Evian Gordon, MD, PhD and Stephen Koslow, PhD (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a ...
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Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a summary of the “science to patient” continuum in and integrative neuroscience. Included are measures of genes using whole genome approaches and SNIPS, as well as BRAINmarkers of direct brain function such as brain imaging, biophysical changes and objective cognitive and behavioral measurements. The chapters provide a review of relevant literature; show the personalized diagnostic and treatment prediction solutions for patient care achieved through integrative neuroscience, providing a practical guide. This book provides a summary of the key translations from laboratory discoveries to patient and reimbursement issues, in personalized medicine.Less
Key thoughts leaders and practitioners in personalized medicine distil its current status, future directions, and recommendation for successful implementation of for brain disorders. This text is a summary of the “science to patient” continuum in and integrative neuroscience. Included are measures of genes using whole genome approaches and SNIPS, as well as BRAINmarkers of direct brain function such as brain imaging, biophysical changes and objective cognitive and behavioral measurements. The chapters provide a review of relevant literature; show the personalized diagnostic and treatment prediction solutions for patient care achieved through integrative neuroscience, providing a practical guide. This book provides a summary of the key translations from laboratory discoveries to patient and reimbursement issues, in personalized medicine.
Christopher Gillberg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182224
- eISBN:
- 9780199786701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182224.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the major epidemiological studies performed in the field of autism (including so-called ASDs). Studies published in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and from 2000 are considered. ...
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This chapter reviews the major epidemiological studies performed in the field of autism (including so-called ASDs). Studies published in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and from 2000 are considered. It is shown that autistic disorder occurs in approximately 0.2% of the general population of children. Spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome, are probably considerably more common than “classic” autism. The link between ASD and male gender remains strong according to recent prevalence studies, but it is likely that females are currently underdiagnosed. The link between autism and various other types of brain disorders and brain damaging factors is strong, although the pattern is different and more complex once the whole spectrum of clinical presentations of autism is taken into account.Less
This chapter reviews the major epidemiological studies performed in the field of autism (including so-called ASDs). Studies published in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and from 2000 are considered. It is shown that autistic disorder occurs in approximately 0.2% of the general population of children. Spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome, are probably considerably more common than “classic” autism. The link between ASD and male gender remains strong according to recent prevalence studies, but it is likely that females are currently underdiagnosed. The link between autism and various other types of brain disorders and brain damaging factors is strong, although the pattern is different and more complex once the whole spectrum of clinical presentations of autism is taken into account.
Adam Zeman, Narinder Kapur, and Marilyn Jones-Gotman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199580286
- eISBN:
- 9780191739408
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580286.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System, Behavioral Neuroscience
Epilepsy is one of the most common disorders of the brain, and these patients often suffer from memory problems. There are a number of reasons for this: seizures can directly affect the brain in ways ...
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Epilepsy is one of the most common disorders of the brain, and these patients often suffer from memory problems. There are a number of reasons for this: seizures can directly affect the brain in ways that disturb memory; epilepsy often results from trouble in brain regions closely linked to memory; the treatment of epilepsy can affect memory; epilepsy can cause psychological problems, like depression, which interfere with memory. This book reviews all aspects of the relationship between this common and potentially serious neurological disorder and memory, one of the core functions of the human mind. The chapters review the history of the subject; the clinical features of memory disorder in epilepsy; neuropsychological, neuroradiological, neuropathological, and electrophysiological findings; the roles of anticonvulsant side effects and psychiatric disorder; and the scope for memory support and rehabilitation. The study of patients with epilepsy has revealed much about the workings of memory, yet there has been no recent review of this field of research. This book aims to this gap.Less
Epilepsy is one of the most common disorders of the brain, and these patients often suffer from memory problems. There are a number of reasons for this: seizures can directly affect the brain in ways that disturb memory; epilepsy often results from trouble in brain regions closely linked to memory; the treatment of epilepsy can affect memory; epilepsy can cause psychological problems, like depression, which interfere with memory. This book reviews all aspects of the relationship between this common and potentially serious neurological disorder and memory, one of the core functions of the human mind. The chapters review the history of the subject; the clinical features of memory disorder in epilepsy; neuropsychological, neuroradiological, neuropathological, and electrophysiological findings; the roles of anticonvulsant side effects and psychiatric disorder; and the scope for memory support and rehabilitation. The study of patients with epilepsy has revealed much about the workings of memory, yet there has been no recent review of this field of research. This book aims to this gap.
