Tito Boeri, Herbert Brücker, Frédéric Docquier, and Hillel Rapoport (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
This volume reviews the most recent research on brain drain and brain gain, producing new original results by the means of data sources specifically assembled for this study, and addressing several ...
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This volume reviews the most recent research on brain drain and brain gain, producing new original results by the means of data sources specifically assembled for this study, and addressing several key policy issues. Part I focuses on brain gain, that is, it takes the standpoint of the recipient country. The first section provides an overview of skill‐selective immigration policies in the main destination countries and of the major shifts in these policies which have been recently observed. It also documents the strong economic gains from immigration of highly skilled migrants. But what drives the decisions of highly skilled migrants as to where to locate? The econometric analyses performed by the authors indicate that it is mainly the labour market that is key to attracting talent, wage premia on education in particular. R&D spending also induces greater inflows of highly skilled migrants, while generous welfare benefits and strict employment protection end up attracting more unskilled workers. Part II is devoted to the consequences of brain drain, taking the point of view of the sending country. This second section provides for the first time a measure of the net global impact of the brain drain on sending countries. The results indicate that most developing countries experience a net gain from skilled emigration. Adverse overall impacts are found to be limited only to a subset of countries exhibiting very high skilled emigration rates. A number of policy recommendations are also offered to increase the benefits of brain drain.Less
This volume reviews the most recent research on brain drain and brain gain, producing new original results by the means of data sources specifically assembled for this study, and addressing several key policy issues. Part I focuses on brain gain, that is, it takes the standpoint of the recipient country. The first section provides an overview of skill‐selective immigration policies in the main destination countries and of the major shifts in these policies which have been recently observed. It also documents the strong economic gains from immigration of highly skilled migrants. But what drives the decisions of highly skilled migrants as to where to locate? The econometric analyses performed by the authors indicate that it is mainly the labour market that is key to attracting talent, wage premia on education in particular. R&D spending also induces greater inflows of highly skilled migrants, while generous welfare benefits and strict employment protection end up attracting more unskilled workers. Part II is devoted to the consequences of brain drain, taking the point of view of the sending country. This second section provides for the first time a measure of the net global impact of the brain drain on sending countries. The results indicate that most developing countries experience a net gain from skilled emigration. Adverse overall impacts are found to be limited only to a subset of countries exhibiting very high skilled emigration rates. A number of policy recommendations are also offered to increase the benefits of brain drain.
Frédéric Docquier and Hillel Rapoport
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
This chapter first provides a quantitative assessment of the evolution and spatial distribution of the brain drain using updated data on emigration rates to the OECD by educational attainment. In ...
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This chapter first provides a quantitative assessment of the evolution and spatial distribution of the brain drain using updated data on emigration rates to the OECD by educational attainment. In particular, it expands the coverage of the existing database by introducing non-OECD host countries, a study of the age of entry structure of skilled emigration, and also documents the brain drain of PhD holders, scientists, and of healthcare professionals.Less
This chapter first provides a quantitative assessment of the evolution and spatial distribution of the brain drain using updated data on emigration rates to the OECD by educational attainment. In particular, it expands the coverage of the existing database by introducing non-OECD host countries, a study of the age of entry structure of skilled emigration, and also documents the brain drain of PhD holders, scientists, and of healthcare professionals.
Frédéric Docquier and Hillel Rapoport
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
This chapter reviews the channels through which skilled emigration can affect the source countries. Recent literature suggests that remittances, return migration, diaspora externalities, and network ...
