Seth Cable
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195392265
- eISBN:
- 9780199866526
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392265.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book puts forth a novel syntactic and semantic analysis of wh-questions based upon in-depth study of the Tlingit language, an endangered and under-documented language of North America. A major ...
More
This book puts forth a novel syntactic and semantic analysis of wh-questions based upon in-depth study of the Tlingit language, an endangered and under-documented language of North America. A major consequence of this new approach is that the phenomenon classically dubbed pied-piping does not actually exist. The book begins by arguing that wh-fronting in Tlingit does not involve a syntactic relationship between interrogative C and the wh-word. Rather, it involves a probe/Agree relation between C and an overt ‘Q-particle’ (or ‘Q’) c-commanding the wh-word. Fronting of the wh-word in Tlingit is thus a mere by-product of fronting the QP projected by this Q. Given the strong similarity between the wh-constructions of Tlingit and those of more widely studied languages, this ‘Q-based’ analysis is applied to a range of other languages. Regarding so-called pied-piping structures, the Q-based theory provides an analysis in which the very concept of ‘pied-piping’ is eliminated from the theory of grammar. Furthermore, the account provides an especially minimal semantics for pied-piping structures, in which no mechanisms are needed beyond those required for simple wh-questions. Finally, the Q-based theory is able to capture certain constraints on pied-piping, as well as aspects of its variation across languages. Beyond its treatment of pied-piping, the Q-based theory also yields a novel syntax and semantics for multiple wh-questions that ties the presence of Superiority Effects to the absence of Intervention Effects. Furthermore, the account predicts a previously unnoticed Intervention Effect in English pied-piping structures. Finally, the Q-based theory provides a novel account of the ill-formedness of P-stranding and left branch extractions in many of the world’s languages.Less
This book puts forth a novel syntactic and semantic analysis of wh-questions based upon in-depth study of the Tlingit language, an endangered and under-documented language of North America. A major consequence of this new approach is that the phenomenon classically dubbed pied-piping does not actually exist. The book begins by arguing that wh-fronting in Tlingit does not involve a syntactic relationship between interrogative C and the wh-word. Rather, it involves a probe/Agree relation between C and an overt ‘Q-particle’ (or ‘Q’) c-commanding the wh-word. Fronting of the wh-word in Tlingit is thus a mere by-product of fronting the QP projected by this Q. Given the strong similarity between the wh-constructions of Tlingit and those of more widely studied languages, this ‘Q-based’ analysis is applied to a range of other languages. Regarding so-called pied-piping structures, the Q-based theory provides an analysis in which the very concept of ‘pied-piping’ is eliminated from the theory of grammar. Furthermore, the account provides an especially minimal semantics for pied-piping structures, in which no mechanisms are needed beyond those required for simple wh-questions. Finally, the Q-based theory is able to capture certain constraints on pied-piping, as well as aspects of its variation across languages. Beyond its treatment of pied-piping, the Q-based theory also yields a novel syntax and semantics for multiple wh-questions that ties the presence of Superiority Effects to the absence of Intervention Effects. Furthermore, the account predicts a previously unnoticed Intervention Effect in English pied-piping structures. Finally, the Q-based theory provides a novel account of the ill-formedness of P-stranding and left branch extractions in many of the world’s languages.
Kenneth G. C. Newport
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199245741
- eISBN:
- 9780191697494
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245741.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
It is important to note that the combined membership of the various factions of the movement never amounted to more than 1,000 in total. Also, the Davidian and the Branch Davidian traditions existed ...
More
It is important to note that the combined membership of the various factions of the movement never amounted to more than 1,000 in total. Also, the Davidian and the Branch Davidian traditions existed without anyone outside Waco knowing of their existence. Both these movements are very complex and previous literatures prove to be insufficient in providing an accurate account of the various aspects of the movements since these would require looking into their long history, and David Koresh cannot be isolated from an concrete understanding of these movements. While the evidence for who initiated the Waco fire would point to the Branch Davidians themselves, this concluding chapter summarizes how the book has focused on describing the act of apocalyptic self-destruction for new birth.Less
It is important to note that the combined membership of the various factions of the movement never amounted to more than 1,000 in total. Also, the Davidian and the Branch Davidian traditions existed without anyone outside Waco knowing of their existence. Both these movements are very complex and previous literatures prove to be insufficient in providing an accurate account of the various aspects of the movements since these would require looking into their long history, and David Koresh cannot be isolated from an concrete understanding of these movements. While the evidence for who initiated the Waco fire would point to the Branch Davidians themselves, this concluding chapter summarizes how the book has focused on describing the act of apocalyptic self-destruction for new birth.
