Michael Tracey
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159254
- eISBN:
- 9780191673573
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159254.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
Public broadcasting was the single most important social, cultural, and journalistic institution of the twentieth century. In the 15 years preceding the publication of this book, it had been ...
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Public broadcasting was the single most important social, cultural, and journalistic institution of the twentieth century. In the 15 years preceding the publication of this book, it had been assaulted politically, ideologically, technologically, and was everywhere in retreat. This book considers the idea of public service broadcasting and examines in detail the assault made upon it, with specific emphasis on global developments and events in the United Kingdom, Japan, Europe, and the United States. It argues that public service broadcasting has been a vital and democratically significant institution now experiencing a terminal decline brought about by changes in political, economic, and technological circumstances. Based on years of research and extensive contact with leading public broadcasters around the world, the book examines the idea of public service broadcasting and how for the most part it has vainly (and often ineffectually) struggled to survive. It concludes that public broadcasting is, as was once said of Weimar, a corpse on leave. Its likely disappearance constitutes an indication of a real and deep-seated crisis within liberal democracy.Less
Public broadcasting was the single most important social, cultural, and journalistic institution of the twentieth century. In the 15 years preceding the publication of this book, it had been assaulted politically, ideologically, technologically, and was everywhere in retreat. This book considers the idea of public service broadcasting and examines in detail the assault made upon it, with specific emphasis on global developments and events in the United Kingdom, Japan, Europe, and the United States. It argues that public service broadcasting has been a vital and democratically significant institution now experiencing a terminal decline brought about by changes in political, economic, and technological circumstances. Based on years of research and extensive contact with leading public broadcasters around the world, the book examines the idea of public service broadcasting and how for the most part it has vainly (and often ineffectually) struggled to survive. It concludes that public broadcasting is, as was once said of Weimar, a corpse on leave. Its likely disappearance constitutes an indication of a real and deep-seated crisis within liberal democracy.
Peter Carruthers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207077
- eISBN:
- 9780191708909
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207077.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This book is a comprehensive development and defence of one of the guiding assumptions of evolutionary psychology: that the human mind is composed of a large number of semi-independent modules. One ...
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This book is a comprehensive development and defence of one of the guiding assumptions of evolutionary psychology: that the human mind is composed of a large number of semi-independent modules. One goal is to argue for massive cognitive modularity. Another is to show that the approach has the resources to explain the distinctive powers of the human mind. A third goal is to show how the various components of the mind are likely to be linked and interact with one another. The book outlines and defends the basic framework of a perception/belief/desire/planning/motor-control architecture (which is common to all animal cognition), embedded within which is a distinctively human language faculty. The flexibility and creativity of the human mind (together with its characteristic capacities for science and sophisticated forms of planning) are then explained as utilizing mental rehearsal of actions (including inner speech), with the results being globally broadcast to the full range of central modules.Less
This book is a comprehensive development and defence of one of the guiding assumptions of evolutionary psychology: that the human mind is composed of a large number of semi-independent modules. One goal is to argue for massive cognitive modularity. Another is to show that the approach has the resources to explain the distinctive powers of the human mind. A third goal is to show how the various components of the mind are likely to be linked and interact with one another. The book outlines and defends the basic framework of a perception/belief/desire/planning/motor-control architecture (which is common to all animal cognition), embedded within which is a distinctively human language faculty. The flexibility and creativity of the human mind (together with its characteristic capacities for science and sophisticated forms of planning) are then explained as utilizing mental rehearsal of actions (including inner speech), with the results being globally broadcast to the full range of central modules.
Peter Carruthers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207077
- eISBN:
- 9780191708909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207077.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter argues that all creative thought ultimately reduces to creative action. On this account, action schemata are activated creatively and rehearsed, issuing in globally broadcast imagery ...
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This chapter argues that all creative thought ultimately reduces to creative action. On this account, action schemata are activated creatively and rehearsed, issuing in globally broadcast imagery (including inner speech). It is argued that the proper function of childhood pretend play is to practice creative supposition, and the absence of pretence in autism as a test case is examined. The chapter closes with some discussion of creative hypothesis generation and creative language use in adulthood.Less
This chapter argues that all creative thought ultimately reduces to creative action. On this account, action schemata are activated creatively and rehearsed, issuing in globally broadcast imagery (including inner speech). It is argued that the proper function of childhood pretend play is to practice creative supposition, and the absence of pretence in autism as a test case is examined. The chapter closes with some discussion of creative hypothesis generation and creative language use in adulthood.