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This chapter reviews the channels through which skilled emigration can affect the source countries. Recent literature suggests that remittances, return migration, diaspora externalities, and network effects favouring international transactions and technology diffusion, as well as brain gain channels, may compensate the sending countries for their loss of human capital. The chapter divides these channels into a ‘human capital’, ‘screening selection’, ‘productivity’, and ‘institutional’ channels, and analyse the links between brain drain and remittances. The development of a partial equilibrium model allows them to combine these various channels in an integrated setting. They quantify the costs and gains of the brain drain for developing countries and analyse how these balance out. In most cases, simulations suggest that at a macroeconomic level, the brain drain may generate short run and long run positive net gains for many developing countries, while adverse overall impacts are found only in a small number of countries exhibiting very high skilled emigration rates.Less
This chapter reviews the channels through which skilled emigration can affect the source countries. Recent literature suggests that remittances, return migration, diaspora externalities, and network effects favouring international transactions and technology diffusion, as well as brain gain channels, may compensate the sending countries for their loss of human capital. The chapter divides these channels into a ‘human capital’, ‘screening selection’, ‘productivity’, and ‘institutional’ channels, and analyse the links between brain drain and remittances. The development of a partial equilibrium model allows them to combine these various channels in an integrated setting. They quantify the costs and gains of the brain drain for developing countries and analyse how these balance out. In most cases, simulations suggest that at a macroeconomic level, the brain drain may generate short run and long run positive net gains for many developing countries, while adverse overall impacts are found only in a small number of countries exhibiting very high skilled emigration rates.
Frédéric Docquier and Hillel Rapoport
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
The chapter briefly describes the rate of growth of international migration, arguing that the most rapidly growing segment is the migration of skilled workers from developing to industrialized ...
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The chapter briefly describes the rate of growth of international migration, arguing that the most rapidly growing segment is the migration of skilled workers from developing to industrialized countries. It also clarifies the purpose of this section of the book, which is to examine the causes of the brain drain at the international level, and its consequences for the sending countries.Less
The chapter briefly describes the rate of growth of international migration, arguing that the most rapidly growing segment is the migration of skilled workers from developing to industrialized countries. It also clarifies the purpose of this section of the book, which is to examine the causes of the brain drain at the international level, and its consequences for the sending countries.
Frédéric Docquier and Hillel Rapoport
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
This chapter summarizes the main finding of the book, that is the fact that the impact of highly skilled emigration on sending countries need not be detrimental. The chapter argues that the optimal ...
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This chapter summarizes the main finding of the book, that is the fact that the impact of highly skilled emigration on sending countries need not be detrimental. The chapter argues that the optimal skilled emigration rate is certainly positive. However, the optimal brain drain rate is likely to be extremely heterogeneous across countries, depending on their size, economic and institutional development, and on whether the brain drain is concentrated in certain sectors that are essential to TFP growth and human capital formation.Less
This chapter summarizes the main finding of the book, that is the fact that the impact of highly skilled emigration on sending countries need not be detrimental. The chapter argues that the optimal skilled emigration rate is certainly positive. However, the optimal brain drain rate is likely to be extremely heterogeneous across countries, depending on their size, economic and institutional development, and on whether the brain drain is concentrated in certain sectors that are essential to TFP growth and human capital formation.
Frédéric Docquier and Hillel Rapoport
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195382433
- eISBN:
- 9780199852352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382433.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter examines the Bhagwati tax and other issues concerning the impact of out-migration of the skilled. It provides a survey of 40 years of research on skilled out-migration. The chapter cites ...
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This chapter examines the Bhagwati tax and other issues concerning the impact of out-migration of the skilled. It provides a survey of 40 years of research on skilled out-migration. The chapter cites up-to-date comparative data on the brain drain, as well as case-study evidence that generally supports the view that out-flows of skilled labor are in practice beneficial, rather than harmful, to the source developing countries. However, the fact that examples of excessive brain-drain rates abound reveals the difficulty for source countries to control emigration, whether skilled or unskilled.Less
This chapter examines the Bhagwati tax and other issues concerning the impact of out-migration of the skilled. It provides a survey of 40 years of research on skilled out-migration. The chapter cites up-to-date comparative data on the brain drain, as well as case-study evidence that generally supports the view that out-flows of skilled labor are in practice beneficial, rather than harmful, to the source developing countries. However, the fact that examples of excessive brain-drain rates abound reveals the difficulty for source countries to control emigration, whether skilled or unskilled.
Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International ...
