Argye E. Hillis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195300369
- eISBN:
- 9780199863747
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300369.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter reviews data from a single methodology—acute functional lesion-deficit correlation—that has been used to evaluate specific hypotheses regarding the neural basis of reading. The goal of ...
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This chapter reviews data from a single methodology—acute functional lesion-deficit correlation—that has been used to evaluate specific hypotheses regarding the neural basis of reading. The goal of this methodology is to determine those areas of the brain responsible for impairments of specific components of the reading process, before reorganization or recovery.Less
This chapter reviews data from a single methodology—acute functional lesion-deficit correlation—that has been used to evaluate specific hypotheses regarding the neural basis of reading. The goal of this methodology is to determine those areas of the brain responsible for impairments of specific components of the reading process, before reorganization or recovery.
DANIEL JOHNSTON and DAVID G. AMARAL
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159561
- eISBN:
- 9780199864447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159561.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
The hippocampus is one of the most thoroughly studied areas of the mammalian central nervous system. There are two main reasons for this. First, it has a distinctive and readily identifiable ...
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The hippocampus is one of the most thoroughly studied areas of the mammalian central nervous system. There are two main reasons for this. First, it has a distinctive and readily identifiable structure at both the gross and histological levels. A second reason for the interest in the hippocampus is that since the early 1950s, it has been recognized to play a fundamental role in some forms of learning and memory. This chapter discusses the general organization of the hippocampus, covering its neuronal elements, synaptic connections, physiological and pharmacological properties, neurotransmitter receptors, synaptic plasticity, dendritic properties, and functional operations.Less
The hippocampus is one of the most thoroughly studied areas of the mammalian central nervous system. There are two main reasons for this. First, it has a distinctive and readily identifiable structure at both the gross and histological levels. A second reason for the interest in the hippocampus is that since the early 1950s, it has been recognized to play a fundamental role in some forms of learning and memory. This chapter discusses the general organization of the hippocampus, covering its neuronal elements, synaptic connections, physiological and pharmacological properties, neurotransmitter receptors, synaptic plasticity, dendritic properties, and functional operations.
S. MURRAY SHERMAN and R. W. GUILLERY
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159561
- eISBN:
- 9780199864447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159561.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
The thalamus is the largest part of the diencephalon, one of the major subdivisions of the brain, and provides the major route for afferents to the neocortex. Essentially no messages can reach the ...
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The thalamus is the largest part of the diencephalon, one of the major subdivisions of the brain, and provides the major route for afferents to the neocortex. Essentially no messages can reach the neocortex without first passing through the thalamus. Messages from many different sources pass through the thalamus on the way to the neocortex, including messages from peripheral sense organs (such as vision, hearing, touch, temperature, pain, taste, olfaction), other regions of the brain (such as the cerebellum and the mamillary bodies), and the neocortex itself. This chapter discusses the general organization of the thalamus, covering its neuronal elements, synaptic connections, basic neuronal circuit, dendritic cable properties, membrane properties, synaptic transmission, and first order and higher order relays.Less
The thalamus is the largest part of the diencephalon, one of the major subdivisions of the brain, and provides the major route for afferents to the neocortex. Essentially no messages can reach the neocortex without first passing through the thalamus. Messages from many different sources pass through the thalamus on the way to the neocortex, including messages from peripheral sense organs (such as vision, hearing, touch, temperature, pain, taste, olfaction), other regions of the brain (such as the cerebellum and the mamillary bodies), and the neocortex itself. This chapter discusses the general organization of the thalamus, covering its neuronal elements, synaptic connections, basic neuronal circuit, dendritic cable properties, membrane properties, synaptic transmission, and first order and higher order relays.
Stephen Lomber and Jos Eggermont (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198528999
- eISBN:
- 9780191723926
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528999.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
The brain has a remarkable ability to adapt in the event of damage — in many cases shifting responsibility for specific cognitive functions to other non-damaged brain regions. This ‘plasticity’ can ...