Jan‐Erik Lane, David McKay, and Kenneth Newton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198280538
- eISBN:
- 9780191601934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828053X.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This section presents statistics on political communications in OECD countries. It features tables on domestic and foreign lettermail, telephones per hundred inhabitants, radio broadcasting, and ...
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This section presents statistics on political communications in OECD countries. It features tables on domestic and foreign lettermail, telephones per hundred inhabitants, radio broadcasting, and newspapers.Less
This section presents statistics on political communications in OECD countries. It features tables on domestic and foreign lettermail, telephones per hundred inhabitants, radio broadcasting, and newspapers.
Asa Briggs
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192129260
- eISBN:
- 9780191670008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192129260.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter focuses on the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) offering of a ‘extensive broadcasting’ service to meet the demand of the public. The company built eight main broadcasting ...
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This chapter focuses on the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) offering of a ‘extensive broadcasting’ service to meet the demand of the public. The company built eight main broadcasting stations linked by simultaneous broadcasting. It also opened relay stations in crowded industrial areas and started experimental work with a new high-powered long-wave transmitter in 1924. J.C.W. Reith regarded this extension of broadcasting facilities as a justification of the national claims of broadcasting as a public service.Less
This chapter focuses on the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) offering of a ‘extensive broadcasting’ service to meet the demand of the public. The company built eight main broadcasting stations linked by simultaneous broadcasting. It also opened relay stations in crowded industrial areas and started experimental work with a new high-powered long-wave transmitter in 1924. J.C.W. Reith regarded this extension of broadcasting facilities as a justification of the national claims of broadcasting as a public service.
Simon J. Potter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199568963
- eISBN:
- 9780191741821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568963.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
During the early 1930s, governments created more powerful public broadcasting authorities in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, including the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), the ...
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During the early 1930s, governments created more powerful public broadcasting authorities in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, including the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), and the New Zealand Broadcasting Board (NZBB). In Canada, the Canadian Radio League (CRL) enlisted the help of the BBC to make the case for public broadcasting. However, the world economic depression hampered plans to develop broadcasting, both on a national basis in these countries, and on an imperial footing. The BBC's underfunded Empire Service did little to link up the British world, despite attempts to use sport and the monarchy to generate interest in its broadcasts. BBC recorded programmes or transcriptions similarly met with a mixed response, and the BBC for its part seemed unenthusiastic about taking reciprocal programmes from the dominions. BBC attempts to operate overseas on a rigorously public-service basis compounded its problemsLess
During the early 1930s, governments created more powerful public broadcasting authorities in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, including the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), and the New Zealand Broadcasting Board (NZBB). In Canada, the Canadian Radio League (CRL) enlisted the help of the BBC to make the case for public broadcasting. However, the world economic depression hampered plans to develop broadcasting, both on a national basis in these countries, and on an imperial footing. The BBC's underfunded Empire Service did little to link up the British world, despite attempts to use sport and the monarchy to generate interest in its broadcasts. BBC recorded programmes or transcriptions similarly met with a mixed response, and the BBC for its part seemed unenthusiastic about taking reciprocal programmes from the dominions. BBC attempts to operate overseas on a rigorously public-service basis compounded its problems
Simon J. Potter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199568963
- eISBN:
- 9780191741821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568963.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
During the later 1930s the BBC made more progress with its imperial mission, expanding its domestic monopoly of broadcasting into a monopoly over broadcasting to the empire from Britain. ...
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During the later 1930s the BBC made more progress with its imperial mission, expanding its domestic monopoly of broadcasting into a monopoly over broadcasting to the empire from Britain. Collaborative relations with other public broadcasting authorities in the British world improved, particularly following the establishment of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), and New Zealand's National Broadcasting Service (NBS). More broadcasting officers travelled overseas, and more resources were devoted to the Empire Service. Alongside coverage of sport and royalty, the BBC now provided talks, music, and comedy. Empire Day and Christmas Day remained important fixtures. However, accents were a problem for the BBC, provoking criticism of the Corporation's elite, metropolitan voice. The BBC also began to consider the role of broadcasting in the dependent colonies and in Britain's informal empire, and played a role in the founding of All India Radio (AIR) and other colonial broadcasting authorities.Less
During the later 1930s the BBC made more progress with its imperial mission, expanding its domestic monopoly of broadcasting into a monopoly over broadcasting to the empire from Britain. Collaborative relations with other public broadcasting authorities in the British world improved, particularly following the establishment of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), and New Zealand's National Broadcasting Service (NBS). More broadcasting officers travelled overseas, and more resources were devoted to the Empire Service. Alongside coverage of sport and royalty, the BBC now provided talks, music, and comedy. Empire Day and Christmas Day remained important fixtures. However, accents were a problem for the BBC, provoking criticism of the Corporation's elite, metropolitan voice. The BBC also began to consider the role of broadcasting in the dependent colonies and in Britain's informal empire, and played a role in the founding of All India Radio (AIR) and other colonial broadcasting authorities.