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This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International migration produced a large convergence in real wages between Europe and the New World during the transatlantic migrations of the late 19th century. Concerns about the impact of immigration on workers in destination countries resulted in policies that significantly limited international migration during much of the 20th century and gave rise to significant illegal immigration. Dropping these policy barriers would increase world output and significantly reduce inequality between the richest and poorest nations of the world. The chapter also considers whether the emigration of skilled workers (brain drain) harms poor countries, weighing the loss of skills against remittances and other offsetting factors.Less
This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International migration produced a large convergence in real wages between Europe and the New World during the transatlantic migrations of the late 19th century. Concerns about the impact of immigration on workers in destination countries resulted in policies that significantly limited international migration during much of the 20th century and gave rise to significant illegal immigration. Dropping these policy barriers would increase world output and significantly reduce inequality between the richest and poorest nations of the world. The chapter also considers whether the emigration of skilled workers (brain drain) harms poor countries, weighing the loss of skills against remittances and other offsetting factors.
Diego F. Angel‐Urdinola, Taizo Takeno, and Quentin Wodon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532605
- eISBN:
- 9780191714627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532605.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
High-skilled student migration may lead to a brain drain for developing countries. After a brief review of the literature, this chapter provides an analysis of patterns of student migration to the ...
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High-skilled student migration may lead to a brain drain for developing countries. After a brief review of the literature, this chapter provides an analysis of patterns of student migration to the US. Estimates based on panel data for fifty countries over the period 1990-99 provide some limited evidence on brain drain or gain, although Latin America may be more vulnerable than other regions to brain drain. In order to fight brain drain, programmes can however be implemented in order to ensure that students who have migrated abroad return to their country of origin. Examples of three programmes implemented in Colombia and Mexico that aim to mitigate the risk of brain drain into a gain, or more generally, to optimize ‘brain circulation’ are provided.Less
High-skilled student migration may lead to a brain drain for developing countries. After a brief review of the literature, this chapter provides an analysis of patterns of student migration to the US. Estimates based on panel data for fifty countries over the period 1990-99 provide some limited evidence on brain drain or gain, although Latin America may be more vulnerable than other regions to brain drain. In order to fight brain drain, programmes can however be implemented in order to ensure that students who have migrated abroad return to their country of origin. Examples of three programmes implemented in Colombia and Mexico that aim to mitigate the risk of brain drain into a gain, or more generally, to optimize ‘brain circulation’ are provided.
Frédéric Docquier and Hillel Rapoport
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
This section evaluates the policy implications of the brain drain. It focuses on policies that specifically address the causes and consequences of the brain drain. In particular, it explores whether ...
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This section evaluates the policy implications of the brain drain. It focuses on policies that specifically address the causes and consequences of the brain drain. In particular, it explores whether sending countries should rethink their education policy in the face of the brain drain, whether immigration policies in receiving countries are at odds with their aid and development policies, and whether international tax cooperation is required (and feasible) in order to allow for a better sharing of the surplus from international skilled migration. Finally, it discusses the likely effects of the current crisis on the future of international skilled migration from developing to developed countries.Less
This section evaluates the policy implications of the brain drain. It focuses on policies that specifically address the causes and consequences of the brain drain. In particular, it explores whether sending countries should rethink their education policy in the face of the brain drain, whether immigration policies in receiving countries are at odds with their aid and development policies, and whether international tax cooperation is required (and feasible) in order to allow for a better sharing of the surplus from international skilled migration. Finally, it discusses the likely effects of the current crisis on the future of international skilled migration from developing to developed countries.
Devesh Kapur and John McHale
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275601
- eISBN:
- 9780191705823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275601.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter analyzes the role of international flows of human capital in the growth of the software industry in the 3Is. Although skilled emigration is usually seen in such threatening ‘brain drain’ ...
