Walter Glannon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195307788
- eISBN:
- 9780199867431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307788.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter describes different forms of brain imaging, laying out their design and limitations. It explains the ways brain scans can help to diagnose mental disorders, as well as to monitor the ...
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This chapter describes different forms of brain imaging, laying out their design and limitations. It explains the ways brain scans can help to diagnose mental disorders, as well as to monitor the progression of these disorders and the effects of treatment for them. More ethically controversial uses of diagnostic imaging are discussed, including what brain scans might tell us about the neurobiological basis of free will and how they might influence our judgments about moral and legal responsibility. Ethical issues surrounding predictive imaging are then considered, focusing on problems with obtaining informed consent from patients and research subjects. This discussion will also consider the potential benefit and harm of having advance information associated with a neurological or psychiatric disease that one may or may not develop.Less
This chapter describes different forms of brain imaging, laying out their design and limitations. It explains the ways brain scans can help to diagnose mental disorders, as well as to monitor the progression of these disorders and the effects of treatment for them. More ethically controversial uses of diagnostic imaging are discussed, including what brain scans might tell us about the neurobiological basis of free will and how they might influence our judgments about moral and legal responsibility. Ethical issues surrounding predictive imaging are then considered, focusing on problems with obtaining informed consent from patients and research subjects. This discussion will also consider the potential benefit and harm of having advance information associated with a neurological or psychiatric disease that one may or may not develop.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter explores the diverse attempts to render “mind” thinkable by means of images. Advances in clinical medicine from the nineteenth century onward went hand in hand with the penetration of ...
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This chapter explores the diverse attempts to render “mind” thinkable by means of images. Advances in clinical medicine from the nineteenth century onward went hand in hand with the penetration of the gaze of the doctor into depths of the body itself. There are now many examples of analogous advances linked to the structural imaging of the brain—in the detection of tumors, the identification of lesions, and the mapping of the damage caused by injury or stroke. Thanks to such images, the mind of the neuroscientist, the neurologist, and the psychiatrist now seem able to “walk among the tissues themselves.” Yet, however similar the images of brain function are to those of brain structure, they mislead if they seem to allow the mind of the neuroscientist to walk among thoughts, feelings, or desires. Technology alone, even where it appears to measure neural activity, cannot enable the gaze to bridge the gap between molecules and mental states.Less
This chapter explores the diverse attempts to render “mind” thinkable by means of images. Advances in clinical medicine from the nineteenth century onward went hand in hand with the penetration of the gaze of the doctor into depths of the body itself. There are now many examples of analogous advances linked to the structural imaging of the brain—in the detection of tumors, the identification of lesions, and the mapping of the damage caused by injury or stroke. Thanks to such images, the mind of the neuroscientist, the neurologist, and the psychiatrist now seem able to “walk among the tissues themselves.” Yet, however similar the images of brain function are to those of brain structure, they mislead if they seem to allow the mind of the neuroscientist to walk among thoughts, feelings, or desires. Technology alone, even where it appears to measure neural activity, cannot enable the gaze to bridge the gap between molecules and mental states.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter examines the arguments that claim that human antisocial behavior—notably impulsivity, aggression, and related forms of criminal conduct—have neurobiological roots. While neurobiological ...
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This chapter examines the arguments that claim that human antisocial behavior—notably impulsivity, aggression, and related forms of criminal conduct—have neurobiological roots. While neurobiological evidence from genomics or functional brain imaging is likely to have limited traction in the criminal courtroom itself, a new diagram is nonetheless emerging in the criminal justice system as it encounters developments in the neurosciences. This does not entail a challenge to doctrines of free will or an exculpatory argument that “my brain made me do it,” as some have suggested. Rather it is developing around the themes of susceptibility, prediction, and precaution that have come to infuse many aspects of criminal justice systems as they have come to focus on questions of risk—risk assessment, risk management, and risk reduction.Less
This chapter examines the arguments that claim that human antisocial behavior—notably impulsivity, aggression, and related forms of criminal conduct—have neurobiological roots. While neurobiological evidence from genomics or functional brain imaging is likely to have limited traction in the criminal courtroom itself, a new diagram is nonetheless emerging in the criminal justice system as it encounters developments in the neurosciences. This does not entail a challenge to doctrines of free will or an exculpatory argument that “my brain made me do it,” as some have suggested. Rather it is developing around the themes of susceptibility, prediction, and precaution that have come to infuse many aspects of criminal justice systems as they have come to focus on questions of risk—risk assessment, risk management, and risk reduction.