Kathryn H. Fuller-Seeley
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520295049
- eISBN:
- 9780520967946
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520295049.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Radio
Jack Benny became one of the most influential entertainers of the 20th century - by being the top radio comedian, when the comics ruled radio, and radio was the most powerful and pervasive mass ...
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Jack Benny became one of the most influential entertainers of the 20th century - by being the top radio comedian, when the comics ruled radio, and radio was the most powerful and pervasive mass medium in the US. In 23 years of weekly radio broadcasts, by aiming all the insults at himself, Benny created Jack, the self-deprecating “Fall Guy” character. He indelibly shaped American humor as a space to enjoy the equal opportunities of easy camaraderie with his cast mates, and equal ego deflation. Benny was the master of comic timing, knowing just when to use silence to create suspense or to have a character leap into the dialogue to puncture Jack’s pretentions. Jack Benny was also a canny entrepreneur, becoming one of the pioneering “showrunners” combining producer, writer and performer into one job. His modern style of radio humor eschewed stale jokes in favor informal repartee with comic hecklers like his valet Rochester (played by Eddie Anderson) and Mary Livingstone his offstage wife. These quirky characters bouncing off each other in humorous situations created the situation comedy. In this career study, we learn how Jack Benny found ingenious ways to sell his sponsors’ products in comic commercials beloved by listeners, and how he dealt with the challenges of race relations, rigid gender ideals and an insurgent new media industry (TV). Jack Benny created classic comedy for a rapidly changing American culture, providing laughter that buoyed radio listeners from 1932’s depths of the Great Depression, through World War II to the mid-1950s.Less
Jack Benny became one of the most influential entertainers of the 20th century - by being the top radio comedian, when the comics ruled radio, and radio was the most powerful and pervasive mass medium in the US. In 23 years of weekly radio broadcasts, by aiming all the insults at himself, Benny created Jack, the self-deprecating “Fall Guy” character. He indelibly shaped American humor as a space to enjoy the equal opportunities of easy camaraderie with his cast mates, and equal ego deflation. Benny was the master of comic timing, knowing just when to use silence to create suspense or to have a character leap into the dialogue to puncture Jack’s pretentions. Jack Benny was also a canny entrepreneur, becoming one of the pioneering “showrunners” combining producer, writer and performer into one job. His modern style of radio humor eschewed stale jokes in favor informal repartee with comic hecklers like his valet Rochester (played by Eddie Anderson) and Mary Livingstone his offstage wife. These quirky characters bouncing off each other in humorous situations created the situation comedy. In this career study, we learn how Jack Benny found ingenious ways to sell his sponsors’ products in comic commercials beloved by listeners, and how he dealt with the challenges of race relations, rigid gender ideals and an insurgent new media industry (TV). Jack Benny created classic comedy for a rapidly changing American culture, providing laughter that buoyed radio listeners from 1932’s depths of the Great Depression, through World War II to the mid-1950s.
Keith Robbins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198263715
- eISBN:
- 9780191714283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263715.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Church History
This chapter reflects on ‘remembrance’ after the Great War — memorials and services. It notes a new modern world and the advent of radio broadcasting. It considers currents of belief and unbelief. ...
