Mark McCormack
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778249
- eISBN:
- 9780199933051
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778249.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Research has traditionally shown high schools to be hostile environments for gay youth. Boys have used homophobia to prove their own masculinity and distance themselves from homosexuality. While this ...
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Research has traditionally shown high schools to be hostile environments for gay youth. Boys have used homophobia to prove their own masculinity and distance themselves from homosexuality. While this has been a consistent finding for over three decades, The Declining Significance of Homophobia tells a different story. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews of teenage boys in three British high schools, Dr. Mark McCormack shows how heterosexual male students’ attitudes toward their gay peers have dramatically improved. Heterosexual male students are proud of their pro-gay attitudes and friendship with openly gay students. Indeed, homosexuality is not an important variable in determining a boys’ popularity. However, The Declining Significance of Homophobia goes beyond documenting this important shift. It also examines how decreased homophobia results in the expansion of gendered behaviors available to teenage boys. Dr. McCormack shows that in these British schools, heterosexual boys are able to develop meaningful and loving friendships. Furthermore, their friendships span across different groups of boys, so that jocks can befriend those more concerned with their school work. These boys have replaced peer violence, misogyny and homophobia with hugging and emotional intimacy. Free from the constant threat of social marginalization, boys are able to speak about once-feminized activities without censure. Incisive and accessible, The Declining Significance of Homophobia is essential reading for all those interested in the damage that homophobia brings to both gay and straight youth. Whether teacher, parent, student or academic, you will find this research to be remarkably uplifting. The sophisticated analysis and accessible language make this a truly insightful examination of the changing nature of teenage masculinity.Less
Research has traditionally shown high schools to be hostile environments for gay youth. Boys have used homophobia to prove their own masculinity and distance themselves from homosexuality. While this has been a consistent finding for over three decades, The Declining Significance of Homophobia tells a different story. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews of teenage boys in three British high schools, Dr. Mark McCormack shows how heterosexual male students’ attitudes toward their gay peers have dramatically improved. Heterosexual male students are proud of their pro-gay attitudes and friendship with openly gay students. Indeed, homosexuality is not an important variable in determining a boys’ popularity. However, The Declining Significance of Homophobia goes beyond documenting this important shift. It also examines how decreased homophobia results in the expansion of gendered behaviors available to teenage boys. Dr. McCormack shows that in these British schools, heterosexual boys are able to develop meaningful and loving friendships. Furthermore, their friendships span across different groups of boys, so that jocks can befriend those more concerned with their school work. These boys have replaced peer violence, misogyny and homophobia with hugging and emotional intimacy. Free from the constant threat of social marginalization, boys are able to speak about once-feminized activities without censure. Incisive and accessible, The Declining Significance of Homophobia is essential reading for all those interested in the damage that homophobia brings to both gay and straight youth. Whether teacher, parent, student or academic, you will find this research to be remarkably uplifting. The sophisticated analysis and accessible language make this a truly insightful examination of the changing nature of teenage masculinity.
Partha Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288350
- eISBN:
- 9780191596094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288352.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The main part of this chapter discusses the household as an allocation mechanism. It has eight sections; (1) gender differentials among adults; (2) allocations among girls and boys; (3) bridewealth ...
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The main part of this chapter discusses the household as an allocation mechanism. It has eight sections; (1) gender differentials among adults; (2) allocations among girls and boys; (3) bridewealth and dowry; (4) regional patterns of household allocations: the case of India; (5) marriage and inheritance in India; (6) bargaining theory as a framework for household choice; (7) the Nash programme: a formalization; and (8) bargaining versus maximization of well‐being within the household. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *11) gives theoretical presentations on two aspects of the axiomatic bargaining theory: (1) the Nash bargaining solution; and (2) the Kalai–Smorodinsky bargaining solution.Less
The main part of this chapter discusses the household as an allocation mechanism. It has eight sections; (1) gender differentials among adults; (2) allocations among girls and boys; (3) bridewealth and dowry; (4) regional patterns of household allocations: the case of India; (5) marriage and inheritance in India; (6) bargaining theory as a framework for household choice; (7) the Nash programme: a formalization; and (8) bargaining versus maximization of well‐being within the household. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *11) gives theoretical presentations on two aspects of the axiomatic bargaining theory: (1) the Nash bargaining solution; and (2) the Kalai–Smorodinsky bargaining solution.