Eric M. Reiman and Jessica B. S. Langbaum
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
This chapter describes the emerging roles of brain imaging and other biomarker measurements of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and pathology in the evaluation of putative AD-slowing, ...
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This chapter describes the emerging roles of brain imaging and other biomarker measurements of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and pathology in the evaluation of putative AD-slowing, risk—reducing, and prevention therapies. It discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and complementary roles of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET), and fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) PET in clinical trials of AD patients, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal people at increased genetic risk for AD. It proposes strategies to optimize these methods’ statistical power, address potentially confounding treatment effects, and develop reasonably likely surrogate endpoints for the rapid and rigorous evaluation of promising pre-symptomatic treatments. Finally, it recommends scientific strategies and new public policies to accelerate the identification of demonstrably effective pre-symptomatic AD treatments without losing a generation.Less
This chapter describes the emerging roles of brain imaging and other biomarker measurements of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and pathology in the evaluation of putative AD-slowing, risk—reducing, and prevention therapies. It discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and complementary roles of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET), and fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) PET in clinical trials of AD patients, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal people at increased genetic risk for AD. It proposes strategies to optimize these methods’ statistical power, address potentially confounding treatment effects, and develop reasonably likely surrogate endpoints for the rapid and rigorous evaluation of promising pre-symptomatic treatments. Finally, it recommends scientific strategies and new public policies to accelerate the identification of demonstrably effective pre-symptomatic AD treatments without losing a generation.
Jozien Goense and Nikos K. Logothetis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372731
- eISBN:
- 9780199776283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372731.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other non-invasive imaging methods have greatly expanded our knowledge of human brain function. Although MRI was invented in the early 1970s and has ...
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other non-invasive imaging methods have greatly expanded our knowledge of human brain function. Although MRI was invented in the early 1970s and has been used clinically since the mid-1980s, its use in cognitive neuroscience expanded greatly with the advent of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional imaging, and by now, fMRI is a mainstay of neuroscience research. This chapter gives an overview of the relation between the BOLD signal and the underlying neural signals. It focuses on intracortically recorded neural signals, recorded with microelectrodes.Less
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other non-invasive imaging methods have greatly expanded our knowledge of human brain function. Although MRI was invented in the early 1970s and has been used clinically since the mid-1980s, its use in cognitive neuroscience expanded greatly with the advent of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional imaging, and by now, fMRI is a mainstay of neuroscience research. This chapter gives an overview of the relation between the BOLD signal and the underlying neural signals. It focuses on intracortically recorded neural signals, recorded with microelectrodes.
Abraham Z. Snyder and Marcus E. Raichle
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372731
- eISBN:
- 9780199776283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372731.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Functional neuroimaging (FNI) techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), gain access to the activity of the brain through changes in ...
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Functional neuroimaging (FNI) techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), gain access to the activity of the brain through changes in blood flow and metabolism that accompany, with remarkable fidelity, regional changes in the activity of the brain. While the temporal resolution of these techniques falls far below that of the electrophysiological techniques, they do offer full 3D coverage of the human brain at subcentimeter resolution. This chapter focuses on fMRI BOLD imaging, which is now the dominant FNI technique.Less
Functional neuroimaging (FNI) techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), gain access to the activity of the brain through changes in blood flow and metabolism that accompany, with remarkable fidelity, regional changes in the activity of the brain. While the temporal resolution of these techniques falls far below that of the electrophysiological techniques, they do offer full 3D coverage of the human brain at subcentimeter resolution. This chapter focuses on fMRI BOLD imaging, which is now the dominant FNI technique.
Christoph M. Michel and Daniel Brandeis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372731
- eISBN:
- 9780199776283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372731.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter focuses on the spatiotemporal aspects of the electroencephalography (EEG), and discusses the most important findings concerning the oscillations and the temporal dynamics of electrical ...
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This chapter focuses on the spatiotemporal aspects of the electroencephalography (EEG), and discusses the most important findings concerning the oscillations and the temporal dynamics of electrical activity. Topics discussed include neuronal generators, sources and spatial scales of EEG and event-related potential (ERP) activity, spatial field distributions, oscillations in brain networks, functional microstates of the brain, and EEG source imaging.Less
This chapter focuses on the spatiotemporal aspects of the electroencephalography (EEG), and discusses the most important findings concerning the oscillations and the temporal dynamics of electrical activity. Topics discussed include neuronal generators, sources and spatial scales of EEG and event-related potential (ERP) activity, spatial field distributions, oscillations in brain networks, functional microstates of the brain, and EEG source imaging.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This concluding chapter suggests that for the human sciences, there is nothing to fear in the rise to prominence of neurobiological attempt to understand and account for human behavior. It is ...