Matthew L. Baum
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190236267
- eISBN:
- 9780190236281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190236267.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
The literature often under-describes the definitions of biomarkers and bioprediction, which leads to needless confusion and disagreement; it is not uncommon to encounter scientists or neuroethicists ...
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The literature often under-describes the definitions of biomarkers and bioprediction, which leads to needless confusion and disagreement; it is not uncommon to encounter scientists or neuroethicists who hold very different assumptions about what, in fact, a biomarker is. This chapter provides sufficient background on the types and properties of biomarkers to avoid these common confusions and to enable the clear articulation of the chapter’s reoriented model of disorder. The chapter illustrates this taxonomy of biomarkers by applying it to the history of the disorder of metabolism, Phenylketonuria (PKU). The chapter also discusses this book’s focus on the bioprediction of brain disorder and why the ethics of biomarkers is especially important in the context of psychiatry and neurology.Less
The literature often under-describes the definitions of biomarkers and bioprediction, which leads to needless confusion and disagreement; it is not uncommon to encounter scientists or neuroethicists who hold very different assumptions about what, in fact, a biomarker is. This chapter provides sufficient background on the types and properties of biomarkers to avoid these common confusions and to enable the clear articulation of the chapter’s reoriented model of disorder. The chapter illustrates this taxonomy of biomarkers by applying it to the history of the disorder of metabolism, Phenylketonuria (PKU). The chapter also discusses this book’s focus on the bioprediction of brain disorder and why the ethics of biomarkers is especially important in the context of psychiatry and neurology.
Mingzhou Ding, PhD and Dennis Glanzman,PhD (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393798
- eISBN:
- 9780199897049
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393798.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Neuronal responses to identically presented stimuli are extremely variable. This variability has in the past often been regarded as “noise.” At the single neuron level, interspike interval (ISI) ...
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Neuronal responses to identically presented stimuli are extremely variable. This variability has in the past often been regarded as “noise.” At the single neuron level, interspike interval (ISI) histograms constructed during either spontaneous or stimulus-evoked activity reveal a Poisson type distribution. These observations have been taken as evidence that neurons are intrinsically “noisy” in their firing properties. More recent attempts to measure the information content of single neuron spike trains have revealed that a surprising amount of information can be coded in spike trains even in the presence of trial-to-trial variability. Multiple single unit recording experiments have suggested that variability formerly attributed to noise in single cell recordings may instead simply reflect system-wide changes in cellular response properties. These observations raise the possibility that, at least at the level of neuronal coding, the variability seen in single neuron responses may not simply reflect an underlying noisy process. They further raise the very distinct possibility that noise may in fact contain real, meaningful information which is available for the nervous system in information processing. To understand how neurons work in concert to bring about coherent behavior and its breakdown in disease, neuroscientists now routinely record simultaneously from hundreds of different neurons and from different brain areas, and then attempt to evaluate the network activities by computing various interdependence measures including cross correlation, phase synchronization, and spectral coherence. This book examines neuronal variability from theoretical, experimental, and clinical perspectives.Less
Neuronal responses to identically presented stimuli are extremely variable. This variability has in the past often been regarded as “noise.” At the single neuron level, interspike interval (ISI) histograms constructed during either spontaneous or stimulus-evoked activity reveal a Poisson type distribution. These observations have been taken as evidence that neurons are intrinsically “noisy” in their firing properties. More recent attempts to measure the information content of single neuron spike trains have revealed that a surprising amount of information can be coded in spike trains even in the presence of trial-to-trial variability. Multiple single unit recording experiments have suggested that variability formerly attributed to noise in single cell recordings may instead simply reflect system-wide changes in cellular response properties. These observations raise the possibility that, at least at the level of neuronal coding, the variability seen in single neuron responses may not simply reflect an underlying noisy process. They further raise the very distinct possibility that noise may in fact contain real, meaningful information which is available for the nervous system in information processing. To understand how neurons work in concert to bring about coherent behavior and its breakdown in disease, neuroscientists now routinely record simultaneously from hundreds of different neurons and from different brain areas, and then attempt to evaluate the network activities by computing various interdependence measures including cross correlation, phase synchronization, and spectral coherence. This book examines neuronal variability from theoretical, experimental, and clinical perspectives.
Steven M. Silverstein
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014717
- eISBN:
- 9780262289818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014717.003.0017
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
A number of non-independent factors, such as neurotransmitter and receptor excesses and reductions, a reduced ability to generate oscillations and synchrony, and changes in gene expression due to ...
