Jean Blondel
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246748
- eISBN:
- 9780191599385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246742.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be ...
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Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be positive—the discovery of corruption or the distribution of favours by parties has made them the target of mass media attacks that have fed into increasing citizen dissatisfaction with or disaffection from parties; Blondel, however, adopts a more cautious and conditional stance, noting that negative electoral consequences of illegal or semi‐legal practices have been inconsistent among countries with significant levels of corruption. Develops a series of analytical distinctions and empirical generalizations focusing on the concepts of party government and patronage, which starts by noting that the most basic linkages between governments and their supporting parties involve policies and appointments, and that traditional parliamentary theory neglects patronage as one important aspect of these linkages. In order to speculate about the origins of cross‐national differences in the extent of patronage, Blondel develops a classification scheme based upon two dimensions: the first is derived from the various types of party–government relationships—adversarial, consensual, and conciliatory; the second involves the extent of parliamentary support for the government; in addition to these dimensions, a distinction is made between those parliamentary settings in which parties are, in general terms, dependent upon the government, those in which parties predominate over the government, and those in which the government and its supporting party/ies are linked in a situation of mutual interdependence. These typologies show that patronage is extensive and widely distributed in ‘partitocratic’ countries, is less common in Westminster‐type majoritarian polities, is greatly reduced in ‘conciliatory’ systems, and has grown notably since the 1980s, but only in the first two of these categories; suggests that this increase is because favours, bribes, and corruption are utilized as a partial substitute for the unfulfilment of over‐ambitious government programme commitments; argues that an assessment of the effects of patronage also requires a differentiation among types of party government.Less
Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be positive—the discovery of corruption or the distribution of favours by parties has made them the target of mass media attacks that have fed into increasing citizen dissatisfaction with or disaffection from parties; Blondel, however, adopts a more cautious and conditional stance, noting that negative electoral consequences of illegal or semi‐legal practices have been inconsistent among countries with significant levels of corruption. Develops a series of analytical distinctions and empirical generalizations focusing on the concepts of party government and patronage, which starts by noting that the most basic linkages between governments and their supporting parties involve policies and appointments, and that traditional parliamentary theory neglects patronage as one important aspect of these linkages. In order to speculate about the origins of cross‐national differences in the extent of patronage, Blondel develops a classification scheme based upon two dimensions: the first is derived from the various types of party–government relationships—adversarial, consensual, and conciliatory; the second involves the extent of parliamentary support for the government; in addition to these dimensions, a distinction is made between those parliamentary settings in which parties are, in general terms, dependent upon the government, those in which parties predominate over the government, and those in which the government and its supporting party/ies are linked in a situation of mutual interdependence. These typologies show that patronage is extensive and widely distributed in ‘partitocratic’ countries, is less common in Westminster‐type majoritarian polities, is greatly reduced in ‘conciliatory’ systems, and has grown notably since the 1980s, but only in the first two of these categories; suggests that this increase is because favours, bribes, and corruption are utilized as a partial substitute for the unfulfilment of over‐ambitious government programme commitments; argues that an assessment of the effects of patronage also requires a differentiation among types of party government.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0024
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter describes some of the kinds of cheating committed by flower visitors and what plants can do to avoid the costs of being cheated. While both plants and visitors have many ways of ...
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This chapter describes some of the kinds of cheating committed by flower visitors and what plants can do to avoid the costs of being cheated. While both plants and visitors have many ways of cheating, the diversity and deviousness of cheating by the plants seem to be substantially greater than the surreptitious stealing and ambushing that goes on in the animals. This is not surprising when considered in terms of the so-called life-dinner principle, and what each participant has at stake. The chapter begins with a discussion of how animals cheat by means of floral theft and thus get rewards without effecting pollination, including nectar theft, pollen theft, and florivory. It then examines three main options for defending plants against theft: physical barriers, chemical deterrents, and bribes. It also explains the overall effects of theft on flowers and concludes with an analysis of floral exploitation by hitchhikers and ambush predators.Less
This chapter describes some of the kinds of cheating committed by flower visitors and what plants can do to avoid the costs of being cheated. While both plants and visitors have many ways of cheating, the diversity and deviousness of cheating by the plants seem to be substantially greater than the surreptitious stealing and ambushing that goes on in the animals. This is not surprising when considered in terms of the so-called life-dinner principle, and what each participant has at stake. The chapter begins with a discussion of how animals cheat by means of floral theft and thus get rewards without effecting pollination, including nectar theft, pollen theft, and florivory. It then examines three main options for defending plants against theft: physical barriers, chemical deterrents, and bribes. It also explains the overall effects of theft on flowers and concludes with an analysis of floral exploitation by hitchhikers and ambush predators.