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This chapter analyzes the role of international flows of human capital in the growth of the software industry in the 3Is. Although skilled emigration is usually seen in such threatening ‘brain drain’ terms, its effects are multi-faceted and poorly understood. Overall, the evidence strongly suggests that the benefits of skilled migration have outweighed the costs for the three countries. The Indian experience in Silicon Valley, for example, shows how the diaspora can be a valuable national asset in facilitating international commerce, especially where the business is transactionally complex and reputation concerns are paramount. The highly skilled Indian emigration has played a key part in the development of an internationally competitive Indian software sector. The Irish experience shows how one decade's lost human capital can, under the right conditions, become a skill reservoir that can be tapped to ease resource constraints and sustain economic expansion as domestic labor markets tighten.Less
This chapter analyzes the role of international flows of human capital in the growth of the software industry in the 3Is. Although skilled emigration is usually seen in such threatening ‘brain drain’ terms, its effects are multi-faceted and poorly understood. Overall, the evidence strongly suggests that the benefits of skilled migration have outweighed the costs for the three countries. The Indian experience in Silicon Valley, for example, shows how the diaspora can be a valuable national asset in facilitating international commerce, especially where the business is transactionally complex and reputation concerns are paramount. The highly skilled Indian emigration has played a key part in the development of an internationally competitive Indian software sector. The Irish experience shows how one decade's lost human capital can, under the right conditions, become a skill reservoir that can be tapped to ease resource constraints and sustain economic expansion as domestic labor markets tighten.
Tito Boeri
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
The worldwide race to attract talents is getting tougher. So far the winner has been the USA, attracting PhD candidates and graduates not only from emerging countries, but also from the EU. However, ...
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The worldwide race to attract talents is getting tougher. So far the winner has been the USA, attracting PhD candidates and graduates not only from emerging countries, but also from the EU. However, more countries are adopting immigration policies specifically aimed at selecting and attracting skilled workers. This chapter argues that the reason why the race is becoming so tough is that skilled migration is a way out of a policy dilemma facing many governments. It makes immigration not only economically advantageous, but also politically acceptable. In fact, highly skilled immigration not only contributes to economic growth in the recipient country, but also reduces earning inequalities in the host country. However, the potential benefits associated are not always fully understood by European countries. The potential impact of the Great Recession on the race for talent is also discussed. Finally, convergences in policy recommendations developed in the two parts of the volume are discussed.Less
The worldwide race to attract talents is getting tougher. So far the winner has been the USA, attracting PhD candidates and graduates not only from emerging countries, but also from the EU. However, more countries are adopting immigration policies specifically aimed at selecting and attracting skilled workers. This chapter argues that the reason why the race is becoming so tough is that skilled migration is a way out of a policy dilemma facing many governments. It makes immigration not only economically advantageous, but also politically acceptable. In fact, highly skilled immigration not only contributes to economic growth in the recipient country, but also reduces earning inequalities in the host country. However, the potential benefits associated are not always fully understood by European countries. The potential impact of the Great Recession on the race for talent is also discussed. Finally, convergences in policy recommendations developed in the two parts of the volume are discussed.
Graeme Hugo
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
With more than half the world's population, the Asia‐Pacific Region has become the world's major source of international migrants, although there is also a great deal of migration within and into the ...
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With more than half the world's population, the Asia‐Pacific Region has become the world's major source of international migrants, although there is also a great deal of migration within and into the region. The mobility has increased in scale and complexity involving refugees, south‐north migrants, overseas contract workers and student migration. Remittances are now a major factor in the economies of several sending nations, females are increasingly participating in the migration, undocumented migration is expanding exponentially and governments in both origin and destination countries have become more involved in influencing movement. Migration in the region is being facilitated by a flourishing immigration industry and an expanding set of strong migration networks. The impacts of migration on development in the region are complex with both brain drain and positive economic effects of emigration in evidence.Less
With more than half the world's population, the Asia‐Pacific Region has become the world's major source of international migrants, although there is also a great deal of migration within and into the region. The mobility has increased in scale and complexity involving refugees, south‐north migrants, overseas contract workers and student migration. Remittances are now a major factor in the economies of several sending nations, females are increasingly participating in the migration, undocumented migration is expanding exponentially and governments in both origin and destination countries have become more involved in influencing movement. Migration in the region is being facilitated by a flourishing immigration industry and an expanding set of strong migration networks. The impacts of migration on development in the region are complex with both brain drain and positive economic effects of emigration in evidence.