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The brain has a remarkable ability to adapt in the event of damage — in many cases shifting responsibility for specific cognitive functions to other non-damaged brain regions. This ‘plasticity’ can be crucial in aiding recovery from stroke, trauma, and peripheral damage such as eye or ear damage. Over the past thirty years our view of cortical plasticity has evolved greatly. Early studies suggested that changes to cortical function due to peripheral lesions could only occur during development and that these plastic changes were specific to a particular temporal window or ‘critical period’. Over time, it has been demonstrated that cortical modifications as a consequence of either peripheral or central lesions can induce adaptive, or beneficial, changes in cortical function in an effort to preserve or enhance function. More recently, studies have identified that many of these adaptive changes, once thought only possible in the developing brain, are also possible in the mature or developed brain. At present, many laboratories are defining the beneficial capabilities of cerebral cortex plasticity, upon which many proactive and therapeutic strategies may be developed in order to maximise the ‘reprogramming’ capabilities of the cerebrum. This book describes these exciting studies and examines adaptive cortical plasticity in a variety of systems (visual, auditory, somatomotor, cross-modal, language, and cognition).Less
The brain has a remarkable ability to adapt in the event of damage — in many cases shifting responsibility for specific cognitive functions to other non-damaged brain regions. This ‘plasticity’ can be crucial in aiding recovery from stroke, trauma, and peripheral damage such as eye or ear damage. Over the past thirty years our view of cortical plasticity has evolved greatly. Early studies suggested that changes to cortical function due to peripheral lesions could only occur during development and that these plastic changes were specific to a particular temporal window or ‘critical period’. Over time, it has been demonstrated that cortical modifications as a consequence of either peripheral or central lesions can induce adaptive, or beneficial, changes in cortical function in an effort to preserve or enhance function. More recently, studies have identified that many of these adaptive changes, once thought only possible in the developing brain, are also possible in the mature or developed brain. At present, many laboratories are defining the beneficial capabilities of cerebral cortex plasticity, upon which many proactive and therapeutic strategies may be developed in order to maximise the ‘reprogramming’ capabilities of the cerebrum. This book describes these exciting studies and examines adaptive cortical plasticity in a variety of systems (visual, auditory, somatomotor, cross-modal, language, and cognition).
CHARLES J. WILSON
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159561
- eISBN:
- 9780199864447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159561.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
The basal ganglia are a richly interconnected set of brain nuclei found in the forebrain and midbrain of mammals, birds, and reptiles. In many species, including most mammals, the forebrain nuclei of ...
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The basal ganglia are a richly interconnected set of brain nuclei found in the forebrain and midbrain of mammals, birds, and reptiles. In many species, including most mammals, the forebrain nuclei of the basal ganglia are the most prominent subcortical telencephalic structures. This chapter discusses the general organization of the basal ganglia, covering its neuronal elements, synaptic connections, basic circuit, dendritic membrane properties, and functional operations.Less
The basal ganglia are a richly interconnected set of brain nuclei found in the forebrain and midbrain of mammals, birds, and reptiles. In many species, including most mammals, the forebrain nuclei of the basal ganglia are the most prominent subcortical telencephalic structures. This chapter discusses the general organization of the basal ganglia, covering its neuronal elements, synaptic connections, basic circuit, dendritic membrane properties, and functional operations.
Gunter Ehret
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195148220
- eISBN:
- 9780199864676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148220.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter argues for the investigation of the hemisphere dominances of brain functions rather than structural, cellular, and molecular asymmetries in brains. Although the latter are certainly ...
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This chapter argues for the investigation of the hemisphere dominances of brain functions rather than structural, cellular, and molecular asymmetries in brains. Although the latter are certainly neural bases of perceptual and behavioral asymmetries generated in the brain, the relationships are largely unclear and most probably complicated in details. Such an approach has both an evolutionary perspective, asking for the common origin and advantages of hemisphere specializations of vertebrate brains, and a perspective of genetic and physiological mechanisms responsible for the realization of hemisphere specializations of certain kinds.Less
This chapter argues for the investigation of the hemisphere dominances of brain functions rather than structural, cellular, and molecular asymmetries in brains. Although the latter are certainly neural bases of perceptual and behavioral asymmetries generated in the brain, the relationships are largely unclear and most probably complicated in details. Such an approach has both an evolutionary perspective, asking for the common origin and advantages of hemisphere specializations of vertebrate brains, and a perspective of genetic and physiological mechanisms responsible for the realization of hemisphere specializations of certain kinds.
Andrea L. Glenn and Adrian Raine
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814777053
- eISBN:
- 9780814777077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814777053.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reviews the research that examines the brain more directly via brain imaging. The clinical implications of this research are significant. For instance, neuroimaging studies of ...