Michael Doebeli
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128931
- eISBN:
- 9781400838936
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128931.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Understanding the mechanisms driving biological diversity remains a central problem in ecology and evolutionary biology. Traditional explanations assume that differences in selection pressures lead ...
More
Understanding the mechanisms driving biological diversity remains a central problem in ecology and evolutionary biology. Traditional explanations assume that differences in selection pressures lead to different adaptations in geographically separated locations. This book takes a different approach and explores adaptive diversification—diversification rooted in ecological interactions and frequency-dependent selection. In any ecosystem, birth and death rates of individuals are affected by interactions with other individuals. What is an advantageous phenotype therefore depends on the phenotype of other individuals, and it may often be best to be ecologically different from the majority phenotype. Such rare-type advantage is a hallmark of frequency-dependent selection and opens the scope for processes of diversification that require ecological contact rather than geographical isolation. This book investigates adaptive diversification using the mathematical framework of adaptive dynamics. Evolutionary branching is a paradigmatic feature of adaptive dynamics that serves as a basic metaphor for adaptive diversification, and the book explores the scope of evolutionary branching in many different ecological scenarios, including models of coevolution, cooperation, and cultural evolution. It also uses alternative modeling approaches. Stochastic, individual-based models are particularly useful for studying adaptive speciation in sexual populations, and partial differential equation models confirm the pervasiveness of adaptive diversification. Showing that frequency-dependent interactions are an important driver of biological diversity, the book provides a comprehensive theoretical treatment of adaptive diversification.Less
Understanding the mechanisms driving biological diversity remains a central problem in ecology and evolutionary biology. Traditional explanations assume that differences in selection pressures lead to different adaptations in geographically separated locations. This book takes a different approach and explores adaptive diversification—diversification rooted in ecological interactions and frequency-dependent selection. In any ecosystem, birth and death rates of individuals are affected by interactions with other individuals. What is an advantageous phenotype therefore depends on the phenotype of other individuals, and it may often be best to be ecologically different from the majority phenotype. Such rare-type advantage is a hallmark of frequency-dependent selection and opens the scope for processes of diversification that require ecological contact rather than geographical isolation. This book investigates adaptive diversification using the mathematical framework of adaptive dynamics. Evolutionary branching is a paradigmatic feature of adaptive dynamics that serves as a basic metaphor for adaptive diversification, and the book explores the scope of evolutionary branching in many different ecological scenarios, including models of coevolution, cooperation, and cultural evolution. It also uses alternative modeling approaches. Stochastic, individual-based models are particularly useful for studying adaptive speciation in sexual populations, and partial differential equation models confirm the pervasiveness of adaptive diversification. Showing that frequency-dependent interactions are an important driver of biological diversity, the book provides a comprehensive theoretical treatment of adaptive diversification.
John F. Horty
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195134612
- eISBN:
- 9780199833269
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195134613.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Develops deontic logic against the background of a rigorous theory of agency in branching, or indeterministic, time. It is often assumed that the notion of what an agent ought to do can be identified ...
More
Develops deontic logic against the background of a rigorous theory of agency in branching, or indeterministic, time. It is often assumed that the notion of what an agent ought to do can be identified with that of what it ought to be that the agent does. The book provides a framework in which this assumption can be formulated precisely and shown to be mistaken. In its place, it offers an alternative account of what agents ought to do that relies on an analogy between action in indeterministic time and choice under uncertainty, as it is studied in decision theory. This alternative account is then related to issues involving conditional obligation, group obligation, act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism.Less
Develops deontic logic against the background of a rigorous theory of agency in branching, or indeterministic, time. It is often assumed that the notion of what an agent ought to do can be identified with that of what it ought to be that the agent does. The book provides a framework in which this assumption can be formulated precisely and shown to be mistaken. In its place, it offers an alternative account of what agents ought to do that relies on an analogy between action in indeterministic time and choice under uncertainty, as it is studied in decision theory. This alternative account is then related to issues involving conditional obligation, group obligation, act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism.