Andrés Solimano
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532605
- eISBN:
- 9780191714627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532605.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter takes a fresh look at the topic of international mobility examining talented and highly educated individuals. It highlights the potential of ‘brain circulation’ embedded in the greater ...
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This chapter takes a fresh look at the topic of international mobility examining talented and highly educated individuals. It highlights the potential of ‘brain circulation’ embedded in the greater mobility of graduate students, professionals, information technology experts, entrepreneurs, cultural workers, and others in the world economy. In some fields, such the global health sector, the concerns of brain and human resource drains are still very valid. The research in this book and the literature on the topic have identified several factors that affect the mobility of different types of talent such as international differences in earnings and development gaps, the demand for capital and new technologies, concentration effects and the location of capital, markets and talent, and policy regimes and immigration policies in recipient countries. The effects of talent mobility on international development, economic growth, income disparities, international transfers of technology, and the circulation of ideas are herein investigated by expert international contributors.Less
This chapter takes a fresh look at the topic of international mobility examining talented and highly educated individuals. It highlights the potential of ‘brain circulation’ embedded in the greater mobility of graduate students, professionals, information technology experts, entrepreneurs, cultural workers, and others in the world economy. In some fields, such the global health sector, the concerns of brain and human resource drains are still very valid. The research in this book and the literature on the topic have identified several factors that affect the mobility of different types of talent such as international differences in earnings and development gaps, the demand for capital and new technologies, concentration effects and the location of capital, markets and talent, and policy regimes and immigration policies in recipient countries. The effects of talent mobility on international development, economic growth, income disparities, international transfers of technology, and the circulation of ideas are herein investigated by expert international contributors.
Gillian Brock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230938
- eISBN:
- 9780191710957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230938.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 8 discusses whether easing restrictions on immigration would be helpful in advancing global justice. Some particular kinds of migration policies (such as, those that have strict term limits, ...
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Chapter 8 discusses whether easing restrictions on immigration would be helpful in advancing global justice. Some particular kinds of migration policies (such as, those that have strict term limits, or create net benefits for those in the home and host countries) might constitute progress. However we must also appreciate the significant drawbacks that also frequently accompany increased immigration (such as brain drain, worsening health, or negative economic consequences). The chapter considers such detrimental effects, and shows how we can mitigate some of these if migration is carefully managed. Examining and addressing root causes of why people want to emigrate is, all things considered, a better strategy. This chapter indicates what such a deeper analysis would yield. The chapter argues that increased immigration by itself, and in the absence of other measures, would not necessarily improve the prospects for global justice.Less
Chapter 8 discusses whether easing restrictions on immigration would be helpful in advancing global justice. Some particular kinds of migration policies (such as, those that have strict term limits, or create net benefits for those in the home and host countries) might constitute progress. However we must also appreciate the significant drawbacks that also frequently accompany increased immigration (such as brain drain, worsening health, or negative economic consequences). The chapter considers such detrimental effects, and shows how we can mitigate some of these if migration is carefully managed. Examining and addressing root causes of why people want to emigrate is, all things considered, a better strategy. This chapter indicates what such a deeper analysis would yield. The chapter argues that increased immigration by itself, and in the absence of other measures, would not necessarily improve the prospects for global justice.
David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This book shows how the cost of losing human knowledge in a technology-intensive world seriously affects organizational success. It explains what leaders must do to retain critical know-how as ...