Kelly M. McMann
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453274
- eISBN:
- 9780801454912
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453274.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
Why do ordinary people engage in corruption? This book contends that bureaucrats, poverty, and culture do not force individuals in Central Asia to pay bribes, use connections, or sell political ...
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Why do ordinary people engage in corruption? This book contends that bureaucrats, poverty, and culture do not force individuals in Central Asia to pay bribes, use connections, or sell political support. Rather, corruption is a last resort when relatives, groups in society, the market, and formal government programs cannot provide essential goods and services. This book shows that Islamic institutions, secular charities, entrepreneurs, and banks cannot provide the jobs and credit people need. This drives individuals to illicitly seek employment and loans from government officials. A leading cause of this resource scarcity is market reform, as demonstrated by analysis of these countries as well as of Uzbekistan and global data. Market reform without supporting institutions, such as credit registries and antimonopoly measures, limits the resources available from the market and societal groups. The book finds that in these circumstances only those individuals who have affluent relatives have an alternative to corruption. Focusing on ordinary people offers a new understanding of corruption. Previously, our knowledge was largely restricted to government officials' role in illicit exchanges. From the book's novel approach comes a useful policy insight: supplying ordinary people with alternatives to corruption is a fundamental and important anticorruption strategy.Less
Why do ordinary people engage in corruption? This book contends that bureaucrats, poverty, and culture do not force individuals in Central Asia to pay bribes, use connections, or sell political support. Rather, corruption is a last resort when relatives, groups in society, the market, and formal government programs cannot provide essential goods and services. This book shows that Islamic institutions, secular charities, entrepreneurs, and banks cannot provide the jobs and credit people need. This drives individuals to illicitly seek employment and loans from government officials. A leading cause of this resource scarcity is market reform, as demonstrated by analysis of these countries as well as of Uzbekistan and global data. Market reform without supporting institutions, such as credit registries and antimonopoly measures, limits the resources available from the market and societal groups. The book finds that in these circumstances only those individuals who have affluent relatives have an alternative to corruption. Focusing on ordinary people offers a new understanding of corruption. Previously, our knowledge was largely restricted to government officials' role in illicit exchanges. From the book's novel approach comes a useful policy insight: supplying ordinary people with alternatives to corruption is a fundamental and important anticorruption strategy.
Stuart P Green
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199269228
- eISBN:
- 9780191710100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269228.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter uses the facts of Singleton as a reference point for the broader analysis of bribery — what its limits are and why it's morally wrong. It defines bribery as an agreement in which a ...
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This chapter uses the facts of Singleton as a reference point for the broader analysis of bribery — what its limits are and why it's morally wrong. It defines bribery as an agreement in which a briber promises to act in furtherance of some interest of the briber. It focuses on questions such as who can be a bribe, who can be a briber, what the bribe must give, and what he must receive in return. It seeks to get at the underlying moral content of bribery, by distinguishing between taking a bribe and offering a bribe.Less
This chapter uses the facts of Singleton as a reference point for the broader analysis of bribery — what its limits are and why it's morally wrong. It defines bribery as an agreement in which a briber promises to act in furtherance of some interest of the briber. It focuses on questions such as who can be a bribe, who can be a briber, what the bribe must give, and what he must receive in return. It seeks to get at the underlying moral content of bribery, by distinguishing between taking a bribe and offering a bribe.
Ian Worthington
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199931958
- eISBN:
- 9780199980628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199931958.003.0014
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter traces Demosthenes' return to the political limelight in 324 when Harpalus, Alexander's treasurer, fled to Athens to incite rebellion; Demosthenes' alleged receipt of bribes from him; ...
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This chapter traces Demosthenes' return to the political limelight in 324 when Harpalus, Alexander's treasurer, fled to Athens to incite rebellion; Demosthenes' alleged receipt of bribes from him; his ensuing trial at which he was found guilty; and his flight into self-imposed exile.Less
This chapter traces Demosthenes' return to the political limelight in 324 when Harpalus, Alexander's treasurer, fled to Athens to incite rebellion; Demosthenes' alleged receipt of bribes from him; his ensuing trial at which he was found guilty; and his flight into self-imposed exile.