Penelope Mackie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199272204
- eISBN:
- 9780191604034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272204.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter argues that the intuitive appeal of Kripke’s necessity of origin thesis can be explained by seeing the thesis as the consequence of a temporally asymmetrical ‘branching model’ of de re ...
More
This chapter argues that the intuitive appeal of Kripke’s necessity of origin thesis can be explained by seeing the thesis as the consequence of a temporally asymmetrical ‘branching model’ of de re possibilities, which, in turn, rests on two principles concerning possibility, time, and identity called ‘the assumption of open futures’ and ‘the overlap requirement’. This explanation of the necessity of origin intuition is defended against a standard objection, and compared with two other proposed explanations. It is also argued that the explanation of the intuitive appeal of the necessity of origin thesis does not justify that thesis, principally because the ultimate defensibility of the overlap requirement is doubtful. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the necessity of origin thesis advocated by Kripke and others should be rejected in favour of a weaker thesis called ‘the tenacity of origin’, that does not imply that distinctive features of an individual’s origin are among its essential properties.Less
This chapter argues that the intuitive appeal of Kripke’s necessity of origin thesis can be explained by seeing the thesis as the consequence of a temporally asymmetrical ‘branching model’ of de re possibilities, which, in turn, rests on two principles concerning possibility, time, and identity called ‘the assumption of open futures’ and ‘the overlap requirement’. This explanation of the necessity of origin intuition is defended against a standard objection, and compared with two other proposed explanations. It is also argued that the explanation of the intuitive appeal of the necessity of origin thesis does not justify that thesis, principally because the ultimate defensibility of the overlap requirement is doubtful. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the necessity of origin thesis advocated by Kripke and others should be rejected in favour of a weaker thesis called ‘the tenacity of origin’, that does not imply that distinctive features of an individual’s origin are among its essential properties.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This book uses research on Japanese firms in the UK to contribute to broader debate about the role of international firms in reconstructing contemporary work and employment relations. Japanese ...
More
This book uses research on Japanese firms in the UK to contribute to broader debate about the role of international firms in reconstructing contemporary work and employment relations. Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Britain have often been portrayed as carriers of Japanese best practice models of work organization and employment relations. This research challenges this view on the basis of intensive comparative workplace case studies of several Japanese manufacturing plants in Britain. It develops an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects to identify the competing pressures upon such firms, and argues that factory managers have to negotiate the implications of these cross pressures. Thus, the analysis focuses on the ways in which Japanese and British managers have sought to construct distinctive production and employment regimes in the light of their particular branch plant mandates and competencies, the evolving character of management-worker relations within factories, and the varied product and labour market conditions they face. It also explores the scope and bases of consent and dissent among employees working in these modern workplaces. On this basis, it highlights the constraints as well as the opportunities facing managers of such greenfield workplaces, the uncertainties that arise from intractable features of capitalist employment relations, and the ways in which employment and production regimes are adapted and remade in specific corporate and local contexts. Finally, it assesses the strengths and weaknesses of three competing contemporary images of international subsidiaries, as transplants, as hybrids, and as branch plants.Less
This book uses research on Japanese firms in the UK to contribute to broader debate about the role of international firms in reconstructing contemporary work and employment relations. Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Britain have often been portrayed as carriers of Japanese best practice models of work organization and employment relations. This research challenges this view on the basis of intensive comparative workplace case studies of several Japanese manufacturing plants in Britain. It develops an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects to identify the competing pressures upon such firms, and argues that factory managers have to negotiate the implications of these cross pressures. Thus, the analysis focuses on the ways in which Japanese and British managers have sought to construct distinctive production and employment regimes in the light of their particular branch plant mandates and competencies, the evolving character of management-worker relations within factories, and the varied product and labour market conditions they face. It also explores the scope and bases of consent and dissent among employees working in these modern workplaces. On this basis, it highlights the constraints as well as the opportunities facing managers of such greenfield workplaces, the uncertainties that arise from intractable features of capitalist employment relations, and the ways in which employment and production regimes are adapted and remade in specific corporate and local contexts. Finally, it assesses the strengths and weaknesses of three competing contemporary images of international subsidiaries, as transplants, as hybrids, and as branch plants.