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This book shows how the cost of losing human knowledge in a technology-intensive world seriously affects organizational success. It explains what leaders must do to retain critical know-how as millions of aging baby boomers begin retiring from the workforce in the next decade. This aging workforce will produce an unprecedented skills shortage in many sectors. Particularly at risk is the tacit or experiential knowledge needed to maintain high levels of performance in today's complex technological, scientific, and management fields. The book shows how this threatened loss of intellectual capital or “brain drain” can be addressed with increased attention to workforce planning, knowledge management, and knowledge retention initiatives. It provides a framework and action plan to help managers tackle the interdependent challenges of increased retirements, more competitive recruiting, and greater turnover among mid-career employees created by changing workforce demographics.Less
This book shows how the cost of losing human knowledge in a technology-intensive world seriously affects organizational success. It explains what leaders must do to retain critical know-how as millions of aging baby boomers begin retiring from the workforce in the next decade. This aging workforce will produce an unprecedented skills shortage in many sectors. Particularly at risk is the tacit or experiential knowledge needed to maintain high levels of performance in today's complex technological, scientific, and management fields. The book shows how this threatened loss of intellectual capital or “brain drain” can be addressed with increased attention to workforce planning, knowledge management, and knowledge retention initiatives. It provides a framework and action plan to help managers tackle the interdependent challenges of increased retirements, more competitive recruiting, and greater turnover among mid-career employees created by changing workforce demographics.
Sunil Mani
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077992
- eISBN:
- 9780199081608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077992.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
There is substantial evidence to show that high-skilled migration from India has increased during the post-liberalization period—a phase when market opportunities increased. This chapter measures the ...
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There is substantial evidence to show that high-skilled migration from India has increased during the post-liberalization period—a phase when market opportunities increased. This chapter measures the extent of high skilled-migration from India since 1991. Further it discusses two economic implications of this phenomenon: first, in terms of its potential and actual effects on the supply of science and engineering workforce and, second, in terms of transfers from these high-skilled migrants to the country. It argues that remittances by high-skilled migrants have formed an important component of India’s private transfers and have played a very important role in containing India’s current account deficits.Less
There is substantial evidence to show that high-skilled migration from India has increased during the post-liberalization period—a phase when market opportunities increased. This chapter measures the extent of high skilled-migration from India since 1991. Further it discusses two economic implications of this phenomenon: first, in terms of its potential and actual effects on the supply of science and engineering workforce and, second, in terms of transfers from these high-skilled migrants to the country. It argues that remittances by high-skilled migrants have formed an important component of India’s private transfers and have played a very important role in containing India’s current account deficits.
Yaw Nyarko
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226316055
- eISBN:
- 9780226316192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226316192.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
We look at the decision of the government or "central planner" in the allocation of scarce governmental resources for tertiary education, as well as that for the individual. We provide estimates of ...
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We look at the decision of the government or "central planner" in the allocation of scarce governmental resources for tertiary education, as well as that for the individual. We provide estimates of the net present values, or cost and benefits. These include costs of tertiary education, the benefits of improved skills of those who remain in the country, and also takes into account the flows of the skilled out of the country (the brain drain) as well as the remittances they bring into the country. Our results are positive for the net benefits relative to costs. Our results suggest that (i) there may be room for creative thinking about the possibility that the brain drain could provide mechanisms for dramatic increases in education levels within African nations; and (ii) by at least one metric, spending by African nations on higher education in this period yielded positive returns on the investment. Our results on the individual decision problem resolve a paradox in the returns to education literature which finds low returns to tertiary education.Less
We look at the decision of the government or "central planner" in the allocation of scarce governmental resources for tertiary education, as well as that for the individual. We provide estimates of the net present values, or cost and benefits. These include costs of tertiary education, the benefits of improved skills of those who remain in the country, and also takes into account the flows of the skilled out of the country (the brain drain) as well as the remittances they bring into the country. Our results are positive for the net benefits relative to costs. Our results suggest that (i) there may be room for creative thinking about the possibility that the brain drain could provide mechanisms for dramatic increases in education levels within African nations; and (ii) by at least one metric, spending by African nations on higher education in this period yielded positive returns on the investment. Our results on the individual decision problem resolve a paradox in the returns to education literature which finds low returns to tertiary education.
Jagdish Bhagwati
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195382433
- eISBN:
- 9780199852352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382433.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
It is widely believed that skilled immigrants create fewer assimilation problems and are more desirable in modern knowledge-based economies than unskilled immigrants. Whereas unskilled workers ...