T. Markus Funk and Andrew S. Boutros (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190232399
- eISBN:
- 9780190232412
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190232399.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Company and Commercial Law
To many practitioners there is the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act, and then “everything else.” But other countries’ anti-corruption laws, for example those of Germany, can play a key role in ...
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To many practitioners there is the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act, and then “everything else.” But other countries’ anti-corruption laws, for example those of Germany, can play a key role in anti-corruption investigations and prosecutions. Indeed, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD’s) Working Group on Bribery characterizes Germany as assuming a “leading position” in the investigation and prosecution of bribery of foreign officials. A review of the anti-corruption laws of various countries, as well as developments in the substantive legal fields connected with anti-corruption laws, reveals trends and points of distinction of which corporate counsel and white collar practitioners must be aware. This book serves to provide that knowledge.Less
To many practitioners there is the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act, and then “everything else.” But other countries’ anti-corruption laws, for example those of Germany, can play a key role in anti-corruption investigations and prosecutions. Indeed, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD’s) Working Group on Bribery characterizes Germany as assuming a “leading position” in the investigation and prosecution of bribery of foreign officials. A review of the anti-corruption laws of various countries, as well as developments in the substantive legal fields connected with anti-corruption laws, reveals trends and points of distinction of which corporate counsel and white collar practitioners must be aware. This book serves to provide that knowledge.
Javier Auyero and Katherine Sobering
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190915537
- eISBN:
- 9780190915575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190915537.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change, Law, Crime and Deviance
How do clandestine relationships emerge between police agents and drug dealers? Drawing on documentary evidence, this chapter examines the “foundational negotiations” of these arrangements or ...
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How do clandestine relationships emerge between police agents and drug dealers? Drawing on documentary evidence, this chapter examines the “foundational negotiations” of these arrangements or “arreglos.” It then reconstructs the case of Los Vagones, an organization that sells drugs in the slums outside Buenos Aires, detailing how it not only pays its police contacts for protection but also engages in the regular exchange of goods and information to evade prosecution. Through a rich description of these clandestine interactions, it shows how relationships of collusion evolve and power dynamics shift over time.Less
How do clandestine relationships emerge between police agents and drug dealers? Drawing on documentary evidence, this chapter examines the “foundational negotiations” of these arrangements or “arreglos.” It then reconstructs the case of Los Vagones, an organization that sells drugs in the slums outside Buenos Aires, detailing how it not only pays its police contacts for protection but also engages in the regular exchange of goods and information to evade prosecution. Through a rich description of these clandestine interactions, it shows how relationships of collusion evolve and power dynamics shift over time.
Joseph Roisman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247871
- eISBN:
- 9780520932913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247871.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter focuses on legal plots and traps in the oratorical corpus in ancient Athens. It explains that plots aiming to defeat a legal action or to ensnare a rival in a legal trap were almost as ...
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This chapter focuses on legal plots and traps in the oratorical corpus in ancient Athens. It explains that plots aiming to defeat a legal action or to ensnare a rival in a legal trap were almost as popular as conspiracies to deprive a man of his property, and that one of the commonest charges of legal plotting involved the giving and taking of bribes. The chapter describes, and provides commentaries on, the relevant works of Apollodorus, Demosthenes, Antiphon, and Andocides.Less
This chapter focuses on legal plots and traps in the oratorical corpus in ancient Athens. It explains that plots aiming to defeat a legal action or to ensnare a rival in a legal trap were almost as popular as conspiracies to deprive a man of his property, and that one of the commonest charges of legal plotting involved the giving and taking of bribes. The chapter describes, and provides commentaries on, the relevant works of Apollodorus, Demosthenes, Antiphon, and Andocides.
Kim Oosterlinck
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300190915
- eISBN:
- 9780300220933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300190915.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter details the reasons which prompted French investors to believe that France might bail them out. During the 19th century the French government had bailed out its citizens who had invested ...