Kaare Strøm
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253098
- eISBN:
- 9780191599026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253099.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Examines whether the behaviour of parties in cabinet formation and in control of the executive branch have changed over time. The evidence indicates that parties remain entrenched in the core of the ...
More
Examines whether the behaviour of parties in cabinet formation and in control of the executive branch have changed over time. The evidence indicates that parties remain entrenched in the core of the executives studied, but party control seems to wane the further we move from this institution. The chapter concludes by examining the implications such changes have on the primacy of parties in government, arguing that among the several alternatives to representative democracy, pluralist democracy seems to be the most likely alternative to party government.Less
Examines whether the behaviour of parties in cabinet formation and in control of the executive branch have changed over time. The evidence indicates that parties remain entrenched in the core of the executives studied, but party control seems to wane the further we move from this institution. The chapter concludes by examining the implications such changes have on the primacy of parties in government, arguing that among the several alternatives to representative democracy, pluralist democracy seems to be the most likely alternative to party government.
Peter W. Culicover and Ray Jackendoff
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199271092
- eISBN:
- 9780191709418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271092.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Simpler Syntax Hypothesis (SSH) states that syntactic structure should constitute the necessary minimum for mapping between phonological and semantic structure. Syntactic structure has always been ...
More
Simpler Syntax Hypothesis (SSH) states that syntactic structure should constitute the necessary minimum for mapping between phonological and semantic structure. Syntactic structure has always been seen as the basis for semantic interpretation. However, at several points in the history of MGG, this position has mutated into the stronger position that there is a covert syntactic structure that is virtually equivalent to semantic interpretation. This chapter adopts the simpler syntax hypothesis (SSH) and investigates whether the resulting theory has less overall complexity in syntax and the syntax-semantics interface combined. It is argued that the appropriate complexity for syntax is relatively flat: headed phrases that are linearly ordered and that correspond to constituents in Conceptual Structure, but not more.Less
Simpler Syntax Hypothesis (SSH) states that syntactic structure should constitute the necessary minimum for mapping between phonological and semantic structure. Syntactic structure has always been seen as the basis for semantic interpretation. However, at several points in the history of MGG, this position has mutated into the stronger position that there is a covert syntactic structure that is virtually equivalent to semantic interpretation. This chapter adopts the simpler syntax hypothesis (SSH) and investigates whether the resulting theory has less overall complexity in syntax and the syntax-semantics interface combined. It is argued that the appropriate complexity for syntax is relatively flat: headed phrases that are linearly ordered and that correspond to constituents in Conceptual Structure, but not more.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches ...
More
This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.Less
This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter considers the wider implications of the analysis of Japanese firms developed throughout the book, both for debates about the transfer and hybridization of Japanese production models, and ...
More
This chapter considers the wider implications of the analysis of Japanese firms developed throughout the book, both for debates about the transfer and hybridization of Japanese production models, and for broader theorizing about the subsidiary operations of international firms. It discusses the lessons of the research for three dominant images of subsidiary operations — as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants, which give differing emphases to system, society, and dominance effects in understanding the operations of such workplaces. It argues that the transfer and translation of management approaches and techniques within and between enterprises, and the evolution of work and employment relations within specific workplaces, is a more contested, multi-layered, and complex phenomena than is conventionally recognized, strongly influenced by power relations within management and the corporate mandate of the subsidiary.Less
This chapter considers the wider implications of the analysis of Japanese firms developed throughout the book, both for debates about the transfer and hybridization of Japanese production models, and for broader theorizing about the subsidiary operations of international firms. It discusses the lessons of the research for three dominant images of subsidiary operations — as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants, which give differing emphases to system, society, and dominance effects in understanding the operations of such workplaces. It argues that the transfer and translation of management approaches and techniques within and between enterprises, and the evolution of work and employment relations within specific workplaces, is a more contested, multi-layered, and complex phenomena than is conventionally recognized, strongly influenced by power relations within management and the corporate mandate of the subsidiary.
