Canadian, U.S., and Chinese politics of their time. On the nineteenth-century Western frontier, Chinese businessmen competed with each other to represent their community. By the early 1920s, a new generation of brokers based in social movements challenged traditional brokers, shifting the power dynamic within the Chinese community. During the Second World War, social movements helped reconfigure both brokerage and race relations. Based on new Chinese language evidence, this book recounts history from the “middle,” a view that is neither bottom up nor top down. Through brokerage, Chinese wielded considerable influence, navigating a period of anti-Asian sentiment and exclusion throughout society. Consequently, Chinese immigrants became significant players in race relations, influencing policies that affected all Canadians and Americans.
Rebecca Sager
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391763
- eISBN:
- 9780199866304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391763.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter delves in greater detail into the role of faith‐based liaisons and offices of faith‐based and community initiatives. The practices, tasks, personal goals, ideals, and duties of ...
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This chapter delves in greater detail into the role of faith‐based liaisons and offices of faith‐based and community initiatives. The practices, tasks, personal goals, ideals, and duties of individual liaisons and OFBCIs are examined. Data from interviews with these state liaisons reveals a complex on‐the‐ground reality of implementation of state faith‐based initiatives. Understanding state‐level implementation of faith‐based initiatives thus required answering two questions: What actions do faith‐based liaisons take to implement the Initiative? Who are these liaisons? The history of the faith‐based initiative has been tied to the activities of a few dedicated individuals who strongly believe in the role of religion in social services. Many of these individuals now feel that the true power behind the initiative has been stripped and that what has been left in its place is a mere game of politics.Less
This chapter delves in greater detail into the role of faith‐based liaisons and offices of faith‐based and community initiatives. The practices, tasks, personal goals, ideals, and duties of individual liaisons and OFBCIs are examined. Data from interviews with these state liaisons reveals a complex on‐the‐ground reality of implementation of state faith‐based initiatives. Understanding state‐level implementation of faith‐based initiatives thus required answering two questions: What actions do faith‐based liaisons take to implement the Initiative? Who are these liaisons? The history of the faith‐based initiative has been tied to the activities of a few dedicated individuals who strongly believe in the role of religion in social services. Many of these individuals now feel that the true power behind the initiative has been stripped and that what has been left in its place is a mere game of politics.
Amy Speier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479827664
- eISBN:
- 9781479858996
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479827664.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Millions of North Americans are priced out of North America’s expensive reproductive medicine industry. Ultimately, women learn about the possibility of doing IVF abroad, and this book reveals the ...
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Millions of North Americans are priced out of North America’s expensive reproductive medicine industry. Ultimately, women learn about the possibility of doing IVF abroad, and this book reveals the layers of desire that motivate them to travel halfway across the world in their quest for parenthood. A global marketing chain has brilliantly packaged “fertility holidays”: a European vacation alongside a healthcare system where doctors really care and want you to have your beautiful white baby. Brokers promise couples that they will experience a more relaxing IVF cycle while also assuring them Czech doctors offer better care along with the highest standards of technology. Ultimately, my book reveals the alienation of poor patients in the U.S., their active response as they assume the role of global consumers of health care. Fertility clinics around the globe have begun to develop marketing schemes that cater to this North American desire for care, since it is an obvious deficiency in our healthcare system.Less
Millions of North Americans are priced out of North America’s expensive reproductive medicine industry. Ultimately, women learn about the possibility of doing IVF abroad, and this book reveals the layers of desire that motivate them to travel halfway across the world in their quest for parenthood. A global marketing chain has brilliantly packaged “fertility holidays”: a European vacation alongside a healthcare system where doctors really care and want you to have your beautiful white baby. Brokers promise couples that they will experience a more relaxing IVF cycle while also assuring them Czech doctors offer better care along with the highest standards of technology. Ultimately, my book reveals the alienation of poor patients in the U.S., their active response as they assume the role of global consumers of health care. Fertility clinics around the globe have begun to develop marketing schemes that cater to this North American desire for care, since it is an obvious deficiency in our healthcare system.
Zeynep Devrim Gürsel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520286368
- eISBN:
- 9780520961616
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520286368.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This conclusion looks at the landscape of photojournalism today. What happens to image brokering and photojournalism in the age of social media and increased digitalization? While there has been an ...