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This concluding chapter suggests that for the human sciences, there is nothing to fear in the rise to prominence of neurobiological attempt to understand and account for human behavior. It is important to point out the many weaknesses in the experimental setups and procedures, for example, in the uses of animal models and in the interpretations of brain imaging data generated in the highly artificial social situations of the laboratory. In the necessity for this criticism, there is also opportunity. There are many opportunities for a more positive role for the social and human sciences that engages directly with these truth claims, that seizes on the new openness provided by conceptions of the neuromolecular, plastic, and social brain to find some rapprochement.Less
This concluding chapter suggests that for the human sciences, there is nothing to fear in the rise to prominence of neurobiological attempt to understand and account for human behavior. It is important to point out the many weaknesses in the experimental setups and procedures, for example, in the uses of animal models and in the interpretations of brain imaging data generated in the highly artificial social situations of the laboratory. In the necessity for this criticism, there is also opportunity. There are many opportunities for a more positive role for the social and human sciences that engages directly with these truth claims, that seizes on the new openness provided by conceptions of the neuromolecular, plastic, and social brain to find some rapprochement.
Ian J. Deary
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524175
- eISBN:
- 9780191712531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524175.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes and criticizes research that seeks the biological foundations of intelligence differences by studying head size, brain size, electroencephalographic indices, brain imaging, and ...
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This chapter describes and criticizes research that seeks the biological foundations of intelligence differences by studying head size, brain size, electroencephalographic indices, brain imaging, and molecular genetics.Less
This chapter describes and criticizes research that seeks the biological foundations of intelligence differences by studying head size, brain size, electroencephalographic indices, brain imaging, and molecular genetics.
Elizabeth R. Sowell, Paul M. Thompson, and Arthur W. Toga
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306255
- eISBN:
- 9780199863914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter reviews new studies of normative brain development during childhood and adolescence that have been performed with sophisticated new brain mapping techniques, including cortical pattern ...
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This chapter reviews new studies of normative brain development during childhood and adolescence that have been performed with sophisticated new brain mapping techniques, including cortical pattern matching (CPM). These studies have enabled the mapping of structural changes over the entire cortical surface, advancing the understanding of the timing and localization of the alterations that occur as part of the sculpting of the human brain at various ages. Changes in cortical thickness and brain volume from childhood to adulthood are described using these new methods. Variations in brain maturation are also related to language development and to the effects of fetal alcohol exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Less
This chapter reviews new studies of normative brain development during childhood and adolescence that have been performed with sophisticated new brain mapping techniques, including cortical pattern matching (CPM). These studies have enabled the mapping of structural changes over the entire cortical surface, advancing the understanding of the timing and localization of the alterations that occur as part of the sculpting of the human brain at various ages. Changes in cortical thickness and brain volume from childhood to adulthood are described using these new methods. Variations in brain maturation are also related to language development and to the effects of fetal alcohol exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Leanne M. Williams and Evian Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in ...
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In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in Personalized Medicine has focused on genetic “markers” employed as predictors of individual treatment response. The complexity of the brain requires a shift in focus from genetic marker(s) to an integrated approach, in which a wider scope of molecular plus brain-related functional, structural and cognitive information is used in a complementary manner. This chapter provides a brief summary of the current evidence for markers that predict brain-related treatment response in depression, schizophrenia and ADHD. The chapter focuses on the current status of Personalized Medicine, including the principles of an integrative approach to personalized medicine for the brain, and building a new taxonomy for incorporating the most clinically effective markers, is also outlined.Less
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in Personalized Medicine has focused on genetic “markers” employed as predictors of individual treatment response. The complexity of the brain requires a shift in focus from genetic marker(s) to an integrated approach, in which a wider scope of molecular plus brain-related functional, structural and cognitive information is used in a complementary manner. This chapter provides a brief summary of the current evidence for markers that predict brain-related treatment response in depression, schizophrenia and ADHD. The chapter focuses on the current status of Personalized Medicine, including the principles of an integrative approach to personalized medicine for the brain, and building a new taxonomy for incorporating the most clinically effective markers, is also outlined.
Paull Nunez
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340716
- eISBN:
- 9780199776269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340716.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter focuses on electroencephalography (EEG). The first EEG recordings from the human scalp were obtained in the early 1920s by the German psychiatrist Hans Berger. It took more than 10 years ...