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This chapter reviews the research that examines the brain more directly via brain imaging. The clinical implications of this research are significant. For instance, neuroimaging studies of psychopathy have implemented a variety of brain imaging techniques and paradigms to uncover the brain regions in which the structure or functioning is different in psychopathy. These studies primarily implicate the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex as the brain structures that function differently in psychopathy, though several additional regions involved in important processes such as moral judgment have been identified. In addition, studies conducted through brain imaging in children with psychopathic traits suggest that alterations in the brain may originate early in life.Less
This chapter reviews the research that examines the brain more directly via brain imaging. The clinical implications of this research are significant. For instance, neuroimaging studies of psychopathy have implemented a variety of brain imaging techniques and paradigms to uncover the brain regions in which the structure or functioning is different in psychopathy. These studies primarily implicate the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex as the brain structures that function differently in psychopathy, though several additional regions involved in important processes such as moral judgment have been identified. In addition, studies conducted through brain imaging in children with psychopathic traits suggest that alterations in the brain may originate early in life.
RODNEY DOUGLAS, HENRY MARKRAM, and KEVAN MARTIN
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159561
- eISBN:
- 9780199864447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159561.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
This chapter focuses on the structure and function of the microcircuits of the neocortex and their components. Topics covered include embryonic development, neuronal elements, synaptic connections, ...
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This chapter focuses on the structure and function of the microcircuits of the neocortex and their components. Topics covered include embryonic development, neuronal elements, synaptic connections, basic circuit, synaptic actions, neurotransmitters, dendrites, spines, and functional operations.Less
This chapter focuses on the structure and function of the microcircuits of the neocortex and their components. Topics covered include embryonic development, neuronal elements, synaptic connections, basic circuit, synaptic actions, neurotransmitters, dendrites, spines, and functional operations.
RODOLFO R. LLINÁS, KERRY D. WALTON, and ERIC J. LANG
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159561
- eISBN:
- 9780199864447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159561.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
The cerebellum is a very distinct region of the brain, occupying a position immediately behind the tectal plate and straddles the midline as a bridge over the fourth ventricle. The basic functional ...
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The cerebellum is a very distinct region of the brain, occupying a position immediately behind the tectal plate and straddles the midline as a bridge over the fourth ventricle. The basic functional design of the cerebellum is that of an interaction between two sets of different neuronal elements: those of the cortex and those in the centrally located cerebellar nuclei. The cerebellar cortex receives two types of afferents, the climbing fibers and the mossy fibers, and generates a single output system, the axons of Purkinje cells. The cerebellar nuclei receive collaterals from the climbing and mossy fibers and are the main targets for the Purkinje cell axons. The cerebellum as a whole is connected to the rest of the central nervous system by three large fiber bundles, the cerebellar peduncles. This chapter discusses the general organization of the cerebellum, covering its neuronal elements, synaptic connections, basic circuit organization, intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic actions, dendritic properties, and functional circuits.Less
The cerebellum is a very distinct region of the brain, occupying a position immediately behind the tectal plate and straddles the midline as a bridge over the fourth ventricle. The basic functional design of the cerebellum is that of an interaction between two sets of different neuronal elements: those of the cortex and those in the centrally located cerebellar nuclei. The cerebellar cortex receives two types of afferents, the climbing fibers and the mossy fibers, and generates a single output system, the axons of Purkinje cells. The cerebellar nuclei receive collaterals from the climbing and mossy fibers and are the main targets for the Purkinje cell axons. The cerebellum as a whole is connected to the rest of the central nervous system by three large fiber bundles, the cerebellar peduncles. This chapter discusses the general organization of the cerebellum, covering its neuronal elements, synaptic connections, basic circuit organization, intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic actions, dendritic properties, and functional circuits.
William R. Uttal
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015967
- eISBN:
- 9780262298902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Defining emotion is considered an extremely difficult task and there is hardly any concrete definition that positively leads to proper results from a study of the brain correlates of emotion. Imaging ...
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Defining emotion is considered an extremely difficult task and there is hardly any concrete definition that positively leads to proper results from a study of the brain correlates of emotion. Imaging experiments signify that the brain regions associated with emotional activity most likely differ from study to study. These experiments reveal that almost every region of the brain is found to be operating in a coordinated fashion in any given emotional condition, and thus, it becomes difficult to single out any particular brain region for its actual role in an emotional function. The frontal lobes are found to be involved in emotional behavior to a great extent; the kind of role they play in emotion is not certain.Less
Defining emotion is considered an extremely difficult task and there is hardly any concrete definition that positively leads to proper results from a study of the brain correlates of emotion. Imaging experiments signify that the brain regions associated with emotional activity most likely differ from study to study. These experiments reveal that almost every region of the brain is found to be operating in a coordinated fashion in any given emotional condition, and thus, it becomes difficult to single out any particular brain region for its actual role in an emotional function. The frontal lobes are found to be involved in emotional behavior to a great extent; the kind of role they play in emotion is not certain.