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This chapter details the reasons which prompted French investors to believe that France might bail them out. During the 19th century the French government had bailed out its citizens who had invested in the Mexican bonds the French government had promoted. In the Russian case the French government was even more involved. While legally the French government had never underwritten these bonds, it had vaunted their reliability and attractiveness. This was due to political reasons at a time when France felt it needed the diplomatic support of Russia but it was also the result of vast bribing campaigns undertaken by Russia. The fact that, during the First World War, France had paid the coupons on Russian bonds in the name of mutual assistance between allies put the French government in a delicate position. The chapter details the numerous parliamentary debates held to decide whether or not to bail out French holders of Russian bonds. The chapter concludes by describing the actions undertaken by foreign governments in terms of bailout.Less
This chapter details the reasons which prompted French investors to believe that France might bail them out. During the 19th century the French government had bailed out its citizens who had invested in the Mexican bonds the French government had promoted. In the Russian case the French government was even more involved. While legally the French government had never underwritten these bonds, it had vaunted their reliability and attractiveness. This was due to political reasons at a time when France felt it needed the diplomatic support of Russia but it was also the result of vast bribing campaigns undertaken by Russia. The fact that, during the First World War, France had paid the coupons on Russian bonds in the name of mutual assistance between allies put the French government in a delicate position. The chapter details the numerous parliamentary debates held to decide whether or not to bail out French holders of Russian bonds. The chapter concludes by describing the actions undertaken by foreign governments in terms of bailout.
Kelly M. McMann
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453274
- eISBN:
- 9780801454912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453274.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This chapter sets out the book's two main arguments about the causes of corruption. First, when essential goods and services are not available from alternative sources, individuals engage in corrupt ...
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This chapter sets out the book's two main arguments about the causes of corruption. First, when essential goods and services are not available from alternative sources, individuals engage in corrupt behaviors to try to acquire what they need from government officials. Second, market reform—policies to decrease state economic intervention—can limit these alternatives and thus encourage corruption. The first argument reveals the absence of alternative goods and services as a cause of corruption, and the second argument offers an explanation for why the absence exists. Together, the arguments constitute an “absence-of-alternatives framework” for studying corruption. This book focuses on petty corruption—ordinary citizens' use of bribes, personal connections, and promises of political support to try to secure small quantities of goods or services from low-level government officials.Less
This chapter sets out the book's two main arguments about the causes of corruption. First, when essential goods and services are not available from alternative sources, individuals engage in corrupt behaviors to try to acquire what they need from government officials. Second, market reform—policies to decrease state economic intervention—can limit these alternatives and thus encourage corruption. The first argument reveals the absence of alternative goods and services as a cause of corruption, and the second argument offers an explanation for why the absence exists. Together, the arguments constitute an “absence-of-alternatives framework” for studying corruption. This book focuses on petty corruption—ordinary citizens' use of bribes, personal connections, and promises of political support to try to secure small quantities of goods or services from low-level government officials.
Kelly M. McMann
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453274
- eISBN:
- 9780801454912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453274.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This chapter details the petty corruption that goes on in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The interviews conducted offer direct evidence that citizens use bribes, personal connections, and promises of ...
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This chapter details the petty corruption that goes on in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The interviews conducted offer direct evidence that citizens use bribes, personal connections, and promises of political support to try to obtain money, credit, and employment from government officials. Whereas the interview data reveal the illicit nature of citizens' efforts to secure resources from government officials, the survey data demonstrate how citizens are competing among themselves for state resources, and thus a bribe, connection, or promise of political support can provide an individual with an edge. The survey data also show how relatively common the practice of seeking help from government officials is. Citizens' most pressing needs are money, credit, and employment, and they try to obtain these resources from village leaders and raion (district) and oblast (provincial) bureaucrats and to a lesser extent oblast and national deputies.Less
This chapter details the petty corruption that goes on in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The interviews conducted offer direct evidence that citizens use bribes, personal connections, and promises of political support to try to obtain money, credit, and employment from government officials. Whereas the interview data reveal the illicit nature of citizens' efforts to secure resources from government officials, the survey data demonstrate how citizens are competing among themselves for state resources, and thus a bribe, connection, or promise of political support can provide an individual with an edge. The survey data also show how relatively common the practice of seeking help from government officials is. Citizens' most pressing needs are money, credit, and employment, and they try to obtain these resources from village leaders and raion (district) and oblast (provincial) bureaucrats and to a lesser extent oblast and national deputies.
Andrew Wedeman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450464
- eISBN:
- 9780801464270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450464.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This chapter examines qualitative changes in the form of corruption in China. It argues that, as reform deepened, the modal form of corruption in China shifted from predatory plunder or looting and ...