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This chapter reflects on ‘remembrance’ after the Great War — memorials and services. It notes a new modern world and the advent of radio broadcasting. It considers currents of belief and unbelief. Internationally, Christian-Jewish relations, missionary activity and imperialism, and the issues posed by the new Europe come to the fore. The 1926 General Strike is placed in the context of contemporary Church social and economic thinking, but the political limitations are exposed. In England, both the new Church National Assembly and the Revised Prayer Book controversy of 1927-8 reveal church-state tensions. The partition of Ireland, British-Irish church and political relations, and church-state relations in the new Irish structures (Irish Free State and Northern Ireland), are considered. Disestablishment in Wales and post-war change in Scotland place these developments in context. Evidence of social division and political dislocation partly explains renewed interest in church unity, but no rapid change is evident despite the reunification of the Church of Scotland.Less
This chapter reflects on ‘remembrance’ after the Great War — memorials and services. It notes a new modern world and the advent of radio broadcasting. It considers currents of belief and unbelief. Internationally, Christian-Jewish relations, missionary activity and imperialism, and the issues posed by the new Europe come to the fore. The 1926 General Strike is placed in the context of contemporary Church social and economic thinking, but the political limitations are exposed. In England, both the new Church National Assembly and the Revised Prayer Book controversy of 1927-8 reveal church-state tensions. The partition of Ireland, British-Irish church and political relations, and church-state relations in the new Irish structures (Irish Free State and Northern Ireland), are considered. Disestablishment in Wales and post-war change in Scotland place these developments in context. Evidence of social division and political dislocation partly explains renewed interest in church unity, but no rapid change is evident despite the reunification of the Church of Scotland.
Asa Briggs
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192129260
- eISBN:
- 9780191670008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192129260.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter focuses on the emergence of wireless amateurs and broadcasting professionals in Great Britain in 1920. It argues that the enthusiasm of the amateurs filed the gap between the cessation ...
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This chapter focuses on the emergence of wireless amateurs and broadcasting professionals in Great Britain in 1920. It argues that the enthusiasm of the amateurs filed the gap between the cessation of the Marconi Company's experiments and the authorization of short regular broadcast programmes of words and music in January 1922. It explains that the Postmaster-General rescinded his veto on broadcasting after receiving a petition signed by representatives of sixty-three wireless societies with more than 3,000 members. After the decision of the Postmaster-General, the Marconi Company was able to launch its first broad on February 14, 1922 in Writtle, which served as the nucleus of the brain trusts of the technical side of British broadcasting.Less
This chapter focuses on the emergence of wireless amateurs and broadcasting professionals in Great Britain in 1920. It argues that the enthusiasm of the amateurs filed the gap between the cessation of the Marconi Company's experiments and the authorization of short regular broadcast programmes of words and music in January 1922. It explains that the Postmaster-General rescinded his veto on broadcasting after receiving a petition signed by representatives of sixty-three wireless societies with more than 3,000 members. After the decision of the Postmaster-General, the Marconi Company was able to launch its first broad on February 14, 1922 in Writtle, which served as the nucleus of the brain trusts of the technical side of British broadcasting.
Asa Briggs
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192129260
- eISBN:
- 9780191670008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192129260.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter describes the activities of the Marconi Company's people at the Writtle broadcasting station in England and compares them with their rivals. It discusses the technical difficulties of ...
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This chapter describes the activities of the Marconi Company's people at the Writtle broadcasting station in England and compares them with their rivals. It discusses the technical difficulties of the staff and the problems of the broadcast programmes. It also mentions the Marconi Company's broadcasting at an experimental station at Marconi House in the Strand, and describes the programme and technical equipment of this station, called 2LO.Less
This chapter describes the activities of the Marconi Company's people at the Writtle broadcasting station in England and compares them with their rivals. It discusses the technical difficulties of the staff and the problems of the broadcast programmes. It also mentions the Marconi Company's broadcasting at an experimental station at Marconi House in the Strand, and describes the programme and technical equipment of this station, called 2LO.
Asa Briggs
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192129260
- eISBN:
- 9780191670008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192129260.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter discusses the work of the Sykes Committee in evaluating the broadcasting sector in Great Britain. It describes the organization of the committee, headed by Sir Frederick Sykes, which ...
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This chapter discusses the work of the Sykes Committee in evaluating the broadcasting sector in Great Britain. It describes the organization of the committee, headed by Sir Frederick Sykes, which included ten members, four of which were members of Parliament. One of the contentious recommendations of the committee is that a single broadcasting license should be substituted for the existing experimental and broadcasting licences. While the committee paid a warm tribute to the ability of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), it did not endorse the existing system of finance by royalties.Less
This chapter discusses the work of the Sykes Committee in evaluating the broadcasting sector in Great Britain. It describes the organization of the committee, headed by Sir Frederick Sykes, which included ten members, four of which were members of Parliament. One of the contentious recommendations of the committee is that a single broadcasting license should be substituted for the existing experimental and broadcasting licences. While the committee paid a warm tribute to the ability of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), it did not endorse the existing system of finance by royalties.