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A number of non-independent factors, such as neurotransmitter and receptor excesses and reductions, a reduced ability to generate oscillations and synchrony, and changes in gene expression due to primary genetic or environmental causes, may compromise dynamic coordination. This chapter focuses on brain disorders that have been linked to dynamic coordination failures, including autism, epilepsy, amblyopia, schizophrenia, Williams syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.Less
A number of non-independent factors, such as neurotransmitter and receptor excesses and reductions, a reduced ability to generate oscillations and synchrony, and changes in gene expression due to primary genetic or environmental causes, may compromise dynamic coordination. This chapter focuses on brain disorders that have been linked to dynamic coordination failures, including autism, epilepsy, amblyopia, schizophrenia, Williams syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Carmignoto Giorgio and Gomez-Gónzalo Marta
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015233
- eISBN:
- 9780262295444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015233.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
This chapter provides a brief overview of the “historical” findings and some of the most relevant observations that advance the understanding of the amazing complexity of neuron-astrocyte partnership ...
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This chapter provides a brief overview of the “historical” findings and some of the most relevant observations that advance the understanding of the amazing complexity of neuron-astrocyte partnership in the function of the brain. It describes the role of astrocyte in behavior. It discusses the role of astrocytes in epilepsy. This chapter suggests that astrocytes might hold the key to understanding the pathogenesis of brain disorders. It looks at the role of astrocytes in the processing of sensory information and in the genesis of brain disorders.Less
This chapter provides a brief overview of the “historical” findings and some of the most relevant observations that advance the understanding of the amazing complexity of neuron-astrocyte partnership in the function of the brain. It describes the role of astrocyte in behavior. It discusses the role of astrocytes in epilepsy. This chapter suggests that astrocytes might hold the key to understanding the pathogenesis of brain disorders. It looks at the role of astrocytes in the processing of sensory information and in the genesis of brain disorders.
Owen Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198727224
- eISBN:
- 9780191833427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727224.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
A willing addict is one who reflectively endorses their addiction. Some say that there are no willing addicts, only unwilling addicts who are trying to stop but not succeeding, or resigned addicts ...
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A willing addict is one who reflectively endorses their addiction. Some say that there are no willing addicts, only unwilling addicts who are trying to stop but not succeeding, or resigned addicts who are so demoralized they have stopped trying to stop. Willing addiction reminds us that addiction is a phenomenon that involves a person-with-a-lifestyle-inside-an-ecology, that there are good-making features of using even addictively, and that addiction involves many of the same complex, negotiated features (experiential, personal, interpersonal, structural, and cultural) of other person-level lifestyle choices. Willing addiction shows that concepts such as choice, voluntariness, and reflective endorsement have a place in the psychology and phenomenology of addiction. There are implications for the psych-bio-politics of addiction and for the implausible idea that addiction is a brain disorder. Addiction is not a brain disorder, although certain aspects or features of addiction involve brain disorders.Less
A willing addict is one who reflectively endorses their addiction. Some say that there are no willing addicts, only unwilling addicts who are trying to stop but not succeeding, or resigned addicts who are so demoralized they have stopped trying to stop. Willing addiction reminds us that addiction is a phenomenon that involves a person-with-a-lifestyle-inside-an-ecology, that there are good-making features of using even addictively, and that addiction involves many of the same complex, negotiated features (experiential, personal, interpersonal, structural, and cultural) of other person-level lifestyle choices. Willing addiction shows that concepts such as choice, voluntariness, and reflective endorsement have a place in the psychology and phenomenology of addiction. There are implications for the psych-bio-politics of addiction and for the implausible idea that addiction is a brain disorder. Addiction is not a brain disorder, although certain aspects or features of addiction involve brain disorders.
Neil Small, Katherine Froggatt, and Murna Downs
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198566878
- eISBN:
- 9780191730511
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566878.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
Improvements in health care in the 21st century mean people are living longer, but with the paradox that chronic illness is increasingly prevalent. Dementia, a term used to describe various different ...
