Search Results

It is important to note that the combined membership of the various factions of the movement never amounted to more than 1,000 in total. Also, the Davidian and the Branch Davidian traditions existed without anyone outside Waco knowing of their existence. Both these movements are very complex and previous literatures prove to be insufficient in providing an accurate account of the various aspects of the movements since these would require looking into their long history, and David Koresh cannot be isolated from an concrete understanding of these movements. While the evidence for who initiated the Waco fire would point to the Branch Davidians themselves, this concluding chapter summarizes how the book has focused on describing the act of apocalyptic self-destruction for new birth.

This chapter argues that the intuitive appeal of Kripke’s necessity of origin thesis can be explained by seeing the thesis as the consequence of a temporally asymmetrical ‘branching model’ of de re possibilities, which, in turn, rests on two principles concerning possibility, time, and identity called ‘the assumption of open futures’ and ‘the overlap requirement’. This explanation of the necessity of origin intuition is defended against a standard objection, and compared with two other proposed explanations. It is also argued that the explanation of the intuitive appeal of the necessity of origin thesis does not justify that thesis, principally because the ultimate defensibility of the overlap requirement is doubtful. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the necessity of origin thesis advocated by Kripke and others should be rejected in favour of a weaker thesis called ‘the tenacity of origin’, that does not imply that distinctive features of an individual’s origin are among its essential properties.

Examines whether the behaviour of parties in cabinet formation and in control of the executive branch have changed over time. The evidence indicates that parties remain entrenched in the core of the executives studied, but party control seems to wane the further we move from this institution. The chapter concludes by examining the implications such changes have on the primacy of parties in government, arguing that among the several alternatives to representative democracy, pluralist democracy seems to be the most likely alternative to party government.

Simpler Syntax Hypothesis (SSH) states that syntactic structure should constitute the necessary minimum for mapping between phonological and semantic structure. Syntactic structure has always been seen as the basis for semantic interpretation. However, at several points in the history of MGG, this position has mutated into the stronger position that there is a covert syntactic structure that is virtually equivalent to semantic interpretation. This chapter adopts the simpler syntax hypothesis (SSH) and investigates whether the resulting theory has less overall complexity in syntax and the syntax-semantics interface combined. It is argued that the appropriate complexity for syntax is relatively flat: headed phrases that are linearly ordered and that correspond to constituents in Conceptual Structure, but not more.

This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.

This chapter considers the wider implications of the analysis of Japanese firms developed throughout the book, both for debates about the transfer and hybridization of Japanese production models, and for broader theorizing about the subsidiary operations of international firms. It discusses the lessons of the research for three dominant images of subsidiary operations — as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants, which give differing emphases to system, society, and dominance effects in understanding the operations of such workplaces. It argues that the transfer and translation of management approaches and techniques within and between enterprises, and the evolution of work and employment relations within specific workplaces, is a more contested, multi-layered, and complex phenomena than is conventionally recognized, strongly influenced by power relations within management and the corporate mandate of the subsidiary.

Chapter 12 argues that the differentiated organizational constellation of the European Executive Order contributes to a differentiated penetration of the domestic branch of executive government. It is argued that the Commission mainly activates the lower echelons of domestic government hierarchies, notably professional experts within sector ministries and subordinate agencies. Furthermore, the Commission tends to weaken the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Foreign Office, and the Prime Ministers Office. By contrast, the Council of Ministers tends to strengthen the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Foreign Office, and the Prime Ministers Office. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the decision‐making processes within the central administrations of Norway and Sweden. Based on a rich body of survey and interview data, this chapter reveals that multilevel interaction of executive orders—notably the Commission and the Norwegian and Swedish central administrations—occur largely outside the control of the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Prime Ministers Office, and the Foreign Office. In Sweden, this tendency is to some extent counterbalanced by the interlocking effect of the Council of Ministers. In sum, executive orders at different levels of government are semi‐open and interpenetrated, but the effects of EU institutions on the domestic branch of executive government are differentiated.

Chapter 13 summarizes the empirical observations presented throughout this book and assesses the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. Secondly, this concluding chapter assesses the organizational dimension of this emergent Order. It is argued that the departmental decision‐making dynamic serves as a foundational dynamic vis‐à‐vis the other decision‐making dynamics. The departmental logic seems to be the basis and maybe even the precondition for two other dynamics to play out. This world of multiple dynamics may be seen as organized around concentric circles where the departmental dynamic serves as the foundational dynamic at the very centre of an emergent European Executive Order. Next, the concluding chapter suggests two models of administrative fusion: Type I fusion and Type II fusion. Whereas Type I fusion pictures European administrative systems as fused together into one European ‘mega‐administration’, Type II fusion advocates that administrative fusion is differentiated and considerably conditioned by existing administrative orders. This book supports the Type II fusion model by substantiating that an emergent European Executive Order represents a compound executive order.