Steve Bruce
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199281022
- eISBN:
- 9780191712760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281022.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter documents the links between Paisley's church and his party. It discusses church reservations about involvement in politics and party attempts to reconcile religious preferences with ...
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This chapter documents the links between Paisley's church and his party. It discusses church reservations about involvement in politics and party attempts to reconcile religious preferences with vote-winning. It also considers the impact of electoral success and generational succession on the party's principles. It concludes that contrary to popular images of a party divided in young secular and older religious wings, the DUP remains firmly united.Less
This chapter documents the links between Paisley's church and his party. It discusses church reservations about involvement in politics and party attempts to reconcile religious preferences with vote-winning. It also considers the impact of electoral success and generational succession on the party's principles. It concludes that contrary to popular images of a party divided in young secular and older religious wings, the DUP remains firmly united.
Paul E. Willis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691163697
- eISBN:
- 9781400865147
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163697.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
A classic of British cultural studies, this book takes the reader into the worlds of two important 1960s youth cultures — the motor-bike boys and the hippies. The motor-bike boys were working-class ...
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A classic of British cultural studies, this book takes the reader into the worlds of two important 1960s youth cultures — the motor-bike boys and the hippies. The motor-bike boys were working-class motorcyclists who listened to the early rock 'n' roll of the late 1950s. In contrast, the hippies were middle-class drug users with long hair and a love of progressive music. Both groups were involved in an unequal but heroic fight to produce meaning and their own cultural forms in the face of a larger society dominated by the capitalist media and commercialism. They were pioneers of cultural experimentation, the self-construction of identity, and the curating of the self, which, in different ways, have become so widespread today. This book develops an important and still very contemporary theory and methodology for understanding the constructions of lived and popular culture. Its new preface discusses the ties between the cultural moment explored in the book and today.Less
A classic of British cultural studies, this book takes the reader into the worlds of two important 1960s youth cultures — the motor-bike boys and the hippies. The motor-bike boys were working-class motorcyclists who listened to the early rock 'n' roll of the late 1950s. In contrast, the hippies were middle-class drug users with long hair and a love of progressive music. Both groups were involved in an unequal but heroic fight to produce meaning and their own cultural forms in the face of a larger society dominated by the capitalist media and commercialism. They were pioneers of cultural experimentation, the self-construction of identity, and the curating of the self, which, in different ways, have become so widespread today. This book develops an important and still very contemporary theory and methodology for understanding the constructions of lived and popular culture. Its new preface discusses the ties between the cultural moment explored in the book and today.
Shauna Pomerantz and Rebecca Raby
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520284142
- eISBN:
- 9780520959798
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520284142.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
Are girls taking over the world? It would appear so based on magazine covers, news headlines, and popularized books touting girls’ academic success. As a result, many in Western society assume that ...
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Are girls taking over the world? It would appear so based on magazine covers, news headlines, and popularized books touting girls’ academic success. As a result, many in Western society assume that girls now play on an equal playing field so have nothing to complain about. But contrary to the widespread belief that girls have surpassed the need for support because they are ‘doing well’ in school, smart girls struggle in ways that have been made invisible. Why do some girls choose to dumb down? How do smart girls handle being labeled ‘nerd’ or ‘loner? How do they deal with stress, including the ‘Supergirl’ drive for perfection? How are race and class part of smart girls’ negotiations of academic success? And how do smart girls engage with the sexism that is still present in schools, in spite of messages to the contrary? Set against the powerful backdrops of post-feminism and neo-liberalism where girls are told they now ‘have it all’, Smart Girls sheds light on girls’ varied everyday experiences, strategic negotiations of traditional gender norms, and the savoring of success – all while keeping their eyes on an A+ and a bright future.Less
Are girls taking over the world? It would appear so based on magazine covers, news headlines, and popularized books touting girls’ academic success. As a result, many in Western society assume that girls now play on an equal playing field so have nothing to complain about. But contrary to the widespread belief that girls have surpassed the need for support because they are ‘doing well’ in school, smart girls struggle in ways that have been made invisible. Why do some girls choose to dumb down? How do smart girls handle being labeled ‘nerd’ or ‘loner? How do they deal with stress, including the ‘Supergirl’ drive for perfection? How are race and class part of smart girls’ negotiations of academic success? And how do smart girls engage with the sexism that is still present in schools, in spite of messages to the contrary? Set against the powerful backdrops of post-feminism and neo-liberalism where girls are told they now ‘have it all’, Smart Girls sheds light on girls’ varied everyday experiences, strategic negotiations of traditional gender norms, and the savoring of success – all while keeping their eyes on an A+ and a bright future.