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It is widely believed that skilled immigrants create fewer assimilation problems and are more desirable in modern knowledge-based economies than unskilled immigrants. Whereas unskilled workers migrating on a permanent basis into major countries of immigration are typically entering illegally or have entered legally and stayed on illegally, the entry of skilled workers has been through legal mechanisms. Equally, international migration of skilled workers from developing to developed countries is increasingly a feature of the legal immigration systems of many developed countries. The resulting focus on skilled migration raises a host of questions, for both “receiving” and “sending” countries, many of which are addressed in this volume. This chapter discusses how developed countries shift legal immigration towards skilled immigrants and describes two templates in developing countries: the “brain drain” template and the “migration as an opportunity” template.Less
It is widely believed that skilled immigrants create fewer assimilation problems and are more desirable in modern knowledge-based economies than unskilled immigrants. Whereas unskilled workers migrating on a permanent basis into major countries of immigration are typically entering illegally or have entered legally and stayed on illegally, the entry of skilled workers has been through legal mechanisms. Equally, international migration of skilled workers from developing to developed countries is increasingly a feature of the legal immigration systems of many developed countries. The resulting focus on skilled migration raises a host of questions, for both “receiving” and “sending” countries, many of which are addressed in this volume. This chapter discusses how developed countries shift legal immigration towards skilled immigrants and describes two templates in developing countries: the “brain drain” template and the “migration as an opportunity” template.
Brij Maharaj
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388138
- eISBN:
- 9780199863440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388138.003.0024
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
There have been long delays in developing a new progressive immigration policy in South Africa. It is true that despite the numerous problems that face the majority of blacks in South Africa, for ...
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There have been long delays in developing a new progressive immigration policy in South Africa. It is true that despite the numerous problems that face the majority of blacks in South Africa, for Africans from other parts of the continent, the country is perceived as being the land of increased economic opportunities and hope, especially after the 1994 elections. Hence, as long as the widespread poverty and high levels of inequality prevail on the continent, South Africa will continue to attract migrants. In this chapter it will be argued that the South African government has two options: continue with the law and order approach and ineffective policing that contributes to high levels of xenophobia. Alternatively, it could adopt a more sensitive human rights approach that takes cognizance of the creative ways in which migrants contribute to the local economy.Less
There have been long delays in developing a new progressive immigration policy in South Africa. It is true that despite the numerous problems that face the majority of blacks in South Africa, for Africans from other parts of the continent, the country is perceived as being the land of increased economic opportunities and hope, especially after the 1994 elections. Hence, as long as the widespread poverty and high levels of inequality prevail on the continent, South Africa will continue to attract migrants. In this chapter it will be argued that the South African government has two options: continue with the law and order approach and ineffective policing that contributes to high levels of xenophobia. Alternatively, it could adopt a more sensitive human rights approach that takes cognizance of the creative ways in which migrants contribute to the local economy.
Giorgia Brunello, Pietro Garibaldi, and Etienne Wasmer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199210978
- eISBN:
- 9780191705786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210978.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter presents an overview and presents some suggestive evidence about the role of highly educated workers in promoting technological and scientific progress and as a consequence economic ...
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This chapter presents an overview and presents some suggestive evidence about the role of highly educated workers in promoting technological and scientific progress and as a consequence economic growth in Europe. The evidence on education and growth is reviewed, followed by a discussion on international migrations with an emphasis on highly-skilled scientists and engineers. Migration of human capital could be a viable and effective way of increasing supply of skills in Europe. However the migration channel in most cases has not worked to improve the skills of the European labour force. Finally, estimates on a so-called ‘dynamic effect’ of highly-educated and talented workers on the rate of scientific and technological innovation is discussed.Less
This chapter presents an overview and presents some suggestive evidence about the role of highly educated workers in promoting technological and scientific progress and as a consequence economic growth in Europe. The evidence on education and growth is reviewed, followed by a discussion on international migrations with an emphasis on highly-skilled scientists and engineers. Migration of human capital could be a viable and effective way of increasing supply of skills in Europe. However the migration channel in most cases has not worked to improve the skills of the European labour force. Finally, estimates on a so-called ‘dynamic effect’ of highly-educated and talented workers on the rate of scientific and technological innovation is discussed.