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This conclusion looks at the landscape of photojournalism today. What happens to image brokering and photojournalism in the age of social media and increased digitalization? While there has been an increasing demand for imagery, the work of photojournalists and professional image brokers has been significantly devalued. The conclusion then examines visual worldmaking practices through four recent news events—the 2013 Gezi protests in Turkey, the January 2015 attacks on the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, World Press Photo's decision to revoke a prize in its 2015 Contemporary Issues category, and the earthquake in Nepal in April 2015. Only one thing about the future of journalism is clear: it must be visual.Less
This conclusion looks at the landscape of photojournalism today. What happens to image brokering and photojournalism in the age of social media and increased digitalization? While there has been an increasing demand for imagery, the work of photojournalists and professional image brokers has been significantly devalued. The conclusion then examines visual worldmaking practices through four recent news events—the 2013 Gezi protests in Turkey, the January 2015 attacks on the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, World Press Photo's decision to revoke a prize in its 2015 Contemporary Issues category, and the earthquake in Nepal in April 2015. Only one thing about the future of journalism is clear: it must be visual.
Lois K. Geller
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195158694
- eISBN:
- 9780199849420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158694.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Chapter 4 outlines the most efficient method of gathering lists of prospects. Mentioned are: compiled lists available for rent, direct response lists, and list of brokers containing names and ...
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Chapter 4 outlines the most efficient method of gathering lists of prospects. Mentioned are: compiled lists available for rent, direct response lists, and list of brokers containing names and addresses of people who have one basic interest or characteristic in common. It also details the process of choosing the prospective customers from the lists available. Database maintenance and marketing is thoroughly discussed as a tool in marketing planning and analysis.Less
Chapter 4 outlines the most efficient method of gathering lists of prospects. Mentioned are: compiled lists available for rent, direct response lists, and list of brokers containing names and addresses of people who have one basic interest or characteristic in common. It also details the process of choosing the prospective customers from the lists available. Database maintenance and marketing is thoroughly discussed as a tool in marketing planning and analysis.
Andrew Urban
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780814785843
- eISBN:
- 9780814764749
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814785843.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Brokering Servitude examines how labor markets for domestic service were identified, shaped, and governed by philanthropists, missionaries, commercial offices, and the state. Because household ...
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Brokering Servitude examines how labor markets for domestic service were identified, shaped, and governed by philanthropists, missionaries, commercial offices, and the state. Because household service was undesirable work and stigmatized as menial and unfree, brokers were integral to steering and compelling women, men, and children into this labor. By the end of the nineteenth century, the federal government—as the sovereign power responsible for overseeing immigration—had become a major broker of domestic labor through border controls. By determining eligibility for entry, federal immigration officials dictated the availability of workers for domestic labor and under what conditions they could be contracted. Brokering Servitude is the first book to connect the political economy of domestic labor in the United States to the nation’s historic legacy as an imperial power engaged in continental expansion, the opening of overseas labor markets in Europe and Asia, and the dismantling of the unfree labor regime that slavery represented. The question of how to best broker the social relations of production necessary to support middle-class domesticity generated contentious debates about race, citizenship, and economic development. This book asserts that the political economy of reproductive labor, usually confined to the static space of the home, cannot be properly understood without attention to labor migrations, and especially migrations of workers who were assisted, compelled, or contracted. Their interventions responded to household employers who were eager to not only compare the merits of different labor sources, but also pit these sources against each other.
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Brokering Servitude examines how labor markets for domestic service were identified, shaped, and governed by philanthropists, missionaries, commercial offices, and the state. Because household service was undesirable work and stigmatized as menial and unfree, brokers were integral to steering and compelling women, men, and children into this labor. By the end of the nineteenth century, the federal government—as the sovereign power responsible for overseeing immigration—had become a major broker of domestic labor through border controls. By determining eligibility for entry, federal immigration officials dictated the availability of workers for domestic labor and under what conditions they could be contracted. Brokering Servitude is the first book to connect the political economy of domestic labor in the United States to the nation’s historic legacy as an imperial power engaged in continental expansion, the opening of overseas labor markets in Europe and Asia, and the dismantling of the unfree labor regime that slavery represented. The question of how to best broker the social relations of production necessary to support middle-class domesticity generated contentious debates about race, citizenship, and economic development. This book asserts that the political economy of reproductive labor, usually confined to the static space of the home, cannot be properly understood without attention to labor migrations, and especially migrations of workers who were assisted, compelled, or contracted. Their interventions responded to household employers who were eager to not only compare the merits of different labor sources, but also pit these sources against each other.