Michael A. Bailey and Forrest Maltzman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151045
- eISBN:
- 9781400840267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151045.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
Justices have considerable latitude to pursue either their personal preferences or their personal visions of the law. The danger is that the Court gets so far out of line from the rest of the ...
More
Justices have considerable latitude to pursue either their personal preferences or their personal visions of the law. The danger is that the Court gets so far out of line from the rest of the political system that we see fundamental institutional showdowns that threaten the independence of the judiciary, such as the Court-packing controversy in the 1930s. If the elected branches influence justices, however, they can keep the Court in check, thereby attenuating such risks. This chapter tests whether the Court systematically yields to the elected branches. In particular, it examines whether individual justices vote differently when the constraints imposed by the executive and legislative branches are likely to be at their strongest. It focuses on the two versions in the literature: one in which the Court is constrained only on statutory cases and the other in which the constraint extends to all cases, including constitutional cases.Less
Justices have considerable latitude to pursue either their personal preferences or their personal visions of the law. The danger is that the Court gets so far out of line from the rest of the political system that we see fundamental institutional showdowns that threaten the independence of the judiciary, such as the Court-packing controversy in the 1930s. If the elected branches influence justices, however, they can keep the Court in check, thereby attenuating such risks. This chapter tests whether the Court systematically yields to the elected branches. In particular, it examines whether individual justices vote differently when the constraints imposed by the executive and legislative branches are likely to be at their strongest. It focuses on the two versions in the literature: one in which the Court is constrained only on statutory cases and the other in which the constraint extends to all cases, including constitutional cases.
Michael A. Bailey and Forrest Maltzman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151045
- eISBN:
- 9781400840267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151045.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter provides general answers to questions about executive influence on the Court, which will help us to understand decision-making on the Court—what matters and when. It considers whether ...
More
This chapter provides general answers to questions about executive influence on the Court, which will help us to understand decision-making on the Court—what matters and when. It considers whether the Court is beyond democratic control. If the solicitor general's briefs influence justices, this could provide at least some measure of democratically accountable influence on Court decision-making. Motivated by such questions, the chapter focuses on whether the solicitor general and the executive branch shape judicial decision-making. In particular, it asks whether justices defer to the solicitor general. If so, is it non-ideological deference or does ideology condition the nature of deference? The chapter develops and tests a signaling model of deference to show that non-legal and non-attitudinal forces influence the Court. It also shows that the nature of the deference depends on ideological factors as well.Less
This chapter provides general answers to questions about executive influence on the Court, which will help us to understand decision-making on the Court—what matters and when. It considers whether the Court is beyond democratic control. If the solicitor general's briefs influence justices, this could provide at least some measure of democratically accountable influence on Court decision-making. Motivated by such questions, the chapter focuses on whether the solicitor general and the executive branch shape judicial decision-making. In particular, it asks whether justices defer to the solicitor general. If so, is it non-ideological deference or does ideology condition the nature of deference? The chapter develops and tests a signaling model of deference to show that non-legal and non-attitudinal forces influence the Court. It also shows that the nature of the deference depends on ideological factors as well.
Jarle Trondal
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579426
- eISBN:
- 9780191722714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579426.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Chapter 12 argues that the differentiated organizational constellation of the European Executive Order contributes to a differentiated penetration of the domestic branch of executive government. It ...