William R. Uttal
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015967
- eISBN:
- 9780262298902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015967.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on the term “attention,” which is used in the context of psychological research. Several popular definitions of attention are presented along with definitions used by the ...
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This chapter focuses on the term “attention,” which is used in the context of psychological research. Several popular definitions of attention are presented along with definitions used by the scientific community to describe attention. However, the definitions presented do not actually define the exact meaning of attention as they revolve only around describing the characteristics or attributes of attention. The chapter discusses the components, types, and distinguishable varieties of attention along with the psychological research on it, which is divided into the classic stage and the modern stage. Different stages of the neuroscientific study of attention, including the classic stage and the stage of brain imaging, are presented. The classic stage study concluded that the complex interaction of different brain regions was associated with attention, which is endorsed by the brain imaging study.Less
This chapter focuses on the term “attention,” which is used in the context of psychological research. Several popular definitions of attention are presented along with definitions used by the scientific community to describe attention. However, the definitions presented do not actually define the exact meaning of attention as they revolve only around describing the characteristics or attributes of attention. The chapter discusses the components, types, and distinguishable varieties of attention along with the psychological research on it, which is divided into the classic stage and the modern stage. Different stages of the neuroscientific study of attention, including the classic stage and the stage of brain imaging, are presented. The classic stage study concluded that the complex interaction of different brain regions was associated with attention, which is endorsed by the brain imaging study.
Gordon M. Shepherd (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159561
- eISBN:
- 9780199864447
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159561.001.1
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Synapses are the contact sites that enable neurons to form connections between each other in order to transmit and process neural information. Synaptic organization is concerned with the principles ...
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Synapses are the contact sites that enable neurons to form connections between each other in order to transmit and process neural information. Synaptic organization is concerned with the principles by which neurons form circuits that mediate the specific functional operations of different brain regions. One of the aims of this book is to show that the study of synaptic organization—in its full multidisciplinary, multilevel, and theoretical dimension—is a powerful means of integrating brain information to give clear insights into the neural basis of behavior. This book, which has been revised in this the fifth edition, details local circuits in the different regions of the brain. The results of the mouse and human genome projects are incorporated. Also the book contains support from neuroscience databases. Among the new advances covered are 2-photon confocal laser microscopy of dendrites and dendritic spines, biochemical analyses, and dual patch and multielectrode recordings, applied together with an increasing range of behavioral and gene-targeting methods.Less
Synapses are the contact sites that enable neurons to form connections between each other in order to transmit and process neural information. Synaptic organization is concerned with the principles by which neurons form circuits that mediate the specific functional operations of different brain regions. One of the aims of this book is to show that the study of synaptic organization—in its full multidisciplinary, multilevel, and theoretical dimension—is a powerful means of integrating brain information to give clear insights into the neural basis of behavior. This book, which has been revised in this the fifth edition, details local circuits in the different regions of the brain. The results of the mouse and human genome projects are incorporated. Also the book contains support from neuroscience databases. Among the new advances covered are 2-photon confocal laser microscopy of dendrites and dendritic spines, biochemical analyses, and dual patch and multielectrode recordings, applied together with an increasing range of behavioral and gene-targeting methods.
Anna Dunaevsky and Catherine S. Woolley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198566564
- eISBN:
- 9780191724206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566564.003.0019
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Many lines of research have demonstrated structural plasticity of dendrites in the mammalian brain. Historically, the concept of structural plasticity has been incorporated into theories of learning ...
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Many lines of research have demonstrated structural plasticity of dendrites in the mammalian brain. Historically, the concept of structural plasticity has been incorporated into theories of learning in which structural changes in synaptic connections between neurons are suggested to underlie long-term information storage. However, the fact that circuits encoding learned information are likely to be distributed within and between brain regions, combined with the inability to identify individual cells and synapses involved in learning, makes it difficult to test this hypothesis directly. Even so, a number of experiments have demonstrated consistent experience- or learning-dependent structural changes in dendrites and synapses of cortical structures.Less
Many lines of research have demonstrated structural plasticity of dendrites in the mammalian brain. Historically, the concept of structural plasticity has been incorporated into theories of learning in which structural changes in synaptic connections between neurons are suggested to underlie long-term information storage. However, the fact that circuits encoding learned information are likely to be distributed within and between brain regions, combined with the inability to identify individual cells and synapses involved in learning, makes it difficult to test this hypothesis directly. Even so, a number of experiments have demonstrated consistent experience- or learning-dependent structural changes in dendrites and synapses of cortical structures.