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This chapter focuses on electroencephalography (EEG). The first EEG recordings from the human scalp were obtained in the early 1920s by the German psychiatrist Hans Berger. It took more than 10 years for the scientific community to accept Berger's scalp potentials as genuine brain signals rather than system noise or biological artifact like eye or muscle potentials. By 1950, EEG was widely viewed as a genuine window on the mind, with important applications in neurosurgery, neurology, and psychology. The dynamics of consciousness motivates emphasis on EEG with its excellent temporal resolution, whilst acknowledging the importance of complementary measures applied at different time and space scales.Less
This chapter focuses on electroencephalography (EEG). The first EEG recordings from the human scalp were obtained in the early 1920s by the German psychiatrist Hans Berger. It took more than 10 years for the scientific community to accept Berger's scalp potentials as genuine brain signals rather than system noise or biological artifact like eye or muscle potentials. By 1950, EEG was widely viewed as a genuine window on the mind, with important applications in neurosurgery, neurology, and psychology. The dynamics of consciousness motivates emphasis on EEG with its excellent temporal resolution, whilst acknowledging the importance of complementary measures applied at different time and space scales.
Dimitrios Pantazis and Richard M. Leahy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195307238
- eISBN:
- 9780199863990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307238.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter reviews the statistical tools available for the analysis of distributed activation maps defined either on the 2D cortical surface or throughout the 3D brain volume. Statistical analysis ...
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This chapter reviews the statistical tools available for the analysis of distributed activation maps defined either on the 2D cortical surface or throughout the 3D brain volume. Statistical analysis of MEG data bears a great resemblance to the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or positron emission tomography (PET) activation maps, therefore much of the methodology can be borrowed or adapted from the functional neuroimaging literature. In particular, the General Linear Modeling (GLM) approach is described, where the MEG data are first mapped into brain space, and then fit to a univariate or multivariate model at each surface or volume element. A desired contrast of the estimated parameters produces a statistical map, which is then thresholded for evidence of an experimental effect. The chapter presents several approaches that can produce corrected thresholds and control for false positives: Bonferroni, Random Field Theory (RFT), permutation tests, and False Discovery error Rate (FDR).Less
This chapter reviews the statistical tools available for the analysis of distributed activation maps defined either on the 2D cortical surface or throughout the 3D brain volume. Statistical analysis of MEG data bears a great resemblance to the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or positron emission tomography (PET) activation maps, therefore much of the methodology can be borrowed or adapted from the functional neuroimaging literature. In particular, the General Linear Modeling (GLM) approach is described, where the MEG data are first mapped into brain space, and then fit to a univariate or multivariate model at each surface or volume element. A desired contrast of the estimated parameters produces a statistical map, which is then thresholded for evidence of an experimental effect. The chapter presents several approaches that can produce corrected thresholds and control for false positives: Bonferroni, Random Field Theory (RFT), permutation tests, and False Discovery error Rate (FDR).
John E. Richards
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195331059
- eISBN:
- 9780199864072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331059.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reviews the hypothesis that changes in brain areas controlling attention strongly influence the development of attention in infant participants. It examines the methodological advances ...
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This chapter reviews the hypothesis that changes in brain areas controlling attention strongly influence the development of attention in infant participants. It examines the methodological advances in imaging showing what is inside the infant's head and how to measure brain activity in infant participants. It focuses on work using cortical source analysis of event related potentials (ERP) in the spatial cueing procedure as an example of how this might be done. The goal of research in this area is to link measures of infant brain development and measures of attention development.Less
This chapter reviews the hypothesis that changes in brain areas controlling attention strongly influence the development of attention in infant participants. It examines the methodological advances in imaging showing what is inside the infant's head and how to measure brain activity in infant participants. It focuses on work using cortical source analysis of event related potentials (ERP) in the spatial cueing procedure as an example of how this might be done. The goal of research in this area is to link measures of infant brain development and measures of attention development.
Brian Levine, Douglas I. Katz, Lauren Dade, and Sandra E. Black
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134971
- eISBN:
- 9780199864157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0028
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of frontal brain damage. This chapter describes interrelated streams of research aimed at improving the specificity of behavioral and brain imaging ...
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of frontal brain damage. This chapter describes interrelated streams of research aimed at improving the specificity of behavioral and brain imaging assessment of TBI. It begins with a brief review of TBI neuropathology. It then examines the cognitive and behavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury.Less
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of frontal brain damage. This chapter describes interrelated streams of research aimed at improving the specificity of behavioral and brain imaging assessment of TBI. It begins with a brief review of TBI neuropathology. It then examines the cognitive and behavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury.