Justices have considerable latitude to pursue either their personal preferences or their personal visions of the law. The danger is that the Court gets so far out of line from the rest of the political system that we see fundamental institutional showdowns that threaten the independence of the judiciary, such as the Court-packing controversy in the 1930s. If the elected branches influence justices, however, they can keep the Court in check, thereby attenuating such risks. This chapter tests whether the Court systematically yields to the elected branches. In particular, it examines whether individual justices vote differently when the constraints imposed by the executive and legislative branches are likely to be at their strongest. It focuses on the two versions in the literature: one in which the Court is constrained only on statutory cases and the other in which the constraint extends to all cases, including constitutional cases.

This chapter provides general answers to questions about executive influence on the Court, which will help us to understand decision-making on the Court—what matters and when. It considers whether the Court is beyond democratic control. If the solicitor general's briefs influence justices, this could provide at least some measure of democratically accountable influence on Court decision-making. Motivated by such questions, the chapter focuses on whether the solicitor general and the executive branch shape judicial decision-making. In particular, it asks whether justices defer to the solicitor general. If so, is it non-ideological deference or does ideology condition the nature of deference? The chapter develops and tests a signaling model of deference to show that non-legal and non-attitudinal forces influence the Court. It also shows that the nature of the deference depends on ideological factors as well.

A key tool that allows for connecting Sasakian structures to other geometric structures is the theory of Kähler orbifolds and their orbifold bundles or ‘orbibundles’. Orbifolds, just as manifolds, have become a household name to the well trained geometer. Nevertheless, a lot of important results are scattered throughout the literature, and orbifolds typically appear within a specific context. This chapter introduces all the basic concepts from the point of view needed in subsequent chapters such as orbibundles, orbifold homology, and cohomology theory and orbifold characteristic classes. Priority is given to the theory of complex algebraic orbifolds, with a detailed discussion concerning branch divisors and the orbifold canonical divisor and orbibundle. Weighted projective spaces and hypersurfaces in them also play a prominent role.

In the U.S. power-sharing within the states favours the creation of strong intergovernmental arrangements. Complete alternations are rare, government interests are fairly stable, relative autonomy losses when engaging in intergovernmental cooperation are comparatively limited as are incentives for blame-shifting. While in most federal systems intergovernmental relations are executive-dominated, compulsory power-sharing in the American states lead to fragmentation. The governors and the state legislatures organize separately without a strong overarching body for state representation in place. Highly institutionalized generalist arrangements lobby the federal government. When it comes to horizontal policy coordination, it is again inter-branch divides which undermine voluntary coordination. In principle willing to share power, the states sometimes resort to interstate law – supragovernmentalism – and try to commit each other legally, which fails regularly. Therefore intergovernmental arrangements often push for the other extreme, the unilateral adoption of model laws across several states.

This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, including recurrences and branching vectors as a tool for analysing search tree sizes. It continues giving several specific search tree results, including outlines of problems such as Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, Hitting Set, Closest String, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. Moreover, it discusses how to interleave search tree and kernelization procedures to further speed up computation, and it proposes a way to generate automatically search trees (also analysing their sizes) using Cluster Deletion as an illustrative example.

The influence of local political careers has been crucial to the evolution of democratic leadership in Mexico. An especially strong link exists between local career experience and politicians who are leaders in the national legislative branch. The fathers of leading PAN politicians often were candidates for state and federal deputy positions, and this suggests the importance of politically active families for the leading opposition party. Family ties have persisted through the decades, especially at the local level, suggesting the ability of informal political characteristics to resist broad and deep institutional changes.

Modeling of sequence evolution is fundamental to ancestral sequence reconstruction. Care must be taken in choosing a model, however, as the use of unrealistic models can lead to erroneous conclusions. The choice of model and the effects of assumptions inherent within are discussed in this chapter in terms of their effects on probabilistic ancestral sequence reconstruction. This chapter discusses standard probabilistic models, site rate variation to these models, and deviations from the standard (homogeneous, stationary, reversible) models. Model selection, selecting one model from many, given data, and the comparison of different models are included as well as covarion models, the use of outside information when modeling, and the treatment of gaps.

This chapter focuses on evolutionary branching in niche position due to frequency-dependent competition. When the majority phenotype of a population is competing for one type of resource, selection may favor minority phenotypes that consume different types of resources, which could result in phenotypic differentiation and divergence. The idea of divergence due to competition is also the basis for the well-known concept of ecological character displacement, although here the focus is not so much on the origin of diversity arising in a single species, but rather on the evolutionary dynamics of existing diversity between different and already established species. Ecological character displacement embodies the possibility that competition between species can drive divergence in characters determining resource use. However, there are alternative evolutionary scenarios for phenotypic diversification. In the context of resource competition, one such alternative is that individuals diversify their diet by evolving a wider niche.