More
Chapter 12 argues that the differentiated organizational constellation of the European Executive Order contributes to a differentiated penetration of the domestic branch of executive government. It is argued that the Commission mainly activates the lower echelons of domestic government hierarchies, notably professional experts within sector ministries and subordinate agencies. Furthermore, the Commission tends to weaken the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Foreign Office, and the Prime Ministers Office. By contrast, the Council of Ministers tends to strengthen the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Foreign Office, and the Prime Ministers Office. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the decision‐making processes within the central administrations of Norway and Sweden. Based on a rich body of survey and interview data, this chapter reveals that multilevel interaction of executive orders—notably the Commission and the Norwegian and Swedish central administrations—occur largely outside the control of the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Prime Ministers Office, and the Foreign Office. In Sweden, this tendency is to some extent counterbalanced by the interlocking effect of the Council of Ministers. In sum, executive orders at different levels of government are semi‐open and interpenetrated, but the effects of EU institutions on the domestic branch of executive government are differentiated.Less
Chapter 12 argues that the differentiated organizational constellation of the European Executive Order contributes to a differentiated penetration of the domestic branch of executive government. It is argued that the Commission mainly activates the lower echelons of domestic government hierarchies, notably professional experts within sector ministries and subordinate agencies. Furthermore, the Commission tends to weaken the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Foreign Office, and the Prime Ministers Office. By contrast, the Council of Ministers tends to strengthen the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Foreign Office, and the Prime Ministers Office. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the decision‐making processes within the central administrations of Norway and Sweden. Based on a rich body of survey and interview data, this chapter reveals that multilevel interaction of executive orders—notably the Commission and the Norwegian and Swedish central administrations—occur largely outside the control of the domestic politico‐administrative leadership, the Prime Ministers Office, and the Foreign Office. In Sweden, this tendency is to some extent counterbalanced by the interlocking effect of the Council of Ministers. In sum, executive orders at different levels of government are semi‐open and interpenetrated, but the effects of EU institutions on the domestic branch of executive government are differentiated.
Jarle Trondal
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579426
- eISBN:
- 9780191722714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579426.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Chapter 13 summarizes the empirical observations presented throughout this book and assesses the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. Secondly, this concluding chapter assesses ...
More
Chapter 13 summarizes the empirical observations presented throughout this book and assesses the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. Secondly, this concluding chapter assesses the organizational dimension of this emergent Order. It is argued that the departmental decision‐making dynamic serves as a foundational dynamic vis‐à‐vis the other decision‐making dynamics. The departmental logic seems to be the basis and maybe even the precondition for two other dynamics to play out. This world of multiple dynamics may be seen as organized around concentric circles where the departmental dynamic serves as the foundational dynamic at the very centre of an emergent European Executive Order. Next, the concluding chapter suggests two models of administrative fusion: Type I fusion and Type II fusion. Whereas Type I fusion pictures European administrative systems as fused together into one European ‘mega‐administration’, Type II fusion advocates that administrative fusion is differentiated and considerably conditioned by existing administrative orders. This book supports the Type II fusion model by substantiating that an emergent European Executive Order represents a compound executive order.Less
Chapter 13 summarizes the empirical observations presented throughout this book and assesses the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. Secondly, this concluding chapter assesses the organizational dimension of this emergent Order. It is argued that the departmental decision‐making dynamic serves as a foundational dynamic vis‐à‐vis the other decision‐making dynamics. The departmental logic seems to be the basis and maybe even the precondition for two other dynamics to play out. This world of multiple dynamics may be seen as organized around concentric circles where the departmental dynamic serves as the foundational dynamic at the very centre of an emergent European Executive Order. Next, the concluding chapter suggests two models of administrative fusion: Type I fusion and Type II fusion. Whereas Type I fusion pictures European administrative systems as fused together into one European ‘mega‐administration’, Type II fusion advocates that administrative fusion is differentiated and considerably conditioned by existing administrative orders. This book supports the Type II fusion model by substantiating that an emergent European Executive Order represents a compound executive order.
Charles P. Boyer and Krzysztof Galicki
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198564959
- eISBN:
- 9780191713712
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198564959.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
A key tool that allows for connecting Sasakian structures to other geometric structures is the theory of Kähler orbifolds and their orbifold bundles or ‘orbibundles’. Orbifolds, just as manifolds, ...