Doug Risner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195386691
- eISBN:
- 9780199863600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195386691.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
From a sociological perspective, Doug Risner explores the many biases and challenges boys and men in ballet face in the classroom and beyond. Themes revealed in case studies and analysis include ...
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From a sociological perspective, Doug Risner explores the many biases and challenges boys and men in ballet face in the classroom and beyond. Themes revealed in case studies and analysis include gender norms, heterocentric biases, isolation, peer pressure, lack of positive male role models and parental support, sexual harassment, and the lack of support systems for boys in dance education. The chapter concludes with suggestions for parents and dance educators that would increase support for boys and men in ballet.Less
From a sociological perspective, Doug Risner explores the many biases and challenges boys and men in ballet face in the classroom and beyond. Themes revealed in case studies and analysis include gender norms, heterocentric biases, isolation, peer pressure, lack of positive male role models and parental support, sexual harassment, and the lack of support systems for boys in dance education. The chapter concludes with suggestions for parents and dance educators that would increase support for boys and men in ballet.
Paul E. Willis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691163697
- eISBN:
- 9781400865147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163697.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter explores how the two youth cultures under discussion — the motor-bike boys, sometimes known as ‘rockers’, and the hippies, sometimes known as ‘heads’ or ‘freaks’ — form a ‘dialectic ...
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This chapter explores how the two youth cultures under discussion — the motor-bike boys, sometimes known as ‘rockers’, and the hippies, sometimes known as ‘heads’ or ‘freaks’ — form a ‘dialectic relationship’ with cultural life. It argues that it is only in the factories, on the streets, in the bars, in the dance halls, in the tower flats, in the two-up-and-two-downs that contradictions and problems are lived through to particular outcomes. Furthermore, it is in these places where direct experience, ways of living, creative acts and penetrations — cultures — redefine problems, break the stasis of meaning, and reset the possibilities somewhat for all of us. And this material experience is embedded in the real engagement of experience with the world: in the dialectic of cultural life.Less
This chapter explores how the two youth cultures under discussion — the motor-bike boys, sometimes known as ‘rockers’, and the hippies, sometimes known as ‘heads’ or ‘freaks’ — form a ‘dialectic relationship’ with cultural life. It argues that it is only in the factories, on the streets, in the bars, in the dance halls, in the tower flats, in the two-up-and-two-downs that contradictions and problems are lived through to particular outcomes. Furthermore, it is in these places where direct experience, ways of living, creative acts and penetrations — cultures — redefine problems, break the stasis of meaning, and reset the possibilities somewhat for all of us. And this material experience is embedded in the real engagement of experience with the world: in the dialectic of cultural life.
Paul E. Willis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691163697
- eISBN:
- 9781400865147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163697.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter presents the politics and experiences of identity as exercised by the motor-bike boys. It first discusses the author's approach to studying the motor-bike boys' culture at large, by ...
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This chapter presents the politics and experiences of identity as exercised by the motor-bike boys. It first discusses the author's approach to studying the motor-bike boys' culture at large, by making contact with a motor-bike club in a large English city in 1969, thus producing an account based on general observation, conversations with individuals and groups, participation around the club, often with the group just described, and tape-recorded sessions. It then embarks on a more intimate examination of this particular culture. The world of the motor-bike boys was above all else concrete and unequivocal. They perceived it without ontological insecurity, without existential angst.Less
This chapter presents the politics and experiences of identity as exercised by the motor-bike boys. It first discusses the author's approach to studying the motor-bike boys' culture at large, by making contact with a motor-bike club in a large English city in 1969, thus producing an account based on general observation, conversations with individuals and groups, participation around the club, often with the group just described, and tape-recorded sessions. It then embarks on a more intimate examination of this particular culture. The world of the motor-bike boys was above all else concrete and unequivocal. They perceived it without ontological insecurity, without existential angst.