Simon J. Potter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199568963
- eISBN:
- 9780191741821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568963.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
During the inter-war years, BBC officers sought to encourage the spread overseas of the British approach to broadcasting, and prevent the American model of commercial network broadcasting from being ...
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During the inter-war years, BBC officers sought to encourage the spread overseas of the British approach to broadcasting, and prevent the American model of commercial network broadcasting from being adopted around the British world. This chapter examines the nature of those two models, and how hybrid versions were devised in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The chapter also looks at how the BBC sought to apply key ideas about public-service broadcasting, first developed for use at home, to its overseas operations. The role of John Reith, the BBC's first director-general, is discussed. The chapter surveys how broadcasting was organized around the British Empire during the 1920s. It analyses in detail the BBC's plans of 1929 for an empire broadcasting service, and the reasons why the Imperial Conference of 1930 refused to provide funding.Less
During the inter-war years, BBC officers sought to encourage the spread overseas of the British approach to broadcasting, and prevent the American model of commercial network broadcasting from being adopted around the British world. This chapter examines the nature of those two models, and how hybrid versions were devised in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The chapter also looks at how the BBC sought to apply key ideas about public-service broadcasting, first developed for use at home, to its overseas operations. The role of John Reith, the BBC's first director-general, is discussed. The chapter surveys how broadcasting was organized around the British Empire during the 1920s. It analyses in detail the BBC's plans of 1929 for an empire broadcasting service, and the reasons why the Imperial Conference of 1930 refused to provide funding.
Steven Clayman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195306897
- eISBN:
- 9780199867943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306897.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter, written by Steven Clayman, provides an overview of questioning in broadcast news interviews and news conferences, synthesizing the author's main findings from previous research. Clayman ...
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This chapter, written by Steven Clayman, provides an overview of questioning in broadcast news interviews and news conferences, synthesizing the author's main findings from previous research. Clayman identifies two journalistic norms that influence the design of questions in these contexts—neutralism and adversarialism—and demonstrates the tensions that exist between these two norms. While journalists attempt to appear neutral in their questioning of politicians, they, at the same time, are meant to adopt a critical stance vis‐à‐vis public figures in accordance “with the ideal of the press as an independent watchdog.” Clayman argues that the balance struck between these two conflicting norms varies according to the proclivities of the individual interviewer, the type of news programs on which interviewers appear, and the ethos of different historical periods. Clayman ends his chapter with observations about the changing nature of journalistic questioning over the last half century in the United States.Less
This chapter, written by Steven Clayman, provides an overview of questioning in broadcast news interviews and news conferences, synthesizing the author's main findings from previous research. Clayman identifies two journalistic norms that influence the design of questions in these contexts—neutralism and adversarialism—and demonstrates the tensions that exist between these two norms. While journalists attempt to appear neutral in their questioning of politicians, they, at the same time, are meant to adopt a critical stance vis‐à‐vis public figures in accordance “with the ideal of the press as an independent watchdog.” Clayman argues that the balance struck between these two conflicting norms varies according to the proclivities of the individual interviewer, the type of news programs on which interviewers appear, and the ethos of different historical periods. Clayman ends his chapter with observations about the changing nature of journalistic questioning over the last half century in the United States.
Joanna Thornborrow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195306897
- eISBN:
- 9780199867943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306897.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter, written by Joanna Thornborrow, examines question‐answer sequences in TV talk shows and radio call‐in programs. While these genres tend to be more conversational than other media genres ...