Paull Nunez
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340716
- eISBN:
- 9780199776269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340716.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter discusses EEG's shadows of thought, revealing a number of newly discovered relationships between mind and brain. A healthy consciousness seems to be associated with a proper “balance” ...
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This chapter discusses EEG's shadows of thought, revealing a number of newly discovered relationships between mind and brain. A healthy consciousness seems to be associated with a proper “balance” between the functional isolation of brain tissue and global integration; such balance is achieved only in states of high dynamic complexity. Lack of such dynamic balance due to faulty chemical (neurotransmitter) actions may be partly responsible for diseases like schizophrenia and Parkinson's.Less
This chapter discusses EEG's shadows of thought, revealing a number of newly discovered relationships between mind and brain. A healthy consciousness seems to be associated with a proper “balance” between the functional isolation of brain tissue and global integration; such balance is achieved only in states of high dynamic complexity. Lack of such dynamic balance due to faulty chemical (neurotransmitter) actions may be partly responsible for diseases like schizophrenia and Parkinson's.
Judy Illes, Eric Racine, and Matthew P. Kirschen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198567219
- eISBN:
- 9780191724084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567219.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter provides a brief review of technological capabilities for imaging the brain with an emphasis on functional methods, and explores the range of applications for which they have been used. ...
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This chapter provides a brief review of technological capabilities for imaging the brain with an emphasis on functional methods, and explores the range of applications for which they have been used. It then examines the epistemological issues associated with this research. It proposes a set of new dimensions for responsibility to accompany the still-emerging field as it realizes increasingly greater potential, continues to grapple with the technology, and faces unprecedented ethical and social challenges.Less
This chapter provides a brief review of technological capabilities for imaging the brain with an emphasis on functional methods, and explores the range of applications for which they have been used. It then examines the epistemological issues associated with this research. It proposes a set of new dimensions for responsibility to accompany the still-emerging field as it realizes increasingly greater potential, continues to grapple with the technology, and faces unprecedented ethical and social challenges.
Monica Fabiani and Gabriele Gratton
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195156744
- eISBN:
- 9780199864171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156744.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
This chapter reviews optical brain imaging and electrophysiology in the context of other available methodologies as they apply to aging research. Both methods emphasize the temporal aspects of the ...
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This chapter reviews optical brain imaging and electrophysiology in the context of other available methodologies as they apply to aging research. Both methods emphasize the temporal aspects of the brain phenomena underlying cognition and thus allow for a closer parallel with cognitive studies using a mental chronometry approach to the study of aging. However, these two methods differ in the amount of localization information they provide, with electrophysiological methods yielding a coarser spatial description of brain activity and optical imaging meshing temporal and spatial information at a finer level. The spatial resolution of optical imaging may be close to that reached with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or positron emission tomography (PET), especially when data from a number of subjects are combined, which leads to a loss of resolution for all techniques.Less
This chapter reviews optical brain imaging and electrophysiology in the context of other available methodologies as they apply to aging research. Both methods emphasize the temporal aspects of the brain phenomena underlying cognition and thus allow for a closer parallel with cognitive studies using a mental chronometry approach to the study of aging. However, these two methods differ in the amount of localization information they provide, with electrophysiological methods yielding a coarser spatial description of brain activity and optical imaging meshing temporal and spatial information at a finer level. The spatial resolution of optical imaging may be close to that reached with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or positron emission tomography (PET), especially when data from a number of subjects are combined, which leads to a loss of resolution for all techniques.
Gabriele Gratton and Monica Fabiani
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the use of noninvasive optical imaging methods in studying human brain function, with a view toward their possible applications to neuroergonomics. Topics discussed include the ...
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This chapter reviews the use of noninvasive optical imaging methods in studying human brain function, with a view toward their possible applications to neuroergonomics. Topics discussed include the principles of noninvasive optical imaging, optical signals, and methods used for recording noninvasive optical imaging data.Less
This chapter reviews the use of noninvasive optical imaging methods in studying human brain function, with a view toward their possible applications to neuroergonomics. Topics discussed include the principles of noninvasive optical imaging, optical signals, and methods used for recording noninvasive optical imaging data.
Hanna Damasio
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195165616
- eISBN:
- 9780199864041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165616.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter provides an overview of the content of the book with examples of different brain slice orientation obtained with structural brain imaging, overlap of sulci in different brains, and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the content of the book with examples of different brain slice orientation obtained with structural brain imaging, overlap of sulci in different brains, and comparison of the relative volumes of lobes in humans and great apes.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the content of the book with examples of different brain slice orientation obtained with structural brain imaging, overlap of sulci in different brains, and comparison of the relative volumes of lobes in humans and great apes.