Howard Eichenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195141740
- eISBN:
- 9780199865741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141740.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
The hippocampus must be considered in the context of how it performs its functions within the larger system of brain structures of which it is a part. Indeed, the hippocampus is only one of several ...
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The hippocampus must be considered in the context of how it performs its functions within the larger system of brain structures of which it is a part. Indeed, the hippocampus is only one of several structures that compose the full brain system that mediates declarative memory. This chapter identifies the main components of this system, outlines the anatomical pathways by which information flows through the system, and characterizes the functional contributions of its different components.Less
The hippocampus must be considered in the context of how it performs its functions within the larger system of brain structures of which it is a part. Indeed, the hippocampus is only one of several structures that compose the full brain system that mediates declarative memory. This chapter identifies the main components of this system, outlines the anatomical pathways by which information flows through the system, and characterizes the functional contributions of its different components.
ANDREW R. MAYES
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524069
- eISBN:
- 9780191689109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524069.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter aims to provide a detailed understanding of the processes underlying memory for different kinds of information and how the relevant brain structures mediate these processes. The chapter ...
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This chapter aims to provide a detailed understanding of the processes underlying memory for different kinds of information and how the relevant brain structures mediate these processes. The chapter contends that different types of memory, which are dependent upon brain regions with very different anatomical organizations, are likely to rely upon different kinds of encoding, storage, and retrieval processes. Methods of distinguishing between different memory systems and processes are explored and then utilized by the chapter to interpret the ways in which different kinds of memory mediate. The chapter also highlights the importance of identifying the kinds of processes which mediate memory for different kinds of mnemonic information. A framework of four kinds of processes or mechanisms underlying long-term memory, which the chapter argues offers a processing approach to questions about putatively different kinds of memory system, is presented as well.Less
This chapter aims to provide a detailed understanding of the processes underlying memory for different kinds of information and how the relevant brain structures mediate these processes. The chapter contends that different types of memory, which are dependent upon brain regions with very different anatomical organizations, are likely to rely upon different kinds of encoding, storage, and retrieval processes. Methods of distinguishing between different memory systems and processes are explored and then utilized by the chapter to interpret the ways in which different kinds of memory mediate. The chapter also highlights the importance of identifying the kinds of processes which mediate memory for different kinds of mnemonic information. A framework of four kinds of processes or mechanisms underlying long-term memory, which the chapter argues offers a processing approach to questions about putatively different kinds of memory system, is presented as well.
Susanna Millar
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198521426
- eISBN:
- 9780191688416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521426.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Neuropsychological evidence and how it strengthens the case for considering spatial coding as dependent on the integration and organization of multimodal inputs is the main concern of this chapter. ...
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Neuropsychological evidence and how it strengthens the case for considering spatial coding as dependent on the integration and organization of multimodal inputs is the main concern of this chapter. The evidence on anatomical and physiological changes is reviewed here. The chapter first provides a rough outline of some of the relevant brain regions and sensory systems. The other sections in this chapter focus on hemisphere specialization, especially for spatial processing in parietal regions of the right cerebral hemisphere, the effects of early experience, and the convergence of inputs in spatial functioning.Less
Neuropsychological evidence and how it strengthens the case for considering spatial coding as dependent on the integration and organization of multimodal inputs is the main concern of this chapter. The evidence on anatomical and physiological changes is reviewed here. The chapter first provides a rough outline of some of the relevant brain regions and sensory systems. The other sections in this chapter focus on hemisphere specialization, especially for spatial processing in parietal regions of the right cerebral hemisphere, the effects of early experience, and the convergence of inputs in spatial functioning.
Christian Büchel and Karl Friston
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192630711
- eISBN:
- 9780191724770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192630711.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter shows that new methods for measuring effective connectivity allow us to characterize the interactions between brain regions which underlie the complex interactions among different ...