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Improvements in health care in the 21st century mean people are living longer, but with the paradox that chronic illness is increasingly prevalent. Dementia, a term used to describe various different brain disorders that involve a loss of brain function which is usually progressive and eventually severe, is a condition associated with an ageing population and is becoming increasingly common. Worldwide, there are approximately 24 million people with dementia, expected to rise to 81 million by 2040. Inevitably, people living with dementia will die, but their needs at the end of life are not well known. This book describes what might be achieved if the values and best practice of both dementia care and palliative care are brought together, to achieve quality end-of-life care for this specific group of patients. It explores what is known about the experience of dying with dementia, using a narrative approach, and develops a model that draws together a ‘person-centred’ approach to care. The book examines the possibilities and the challenges faced when trying to improve quality of life for people with dementia, and presents examples of good practice from across the world.Less
Improvements in health care in the 21st century mean people are living longer, but with the paradox that chronic illness is increasingly prevalent. Dementia, a term used to describe various different brain disorders that involve a loss of brain function which is usually progressive and eventually severe, is a condition associated with an ageing population and is becoming increasingly common. Worldwide, there are approximately 24 million people with dementia, expected to rise to 81 million by 2040. Inevitably, people living with dementia will die, but their needs at the end of life are not well known. This book describes what might be achieved if the values and best practice of both dementia care and palliative care are brought together, to achieve quality end-of-life care for this specific group of patients. It explores what is known about the experience of dying with dementia, using a narrative approach, and develops a model that draws together a ‘person-centred’ approach to care. The book examines the possibilities and the challenges faced when trying to improve quality of life for people with dementia, and presents examples of good practice from across the world.
Matthew L. Baum
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190236267
- eISBN:
- 9780190236281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190236267.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
Spurred by the therapeutic promise of early identification and treatment, the pursuit of biomarkers for brain disorders gallops forth at an unprecedented pace. Here the chapter introduces cases that ...
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Spurred by the therapeutic promise of early identification and treatment, the pursuit of biomarkers for brain disorders gallops forth at an unprecedented pace. Here the chapter introduces cases that illustrate the core neuroethics issues of this book: how the development of predictive biomarkers (bioprediction) is poised to change how we relate to diagnostic categories, the extent of our obligations to others, who we punish—and how much, and how we should distribute resources. He also introduces a key concept of this book—that meaningful progress in discussing how the development of biomarkers should change these domains requires a shift towards thinking about disorders not as things that one has or does not have but primarily as categories that signal salient risks of harm (sometimes defined by biomarkers). The chapter finishes with an outline of the structure of the book and offers some guidance to readers about how to get the most out of it.Less
Spurred by the therapeutic promise of early identification and treatment, the pursuit of biomarkers for brain disorders gallops forth at an unprecedented pace. Here the chapter introduces cases that illustrate the core neuroethics issues of this book: how the development of predictive biomarkers (bioprediction) is poised to change how we relate to diagnostic categories, the extent of our obligations to others, who we punish—and how much, and how we should distribute resources. He also introduces a key concept of this book—that meaningful progress in discussing how the development of biomarkers should change these domains requires a shift towards thinking about disorders not as things that one has or does not have but primarily as categories that signal salient risks of harm (sometimes defined by biomarkers). The chapter finishes with an outline of the structure of the book and offers some guidance to readers about how to get the most out of it.
Risto Näätänen, Teija Kujala, and Gregory Light
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198705079
- eISBN:
- 9780191874192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198705079.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Developmental brain disorders, such as developmental dyslexia, specific language impairment (SLI), autism spectrum of disorders (ASD), and oral clefts, include perceptual-cognitive deficits of ...
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Developmental brain disorders, such as developmental dyslexia, specific language impairment (SLI), autism spectrum of disorders (ASD), and oral clefts, include perceptual-cognitive deficits of language, audition, attention, and memory. It is important to detect these dysfunctions in early childhood in order to determine how the development of perception and cognition differs from the typical course and to design interventions supporting development. The MMN, being elicited from the foetal stage onwards, is a promising tool for this purpose. It has illuminated low-level perceptual-cognitive dysfunctions in these disorders and shows promise as an early neural marker of future language-related dysfunction.Less
Developmental brain disorders, such as developmental dyslexia, specific language impairment (SLI), autism spectrum of disorders (ASD), and oral clefts, include perceptual-cognitive deficits of language, audition, attention, and memory. It is important to detect these dysfunctions in early childhood in order to determine how the development of perception and cognition differs from the typical course and to design interventions supporting development. The MMN, being elicited from the foetal stage onwards, is a promising tool for this purpose. It has illuminated low-level perceptual-cognitive dysfunctions in these disorders and shows promise as an early neural marker of future language-related dysfunction.