More
A key tool that allows for connecting Sasakian structures to other geometric structures is the theory of Kähler orbifolds and their orbifold bundles or ‘orbibundles’. Orbifolds, just as manifolds, have become a household name to the well trained geometer. Nevertheless, a lot of important results are scattered throughout the literature, and orbifolds typically appear within a specific context. This chapter introduces all the basic concepts from the point of view needed in subsequent chapters such as orbibundles, orbifold homology, and cohomology theory and orbifold characteristic classes. Priority is given to the theory of complex algebraic orbifolds, with a detailed discussion concerning branch divisors and the orbifold canonical divisor and orbibundle. Weighted projective spaces and hypersurfaces in them also play a prominent role.Less
A key tool that allows for connecting Sasakian structures to other geometric structures is the theory of Kähler orbifolds and their orbifold bundles or ‘orbibundles’. Orbifolds, just as manifolds, have become a household name to the well trained geometer. Nevertheless, a lot of important results are scattered throughout the literature, and orbifolds typically appear within a specific context. This chapter introduces all the basic concepts from the point of view needed in subsequent chapters such as orbibundles, orbifold homology, and cohomology theory and orbifold characteristic classes. Priority is given to the theory of complex algebraic orbifolds, with a detailed discussion concerning branch divisors and the orbifold canonical divisor and orbibundle. Weighted projective spaces and hypersurfaces in them also play a prominent role.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, ...
More
This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, including recurrences and branching vectors as a tool for analysing search tree sizes. It continues giving several specific search tree results, including outlines of problems such as Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, Hitting Set, Closest String, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. Moreover, it discusses how to interleave search tree and kernelization procedures to further speed up computation, and it proposes a way to generate automatically search trees (also analysing their sizes) using Cluster Deletion as an illustrative example.Less
This chapter presents the second very basic design technique for fixed-parameter algorithms: depth-bounded search trees. It starts with simple observations and some basic definitions and facts, including recurrences and branching vectors as a tool for analysing search tree sizes. It continues giving several specific search tree results, including outlines of problems such as Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, Hitting Set, Closest String, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. Moreover, it discusses how to interleave search tree and kernelization procedures to further speed up computation, and it proposes a way to generate automatically search trees (also analysing their sizes) using Cluster Deletion as an illustrative example.
Nicole Bolleyer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199570607
- eISBN:
- 9780191721953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570607.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
In the U.S. power-sharing within the states favours the creation of strong intergovernmental arrangements. Complete alternations are rare, government interests are fairly stable, relative autonomy ...
More
In the U.S. power-sharing within the states favours the creation of strong intergovernmental arrangements. Complete alternations are rare, government interests are fairly stable, relative autonomy losses when engaging in intergovernmental cooperation are comparatively limited as are incentives for blame-shifting. While in most federal systems intergovernmental relations are executive-dominated, compulsory power-sharing in the American states lead to fragmentation. The governors and the state legislatures organize separately without a strong overarching body for state representation in place. Highly institutionalized generalist arrangements lobby the federal government. When it comes to horizontal policy coordination, it is again inter-branch divides which undermine voluntary coordination. In principle willing to share power, the states sometimes resort to interstate law – supragovernmentalism – and try to commit each other legally, which fails regularly. Therefore intergovernmental arrangements often push for the other extreme, the unilateral adoption of model laws across several states.Less
In the U.S. power-sharing within the states favours the creation of strong intergovernmental arrangements. Complete alternations are rare, government interests are fairly stable, relative autonomy losses when engaging in intergovernmental cooperation are comparatively limited as are incentives for blame-shifting. While in most federal systems intergovernmental relations are executive-dominated, compulsory power-sharing in the American states lead to fragmentation. The governors and the state legislatures organize separately without a strong overarching body for state representation in place. Highly institutionalized generalist arrangements lobby the federal government. When it comes to horizontal policy coordination, it is again inter-branch divides which undermine voluntary coordination. In principle willing to share power, the states sometimes resort to interstate law – supragovernmentalism – and try to commit each other legally, which fails regularly. Therefore intergovernmental arrangements often push for the other extreme, the unilateral adoption of model laws across several states.
Tal Pupko, Adi Doron-Faigenboim, David A. Liberles, and Gina M. Cannarozzi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199299188
- eISBN:
- 9780191714979
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299188.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Modeling of sequence evolution is fundamental to ancestral sequence reconstruction. Care must be taken in choosing a model, however, as the use of unrealistic models can lead to erroneous ...