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This chapter shows that new methods for measuring effective connectivity allow us to characterize the interactions between brain regions which underlie the complex interactions among different processing stages of functional architectures. It reviews the basic concepts of effective connectivity in neuroimaging. The methods introduced to assess effective connectivity are multiple linear regression, covariance structural equation modelling and variable parameter regression. The first example demonstrates that non-linear interactions can be characterized using simple extensions of linear models, while in the second, structural equation modelling is introduced as a device that allows one to combine observed changes in cortical activity and anatomical models. Finally, the chapter concludes that the approach to neuroimaging data and regional interactions is an exciting endeavour, which is starting to attract more attention.Less
This chapter shows that new methods for measuring effective connectivity allow us to characterize the interactions between brain regions which underlie the complex interactions among different processing stages of functional architectures. It reviews the basic concepts of effective connectivity in neuroimaging. The methods introduced to assess effective connectivity are multiple linear regression, covariance structural equation modelling and variable parameter regression. The first example demonstrates that non-linear interactions can be characterized using simple extensions of linear models, while in the second, structural equation modelling is introduced as a device that allows one to combine observed changes in cortical activity and anatomical models. Finally, the chapter concludes that the approach to neuroimaging data and regional interactions is an exciting endeavour, which is starting to attract more attention.
Christian Büchel, Chris Frith, and Karl Friston
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198507932
- eISBN:
- 9780191687242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507932.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter shows that new methods for measuring effective connectivity allow one to characterize the interactions between brain regions. These regions underlie the complex interactions that occur ...
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This chapter shows that new methods for measuring effective connectivity allow one to characterize the interactions between brain regions. These regions underlie the complex interactions that occur among different processing stages.Less
This chapter shows that new methods for measuring effective connectivity allow one to characterize the interactions between brain regions. These regions underlie the complex interactions that occur among different processing stages.
ROBERT M. McDONALD, ANNE-MARIE ERGIS, and GORDON WINOCUR
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524069
- eISBN:
- 9780191689109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524069.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
An account of multiple memory systems in terms of functional dissociations within brain systems is presented in this chapter. Data from both the human and non-human literatures are considered. It ...
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An account of multiple memory systems in terms of functional dissociations within brain systems is presented in this chapter. Data from both the human and non-human literatures are considered. It focuses on five brain regions — hippocampus, amygdale, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia — that have been reliably identified with learning and memory processes. The aim is to show that, together, these regions comprise an array of integrated yet functionally dissociable neural circuits which is a critical aspect of learning and memory. It argues that memory should not be regarded as a unitary process, rather, it presents evidence that within the brain's complex organization, differentiated structures can be implicated in subserving specific components of learning and memory and that these functions can be dissociated using sensitive behavioural paradigms.Less
An account of multiple memory systems in terms of functional dissociations within brain systems is presented in this chapter. Data from both the human and non-human literatures are considered. It focuses on five brain regions — hippocampus, amygdale, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia — that have been reliably identified with learning and memory processes. The aim is to show that, together, these regions comprise an array of integrated yet functionally dissociable neural circuits which is a critical aspect of learning and memory. It argues that memory should not be regarded as a unitary process, rather, it presents evidence that within the brain's complex organization, differentiated structures can be implicated in subserving specific components of learning and memory and that these functions can be dissociated using sensitive behavioural paradigms.
D. C. Davies
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198521846
- eISBN:
- 9780191724640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521846.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter compares the effects of lesions to a single region of the chick brain, the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), on a number of behavioural tasks and discusses ...
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This chapter compares the effects of lesions to a single region of the chick brain, the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), on a number of behavioural tasks and discusses their implications for the function of IMHV. The results of experiments designed to investigate the effects of brain lesions on behaviour are difficult to interpret since they do not necessarily provide unambiguous information about the localization of function within the brain. Lesion studies have contributed greatly to the knowledge of the neural basis of learning in the chick. The key to understanding the differences in the function of IMHV in the tasks in which it is involved is likely to lie in the interaction of IMHV with other brain regions, known as filial imprinting – the process by which a chick learns to form a preference for the first visually conspicuous object to which it is exposed.Less
This chapter compares the effects of lesions to a single region of the chick brain, the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), on a number of behavioural tasks and discusses their implications for the function of IMHV. The results of experiments designed to investigate the effects of brain lesions on behaviour are difficult to interpret since they do not necessarily provide unambiguous information about the localization of function within the brain. Lesion studies have contributed greatly to the knowledge of the neural basis of learning in the chick. The key to understanding the differences in the function of IMHV in the tasks in which it is involved is likely to lie in the interaction of IMHV with other brain regions, known as filial imprinting – the process by which a chick learns to form a preference for the first visually conspicuous object to which it is exposed.