Ann Swidler and Susan Cotts Watkins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691173924
- eISBN:
- 9781400884988
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691173924.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
In the wake of the AIDS pandemic, legions of organizations and compassionate individuals descended on Africa from faraway places to offer their help and save lives. This book shows how the dreams of ...
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In the wake of the AIDS pandemic, legions of organizations and compassionate individuals descended on Africa from faraway places to offer their help and save lives. This book shows how the dreams of these altruists became entangled with complex institutional and human relationships. The book describes the often mismatched expectations and fantasies of those who seek to help, of the villagers who desperately seek help, and of the brokers on whom both Western altruists and impoverished villagers must rely. Based on years of fieldwork in the heavily AIDS-affected country of Malawi, this book digs into the sprawling AIDS enterprise and unravels the paradoxes of AIDS policy and practice. All who want to do good—from idealistic volunteers to world-weary development professionals—depend on brokers as guides, fixers, and cultural translators. These irreplaceable but frequently unseen local middlemen are the human connection between altruists' dreams and the realities of global philanthropy. Personal stories, public scandals, and intersecting, sometimes clashing fantasies bring the lofty intentions of AIDS altruism firmly down to earth. The book ultimately argues that altruists could accomplish more good, not by seeking to transform African lives but by helping Africans achieve their own goals. It unveils the tangled relations of those involved in the collective struggle to contain an epidemic.Less
In the wake of the AIDS pandemic, legions of organizations and compassionate individuals descended on Africa from faraway places to offer their help and save lives. This book shows how the dreams of these altruists became entangled with complex institutional and human relationships. The book describes the often mismatched expectations and fantasies of those who seek to help, of the villagers who desperately seek help, and of the brokers on whom both Western altruists and impoverished villagers must rely. Based on years of fieldwork in the heavily AIDS-affected country of Malawi, this book digs into the sprawling AIDS enterprise and unravels the paradoxes of AIDS policy and practice. All who want to do good—from idealistic volunteers to world-weary development professionals—depend on brokers as guides, fixers, and cultural translators. These irreplaceable but frequently unseen local middlemen are the human connection between altruists' dreams and the realities of global philanthropy. Personal stories, public scandals, and intersecting, sometimes clashing fantasies bring the lofty intentions of AIDS altruism firmly down to earth. The book ultimately argues that altruists could accomplish more good, not by seeking to transform African lives but by helping Africans achieve their own goals. It unveils the tangled relations of those involved in the collective struggle to contain an epidemic.
Moeed Yusuf
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503604858
- eISBN:
- 9781503606555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503604858.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book is the first to theorize third party mediation in crises between regional nuclear powers. Its relevance flows from two of the most significant international developments since the end of ...
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This book is the first to theorize third party mediation in crises between regional nuclear powers. Its relevance flows from two of the most significant international developments since the end of the Cold War: the emergence of regional nuclear rivalries; and the shift from the Cold War’s bipolar context to today’s unipolar international setting. Moving away from the traditional bilateral deterrence models, the book conceptualizes crisis behavior as “brokered bargaining”: a three-way bargaining framework where the regional rivals and the ‘third party’ seek to influence each other to behave in line with their crisis objectives and in so doing, affect each other’s crisis behavior. The book tests brokered bargaining theory by examining U.S.-led crisis management in South Asia, analyzing three major crises between India and Pakistan: the Kargil conflict, 1999; the 2001-02 nuclear standoff; and the Mumbai crisis, 2008. The case studies find strong evidence of behavior predicted by the brokered bargaining framework. They also shed light on several risks of misperceptions and inadvertence due to the challenges inherent in signaling to multiple audiences simultaneously. Traditional explanations rooted in bilateral deterrence models do not account for these, leaving a void with serious practical consequences, which the introduction of brokered bargaining seeks to fill. The book’s findings also offer lessons for crises on the Korean peninsula, between China and India, and between potential nuclear rivals in the Middle East.Less
This book is the first to theorize third party mediation in crises between regional nuclear powers. Its relevance flows from two of the most significant international developments since the end of the Cold War: the emergence of regional nuclear rivalries; and the shift from the Cold War’s bipolar context to today’s unipolar international setting. Moving away from the traditional bilateral deterrence models, the book conceptualizes crisis behavior as “brokered bargaining”: a three-way bargaining framework where the regional rivals and the ‘third party’ seek to influence each other to behave in line with their crisis objectives and in so doing, affect each other’s crisis behavior. The book tests brokered bargaining theory by examining U.S.-led crisis management in South Asia, analyzing three major crises between India and Pakistan: the Kargil conflict, 1999; the 2001-02 nuclear standoff; and the Mumbai crisis, 2008. The case studies find strong evidence of behavior predicted by the brokered bargaining framework. They also shed light on several risks of misperceptions and inadvertence due to the challenges inherent in signaling to multiple audiences simultaneously. Traditional explanations rooted in bilateral deterrence models do not account for these, leaving a void with serious practical consequences, which the introduction of brokered bargaining seeks to fill. The book’s findings also offer lessons for crises on the Korean peninsula, between China and India, and between potential nuclear rivals in the Middle East.