More
Modeling of sequence evolution is fundamental to ancestral sequence reconstruction. Care must be taken in choosing a model, however, as the use of unrealistic models can lead to erroneous conclusions. The choice of model and the effects of assumptions inherent within are discussed in this chapter in terms of their effects on probabilistic ancestral sequence reconstruction. This chapter discusses standard probabilistic models, site rate variation to these models, and deviations from the standard (homogeneous, stationary, reversible) models. Model selection, selecting one model from many, given data, and the comparison of different models are included as well as covarion models, the use of outside information when modeling, and the treatment of gaps.Less
Modeling of sequence evolution is fundamental to ancestral sequence reconstruction. Care must be taken in choosing a model, however, as the use of unrealistic models can lead to erroneous conclusions. The choice of model and the effects of assumptions inherent within are discussed in this chapter in terms of their effects on probabilistic ancestral sequence reconstruction. This chapter discusses standard probabilistic models, site rate variation to these models, and deviations from the standard (homogeneous, stationary, reversible) models. Model selection, selecting one model from many, given data, and the comparison of different models are included as well as covarion models, the use of outside information when modeling, and the treatment of gaps.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742851
- eISBN:
- 9780199866298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742851.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The influence of local political careers has been crucial to the evolution of democratic leadership in Mexico. An especially strong link exists between local career experience and politicians who are ...
More
The influence of local political careers has been crucial to the evolution of democratic leadership in Mexico. An especially strong link exists between local career experience and politicians who are leaders in the national legislative branch. The fathers of leading PAN politicians often were candidates for state and federal deputy positions, and this suggests the importance of politically active families for the leading opposition party. Family ties have persisted through the decades, especially at the local level, suggesting the ability of informal political characteristics to resist broad and deep institutional changes.Less
The influence of local political careers has been crucial to the evolution of democratic leadership in Mexico. An especially strong link exists between local career experience and politicians who are leaders in the national legislative branch. The fathers of leading PAN politicians often were candidates for state and federal deputy positions, and this suggests the importance of politically active families for the leading opposition party. Family ties have persisted through the decades, especially at the local level, suggesting the ability of informal political characteristics to resist broad and deep institutional changes.
Jerrold I. Davis, Kevin C. Nixon, and Damon P. Little
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297306
- eISBN:
- 9780191713729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297306.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Software for cladistic analysis has been widely available for more than twenty years, and a series of advances made during this time have facilitated the analysis of matrices of ever-increasing size. ...
More
Software for cladistic analysis has been widely available for more than twenty years, and a series of advances made during this time have facilitated the analysis of matrices of ever-increasing size. This chapter provides an overview of the development of parsimony methods for cladistic analysis, describes strategies that have allowed large data matrices to be analysed by conventional methods, and in doing so, demonstrates that data sets historically considered intracable could in fact have been readily approached using then-available hardware and software. Preliminary analyses, even when unsuccessful at discovering most-parsimonious trees, can be used to identify appropriate software settings for use during thorough analyses. A useful indicator of the settings that yield the most efficient searches is the excess branch swapping ratio, which is the ratio between the number of tree rearrangements conducted during a particular phase of branch swapping in which shorter trees are being discovered, and the minimum possible number of rearrangements during this phase. It is concluded that two-stage search strategies, with intensive branch swapping conducted on a small percentage of the most optimal sets of trees obtained by a large number of relatively short searches, are more efficient than one-stage searches.Less
Software for cladistic analysis has been widely available for more than twenty years, and a series of advances made during this time have facilitated the analysis of matrices of ever-increasing size. This chapter provides an overview of the development of parsimony methods for cladistic analysis, describes strategies that have allowed large data matrices to be analysed by conventional methods, and in doing so, demonstrates that data sets historically considered intracable could in fact have been readily approached using then-available hardware and software. Preliminary analyses, even when unsuccessful at discovering most-parsimonious trees, can be used to identify appropriate software settings for use during thorough analyses. A useful indicator of the settings that yield the most efficient searches is the excess branch swapping ratio, which is the ratio between the number of tree rearrangements conducted during a particular phase of branch swapping in which shorter trees are being discovered, and the minimum possible number of rearrangements during this phase. It is concluded that two-stage search strategies, with intensive branch swapping conducted on a small percentage of the most optimal sets of trees obtained by a large number of relatively short searches, are more efficient than one-stage searches.