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This chapter examines qualitative changes in the form of corruption in China. It argues that, as reform deepened, the modal form of corruption in China shifted from predatory plunder or looting and primarily petty corruption to various forms of transactive corruption wherein corrupt officials “sold” favors to economic interests seeking profit-making opportunities. In broad terms, economic reforms in China have entailed the incremental transfer of control over property from the state to nonstate actors. In many instances, transferring control rights created windfall profits for those who obtained control rights. Most transfers did not ensure secure property rights, leading to a more sustained period of kickbacks and bribes rather than a tidal wave of one-time corruption. This chapter explains how the marketization of the Chinese economy led to the marketization of corruption as corrupt activity shifted outside the state apparatus and moved increasingly to the boundary between the market and the state.Less
This chapter examines qualitative changes in the form of corruption in China. It argues that, as reform deepened, the modal form of corruption in China shifted from predatory plunder or looting and primarily petty corruption to various forms of transactive corruption wherein corrupt officials “sold” favors to economic interests seeking profit-making opportunities. In broad terms, economic reforms in China have entailed the incremental transfer of control over property from the state to nonstate actors. In many instances, transferring control rights created windfall profits for those who obtained control rights. Most transfers did not ensure secure property rights, leading to a more sustained period of kickbacks and bribes rather than a tidal wave of one-time corruption. This chapter explains how the marketization of the Chinese economy led to the marketization of corruption as corrupt activity shifted outside the state apparatus and moved increasingly to the boundary between the market and the state.
Marion Séjourné
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789774165405
- eISBN:
- 9781617971358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774165405.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter gives a thorough account of the different procedures for registering property built in violation of town planning and land laws in Cairo, depending on the various types of land and ...
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This chapter gives a thorough account of the different procedures for registering property built in violation of town planning and land laws in Cairo, depending on the various types of land and transactions involved. She uses the concept of “quiet encroachment” to describe the various methods used by Cairo residents to regularize their property without following all the numerous steps normally required of them by law, or by spending a fortune in bribes. It demonstrates that the Egyptian authorities themselves tolerate informal settlements for lack of any institutional solution to the chronic shortage of affordable housing.Less
This chapter gives a thorough account of the different procedures for registering property built in violation of town planning and land laws in Cairo, depending on the various types of land and transactions involved. She uses the concept of “quiet encroachment” to describe the various methods used by Cairo residents to regularize their property without following all the numerous steps normally required of them by law, or by spending a fortune in bribes. It demonstrates that the Egyptian authorities themselves tolerate informal settlements for lack of any institutional solution to the chronic shortage of affordable housing.
Linda Civitello
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041082
- eISBN:
- 9780252099632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252041082.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
In 1899, the Royal Baking Powder Trust bribed the Missouri state senate to pass a law that made alum baking powder poison. People were arrested for selling baking powder. Royal introduced this ...
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In 1899, the Royal Baking Powder Trust bribed the Missouri state senate to pass a law that made alum baking powder poison. People were arrested for selling baking powder. Royal introduced this legislation across the U.S. but the American Baking Powder Association fought successfully. Through repeated bribery, the law stood until 1905, after Lincoln Steffens exposed it in a seminal article against lobbying called “Business as Treason.” Missouri indicted Royal’s William Ziegler but the governor of New York refused to extradite. Finally, charges were dropped or the “boodlers” were acquitted. At the same time, the U.S. Congress conducted hearings on the Pure Food law, passed in 1906.Less
In 1899, the Royal Baking Powder Trust bribed the Missouri state senate to pass a law that made alum baking powder poison. People were arrested for selling baking powder. Royal introduced this legislation across the U.S. but the American Baking Powder Association fought successfully. Through repeated bribery, the law stood until 1905, after Lincoln Steffens exposed it in a seminal article against lobbying called “Business as Treason.” Missouri indicted Royal’s William Ziegler but the governor of New York refused to extradite. Finally, charges were dropped or the “boodlers” were acquitted. At the same time, the U.S. Congress conducted hearings on the Pure Food law, passed in 1906.
Felicity Heal
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199542956
- eISBN:
- 9780191780646
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542956.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
The book explores the role of gifts and gift-exchange in English society and politics between the reign of Henry VIII and the Restoration. Beginning from theories of the gift derived from both modern ...