Helga Drummond
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289531
- eISBN:
- 9780191684722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289531.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
Project Taurus had damaged the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Although the design had finally been agreed, LSE received little credit for its endeavour. What indeed was the Exchange there to do now ...
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Project Taurus had damaged the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Although the design had finally been agreed, LSE received little credit for its endeavour. What indeed was the Exchange there to do now that its trading floor was redundant and a substantial part of its regulatory functions had been lost? The Exchange had lost much of its influence. Although the recent widening of membership had enlivened the ruling council, it was still said to be dominated by superannuated brokers. The ending of fixed commissions and the stock market crash had reduced firms' profits. Voting rights were transferred from individuals to member firms, which were unsympathetic and saw the LSE as costing them a great deal of money and doing little to promote the financial services industry. Peter Rawlins, the new LSE chief executive, had been told emphatically not to intervene in Taurus and there were other, more pressing problems awaiting his attention. With so much else at stake, settlement was hardly a priority.Less
Project Taurus had damaged the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Although the design had finally been agreed, LSE received little credit for its endeavour. What indeed was the Exchange there to do now that its trading floor was redundant and a substantial part of its regulatory functions had been lost? The Exchange had lost much of its influence. Although the recent widening of membership had enlivened the ruling council, it was still said to be dominated by superannuated brokers. The ending of fixed commissions and the stock market crash had reduced firms' profits. Voting rights were transferred from individuals to member firms, which were unsympathetic and saw the LSE as costing them a great deal of money and doing little to promote the financial services industry. Peter Rawlins, the new LSE chief executive, had been told emphatically not to intervene in Taurus and there were other, more pressing problems awaiting his attention. With so much else at stake, settlement was hardly a priority.
Alexander Cooley
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199929825
- eISBN:
- 9780199950485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929825.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 2 traces the origins of the Central Asian states’ patrimonial political systems and the “local rules” that structure their interactions with outside powers. It explores the Soviet origins of ...
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Chapter 2 traces the origins of the Central Asian states’ patrimonial political systems and the “local rules” that structure their interactions with outside powers. It explores the Soviet origins of Central Asia’s patrimonial political arrangements and their restructured role during the independence era, and surveys the varieties of authoritarianism across the region. Central Asia’s local rules lead governments to conflate external and internal threats in the name of preserving their regimes; use state resources for private gain; and act as brokers between external actors and local constituents. In the 1990s these practices were masked by the external assumption that the Central Asian states were in transition, while in the 2000 rulers became more brazen about their patrimonial imperatives.Less
Chapter 2 traces the origins of the Central Asian states’ patrimonial political systems and the “local rules” that structure their interactions with outside powers. It explores the Soviet origins of Central Asia’s patrimonial political arrangements and their restructured role during the independence era, and surveys the varieties of authoritarianism across the region. Central Asia’s local rules lead governments to conflate external and internal threats in the name of preserving their regimes; use state resources for private gain; and act as brokers between external actors and local constituents. In the 1990s these practices were masked by the external assumption that the Central Asian states were in transition, while in the 2000 rulers became more brazen about their patrimonial imperatives.