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This chapter, written by Joanna Thornborrow, examines question‐answer sequences in TV talk shows and radio call‐in programs. While these genres tend to be more conversational than other media genres such as broadcast news interviews, Thornborrow argues that they are nonetheless highly structured in terms of the organization of turn taking and the distribution of turn types. Thornborrow's primary argument is that institutional roles in these contexts are constituted through the asymmetrical distribution not only of turn types (e.g., questions versus answers) but also of question types and answer types. For example, in TV talk shows, the hosts ask questions that elicit narratives and/or opinions from lay participants, all the while maintaining their neutrality vis‐à‐vis the issues discussed. By contrast, lay participants' questions express opinions in relation to the issues being discussed.Less
This chapter, written by Joanna Thornborrow, examines question‐answer sequences in TV talk shows and radio call‐in programs. While these genres tend to be more conversational than other media genres such as broadcast news interviews, Thornborrow argues that they are nonetheless highly structured in terms of the organization of turn taking and the distribution of turn types. Thornborrow's primary argument is that institutional roles in these contexts are constituted through the asymmetrical distribution not only of turn types (e.g., questions versus answers) but also of question types and answer types. For example, in TV talk shows, the hosts ask questions that elicit narratives and/or opinions from lay participants, all the while maintaining their neutrality vis‐à‐vis the issues discussed. By contrast, lay participants' questions express opinions in relation to the issues being discussed.
Rob H. Bisseling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529392
- eISBN:
- 9780191712869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529392.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter discusses parallel dense matrix computations, in particular the solution of linear systems by LU decomposition with partial pivoting. A general Cartesian scheme is presented for the ...
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This chapter discusses parallel dense matrix computations, in particular the solution of linear systems by LU decomposition with partial pivoting. A general Cartesian scheme is presented for the distribution of matrices. Based on BSP cost analysis, the square cyclic distribution is proposed as particularly suitable for matrix computations such as LU decomposition or Gaussian elimination. The chapter introduces two-phase broadcasting of vectors, which is a useful collective communication method for sending copies of matrix rows or columns to a group of processors. These techniques are demonstrated in the specific case of LU decomposition, but they are applicable to almost all parallel matrix computations. The performance of the parallel LU program is examined in detail using a graphical BSP profiler.Less
This chapter discusses parallel dense matrix computations, in particular the solution of linear systems by LU decomposition with partial pivoting. A general Cartesian scheme is presented for the distribution of matrices. Based on BSP cost analysis, the square cyclic distribution is proposed as particularly suitable for matrix computations such as LU decomposition or Gaussian elimination. The chapter introduces two-phase broadcasting of vectors, which is a useful collective communication method for sending copies of matrix rows or columns to a group of processors. These techniques are demonstrated in the specific case of LU decomposition, but they are applicable to almost all parallel matrix computations. The performance of the parallel LU program is examined in detail using a graphical BSP profiler.
Walter van de Leur
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195124484
- eISBN:
- 9780199868711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195124484.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter starts out with the 1941 broadcasting ban, which made Ellington record Strayhorn originals such as Take the “A” Train, Chelsea Bridge, and Rain Check. Analysis of these works displays ...
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This chapter starts out with the 1941 broadcasting ban, which made Ellington record Strayhorn originals such as Take the “A” Train, Chelsea Bridge, and Rain Check. Analysis of these works displays their main characteristics: advanced harmonies, chromatic melodies, a tight structural design, and a clear compositional concept, partly based on classical techniques. The chapter then turns to the first major Ellington-Strayhorn collaboration: Jump for Joy. A study of unused, vanguard 1941-2 works follows, including Blue Star and Pentonsilic. The final section summarizes Strayhorn’s importance in those years: he wrote or co-wrote some of the Ellington band’s stalwarts, he revitalized or fleshed out other pieces, and he arranged most of the band’s pop material. Strayhorn added an entirely new stylistic wing to the Ellington building, of which Ellington was still believed to be the sole architect.Less
This chapter starts out with the 1941 broadcasting ban, which made Ellington record Strayhorn originals such as Take the “A” Train, Chelsea Bridge, and Rain Check. Analysis of these works displays their main characteristics: advanced harmonies, chromatic melodies, a tight structural design, and a clear compositional concept, partly based on classical techniques. The chapter then turns to the first major Ellington-Strayhorn collaboration: Jump for Joy. A study of unused, vanguard 1941-2 works follows, including Blue Star and Pentonsilic. The final section summarizes Strayhorn’s importance in those years: he wrote or co-wrote some of the Ellington band’s stalwarts, he revitalized or fleshed out other pieces, and he arranged most of the band’s pop material. Strayhorn added an entirely new stylistic wing to the Ellington building, of which Ellington was still believed to be the sole architect.
Jonathan P. J. Stock
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262733
- eISBN:
- 9780191734502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262733.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter develops the historical consideration of Shanghai opera begun in Chapter 1, looking now at huju in mid-20th-century Shanghai. Other than the appearance of female performers, in the ...