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The book explores the role of gifts and gift-exchange in English society and politics between the reign of Henry VIII and the Restoration. Beginning from theories of the gift derived from both modern analysis and contemporary writing, it moves to a general consideration of the significance of the process of exchange and of the things given and received in this culture. A further general chapter examines the seasons and circumstances of giving. The rest of the volume addresses power relationships and patronage, concentrating on monarchs and their Courts. The rituals of the Tudor Court, especially those associated with the New Year and royal progresses, provide the focus for evaluation of the importance of gifts in the quest for patronage and influence, and in the display of princely beneficence. These themes are then pursued through the reigns of James I and Charles I: in the latter the royal passion for art collecting is given specific attention. Gifts also assumed a particular importance in the development of diplomacy in these centuries. Finally, gifts could also be poison, and the corrosion of beneficial exchange through bribery and corruption, in law and in politics, are analysed.Less
The book explores the role of gifts and gift-exchange in English society and politics between the reign of Henry VIII and the Restoration. Beginning from theories of the gift derived from both modern analysis and contemporary writing, it moves to a general consideration of the significance of the process of exchange and of the things given and received in this culture. A further general chapter examines the seasons and circumstances of giving. The rest of the volume addresses power relationships and patronage, concentrating on monarchs and their Courts. The rituals of the Tudor Court, especially those associated with the New Year and royal progresses, provide the focus for evaluation of the importance of gifts in the quest for patronage and influence, and in the display of princely beneficence. These themes are then pursued through the reigns of James I and Charles I: in the latter the royal passion for art collecting is given specific attention. Gifts also assumed a particular importance in the development of diplomacy in these centuries. Finally, gifts could also be poison, and the corrosion of beneficial exchange through bribery and corruption, in law and in politics, are analysed.
James Heinzen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300175257
- eISBN:
- 9780300224764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300175257.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
The fourth chapter closely examines the case of a Georgian judge on the USSR Supreme Court, Levan K. Chichua, who was arrested for accepting bribes in 1949. Chichua’s story sheds light on contested ...
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The fourth chapter closely examines the case of a Georgian judge on the USSR Supreme Court, Levan K. Chichua, who was arrested for accepting bribes in 1949. Chichua’s story sheds light on contested notions of gift giving, bribery, and social reciprocity. The idea of the “cultural broker” as a key figure in the Soviet courts is also introduced here. Cultural brokers were individuals who had familiarity with both the Soviet legal system and local traditions and practices, and who prospered by moving back and forth between them, negotiating deals while bridging cultural gaps.Less
The fourth chapter closely examines the case of a Georgian judge on the USSR Supreme Court, Levan K. Chichua, who was arrested for accepting bribes in 1949. Chichua’s story sheds light on contested notions of gift giving, bribery, and social reciprocity. The idea of the “cultural broker” as a key figure in the Soviet courts is also introduced here. Cultural brokers were individuals who had familiarity with both the Soviet legal system and local traditions and practices, and who prospered by moving back and forth between them, negotiating deals while bridging cultural gaps.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226487953
- eISBN:
- 9780226487977
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226487977.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter distinguishes between desirable legal change, which comes at the cost of some certainty, and erratic change, which has even greater cost and far fewer benefits. It also deals with the ...
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This chapter distinguishes between desirable legal change, which comes at the cost of some certainty, and erratic change, which has even greater cost and far fewer benefits. It also deals with the part played in stability and also in guidance by a most complex and baffling phenomenon. It then refers to the Office of the Judge. To the layman, stability meant that changes shall remain unnoticed or noted simply as rights because they keep moderate pace one with another. The most concern here was that the taking of bribe and favor as the crassest and most rule-explicit aspect of a tradition of the Office. The concept and ideal of Judge's Office lays its hand upon men—for healing, for making them more whole. What an Office and the ideal and practice of an Office may be deserves more study than is its common portion.Less
This chapter distinguishes between desirable legal change, which comes at the cost of some certainty, and erratic change, which has even greater cost and far fewer benefits. It also deals with the part played in stability and also in guidance by a most complex and baffling phenomenon. It then refers to the Office of the Judge. To the layman, stability meant that changes shall remain unnoticed or noted simply as rights because they keep moderate pace one with another. The most concern here was that the taking of bribe and favor as the crassest and most rule-explicit aspect of a tradition of the Office. The concept and ideal of Judge's Office lays its hand upon men—for healing, for making them more whole. What an Office and the ideal and practice of an Office may be deserves more study than is its common portion.