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This chapter develops the historical consideration of Shanghai opera begun in Chapter 1, looking now at huju in mid-20th-century Shanghai. Other than the appearance of female performers, in the period from approximately 1920 to 1949, there was an expansion of troupes with a concomitant increase in specialization; the rise of new performance venues and media, most obviously recorded sound and radio broadcasting; the influence of other artistic forms, such as the spoken drama and film; and changing modes of musical learning. Distinctive schools of performance were created, several of which remain significant in terms of musical style today. Discussion of these factors is enclosed within an examination of musical place.Less
This chapter develops the historical consideration of Shanghai opera begun in Chapter 1, looking now at huju in mid-20th-century Shanghai. Other than the appearance of female performers, in the period from approximately 1920 to 1949, there was an expansion of troupes with a concomitant increase in specialization; the rise of new performance venues and media, most obviously recorded sound and radio broadcasting; the influence of other artistic forms, such as the spoken drama and film; and changing modes of musical learning. Distinctive schools of performance were created, several of which remain significant in terms of musical style today. Discussion of these factors is enclosed within an examination of musical place.
Michael Tracey
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159254
- eISBN:
- 9780191673573
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159254.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
The creation of the conditions under which radio broadcasting could assume its role in the programme of re-education and democratisation required the removal of government controls, the improvement ...
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The creation of the conditions under which radio broadcasting could assume its role in the programme of re-education and democratisation required the removal of government controls, the improvement of efficiency, and the development of administrative machinery that would be independent, stable, confident, and responsible, and strong enough to prevent any attempt to re-establish government domination. To achieve these ends, the Occupation established three specific objectives. In a memorandum of December 1945, SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) outlined the plans for NHK reorganisation. General Douglas MacArthur established ‘an institution of public service’, an advisory committee of 15 to 20 Japanese citizens of both sexes from all parts of Japan ‘to advise the President of the Broadcasting Corporation of Japan’. This committee would represent the professional, business, educational, cultural, religious, labour, and farming elements of national life.Less
The creation of the conditions under which radio broadcasting could assume its role in the programme of re-education and democratisation required the removal of government controls, the improvement of efficiency, and the development of administrative machinery that would be independent, stable, confident, and responsible, and strong enough to prevent any attempt to re-establish government domination. To achieve these ends, the Occupation established three specific objectives. In a memorandum of December 1945, SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) outlined the plans for NHK reorganisation. General Douglas MacArthur established ‘an institution of public service’, an advisory committee of 15 to 20 Japanese citizens of both sexes from all parts of Japan ‘to advise the President of the Broadcasting Corporation of Japan’. This committee would represent the professional, business, educational, cultural, religious, labour, and farming elements of national life.
Michael Tracey
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159254
- eISBN:
- 9780191673573
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159254.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter focuses on the establishment of public service broadcasting in post-war Germany. Or, perhaps more accurately, it is about the intellectual history within which that history is embedded. ...
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This chapter focuses on the establishment of public service broadcasting in post-war Germany. Or, perhaps more accurately, it is about the intellectual history within which that history is embedded. The Allied powers were haunted by their inheritance, the shattered remnants of a gangster state, the ultimate abuse of centralised power. Their thinking, however, was also much influenced by a sense of the pressures which political parties had placed on broadcasting before Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Despite its great artistic achievements, German broadcasting had not then been in a healthy condition. The regional broadcasting organisations were grouped together under the Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft, in which the Post Office held the majority of shares. The Reith of German broadcasting, Dr Hans Bredow, spoke of how the dead hand of party political control led to colourless reporting, a lack of actuality, and an unnatural neutrality towards the events of the day.Less
This chapter focuses on the establishment of public service broadcasting in post-war Germany. Or, perhaps more accurately, it is about the intellectual history within which that history is embedded. The Allied powers were haunted by their inheritance, the shattered remnants of a gangster state, the ultimate abuse of centralised power. Their thinking, however, was also much influenced by a sense of the pressures which political parties had placed on broadcasting before Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Despite its great artistic achievements, German broadcasting had not then been in a healthy condition. The regional broadcasting organisations were grouped together under the Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft, in which the Post Office held the majority of shares. The Reith of German broadcasting, Dr Hans Bredow, spoke of how the dead hand of party political control led to colourless reporting, a lack of actuality, and an unnatural neutrality towards the events of the day.