Micheline Centlivres-Demont and Pierre Centlivres
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199327928
- eISBN:
- 9780199388066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327928.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter examines the relationship between state authority and local communities at the subprovincial level or district (wuluswali) level, as well the interactions between the non-Pashtun local ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between state authority and local communities at the subprovincial level or district (wuluswali) level, as well the interactions between the non-Pashtun local population, the government officials (mainly Pashtuns), and the intermediaries, based on fieldwork in the 1960s and 1970s in northern Afghanistan. It first provides insights into the symbolical and practical means of the domination of the state officials by describing a typical gathering of state and local actors. The chapter then focuses on the role of officials and intermediaries, as well as the material exchange that regulated their interactions, namely bribes and corruption.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between state authority and local communities at the subprovincial level or district (wuluswali) level, as well the interactions between the non-Pashtun local population, the government officials (mainly Pashtuns), and the intermediaries, based on fieldwork in the 1960s and 1970s in northern Afghanistan. It first provides insights into the symbolical and practical means of the domination of the state officials by describing a typical gathering of state and local actors. The chapter then focuses on the role of officials and intermediaries, as well as the material exchange that regulated their interactions, namely bribes and corruption.
Felicity Heal
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199542956
- eISBN:
- 9780191780646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542956.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
There were many words that expressed criticism of illicit gift-giving. From the medieval period onwards the bribing of judges and justices was denounced as illegal, but gifts were given, especially ...
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There were many words that expressed criticism of illicit gift-giving. From the medieval period onwards the bribing of judges and justices was denounced as illegal, but gifts were given, especially those of food. Gifts to men of power were commonplace and the line between those deemed appropriate and corrupt dealings was subjective. Critics of corruption became more vociferous in the last years of the sixteenth century: it is less clear that the practice changed dramatically between the time of Thomas Cromwell and the eve of the Civil War. There was, however, a period under James I when both the manipulation of patronage, and the visible corruption of legal officers, appeared to threaten political stability. The chapter concludes with the specific example of attacks on clerical corruption, or simony.Less
There were many words that expressed criticism of illicit gift-giving. From the medieval period onwards the bribing of judges and justices was denounced as illegal, but gifts were given, especially those of food. Gifts to men of power were commonplace and the line between those deemed appropriate and corrupt dealings was subjective. Critics of corruption became more vociferous in the last years of the sixteenth century: it is less clear that the practice changed dramatically between the time of Thomas Cromwell and the eve of the Civil War. There was, however, a period under James I when both the manipulation of patronage, and the visible corruption of legal officers, appeared to threaten political stability. The chapter concludes with the specific example of attacks on clerical corruption, or simony.
Isabella Lazzarini
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198727415
- eISBN:
- 9780191793530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727415.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Political History
Diplomacy was not only made of words: however, language was paramount in the sphere of speech acts and their written translation. Both the western and eastern parts of the late medieval world knew ...
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Diplomacy was not only made of words: however, language was paramount in the sphere of speech acts and their written translation. Both the western and eastern parts of the late medieval world knew and used in many ways several languages, which in turn had developed different levels of codified writing. The presence or the absence of linguistic mediators possibly altered the relational nature of the exchange. Moreover, cultural transfers were facilitated or frustrated by the coexistence of different lexeis—namely, different distinctive sets of words related to a specific professional or cultural sphere. Finally, cultural transfers and political contacts nourished—and were nourished by—a complex and multifarious process of gift giving. The exchanges of tokens of praise and esteem fostered clearly explicit political interactions as well as more flexible and polyvalent relational practices; immaterial gifts can be connected to the idea of the development of cultural diplomacy.Less
Diplomacy was not only made of words: however, language was paramount in the sphere of speech acts and their written translation. Both the western and eastern parts of the late medieval world knew and used in many ways several languages, which in turn had developed different levels of codified writing. The presence or the absence of linguistic mediators possibly altered the relational nature of the exchange. Moreover, cultural transfers were facilitated or frustrated by the coexistence of different lexeis—namely, different distinctive sets of words related to a specific professional or cultural sphere. Finally, cultural transfers and political contacts nourished—and were nourished by—a complex and multifarious process of gift giving. The exchanges of tokens of praise and esteem fostered clearly explicit political interactions as well as more flexible and polyvalent relational practices; immaterial gifts can be connected to the idea of the development of cultural diplomacy.