Paul E. Willis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691163697
- eISBN:
- 9781400865147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163697.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter assesses how the motor-bike both reflected and generated many of the central meanings of the bike culture. It is one of the main elements of the culture's stylistic make-up. In a general ...
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This chapter assesses how the motor-bike both reflected and generated many of the central meanings of the bike culture. It is one of the main elements of the culture's stylistic make-up. In a general and unspecific way, it was clear that the motor-bike was one of the main interests of the motor-bike boys in the club under investigation. Most of their activities were based on this interest. A large part of conversation was devoted to the motor-cycle: discussing new models, comparing performance, or describing in detail how repair jobs were done. Here, the chapter argues that the motor-bike was not simply one object in a random collection of objects and activities that occupy the life-space of an underprivileged group, but possessed an expressive function which highlights a distinctive and meaningful construction of culture through modern technology.Less
This chapter assesses how the motor-bike both reflected and generated many of the central meanings of the bike culture. It is one of the main elements of the culture's stylistic make-up. In a general and unspecific way, it was clear that the motor-bike was one of the main interests of the motor-bike boys in the club under investigation. Most of their activities were based on this interest. A large part of conversation was devoted to the motor-cycle: discussing new models, comparing performance, or describing in detail how repair jobs were done. Here, the chapter argues that the motor-bike was not simply one object in a random collection of objects and activities that occupy the life-space of an underprivileged group, but possessed an expressive function which highlights a distinctive and meaningful construction of culture through modern technology.
Paul E. Willis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691163697
- eISBN:
- 9781400865147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163697.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter explores the musical tastes of the motor-bike boys. Pop music was a manifest and ever-present part of the environment of the motor-bike boys: it pervaded their whole culture. However, ...
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This chapter explores the musical tastes of the motor-bike boys. Pop music was a manifest and ever-present part of the environment of the motor-bike boys: it pervaded their whole culture. However, the motor-bike boys had very specific tastes that were not part of the current pop music scene, and were not catered for in the on-going mass-media sources. They liked the music of the early rock 'n' roll period between 1955 and 1960, especially that of Buddy Holly and Elvis Presley. By current standards in the commercial market and the pop music provided by mass-media channels, their tastes were at least ten years out of date. By deliberate choice, then, and not by the accident of a passive reception, they chose this music. This reveals the dialectical capacity which early rock 'n' roll had to reflect, resonate, and return something of real value to the motor-bike boys.Less
This chapter explores the musical tastes of the motor-bike boys. Pop music was a manifest and ever-present part of the environment of the motor-bike boys: it pervaded their whole culture. However, the motor-bike boys had very specific tastes that were not part of the current pop music scene, and were not catered for in the on-going mass-media sources. They liked the music of the early rock 'n' roll period between 1955 and 1960, especially that of Buddy Holly and Elvis Presley. By current standards in the commercial market and the pop music provided by mass-media channels, their tastes were at least ten years out of date. By deliberate choice, then, and not by the accident of a passive reception, they chose this music. This reveals the dialectical capacity which early rock 'n' roll had to reflect, resonate, and return something of real value to the motor-bike boys.
Merle Froschl and Barbara Sprung
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755011
- eISBN:
- 9780199918867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755011.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In many countries around the world, boys are not faring as well as girls academically. The lack of success that young boys are experiencing is a gender equity issue, and calls for the intentional ...
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In many countries around the world, boys are not faring as well as girls academically. The lack of success that young boys are experiencing is a gender equity issue, and calls for the intentional focus and concerted effort that has worked so well over the past several decades to address inequities in girls’ education. This chapter synthesizes research from the United States and from countries around the world that documents the difficulties that boys are experiencing in school and the strategies that are being employed to remedy the situation. It focuses in particular on how boys are faring in the increasingly academic, teacher-directed approach to early childhood education. Drawing on evidence from programs from nations and states around the world, it goes on to propose strategies to reduce the negative educational outcomes that disproportionately affect boys during the early years and beyond.Less
In many countries around the world, boys are not faring as well as girls academically. The lack of success that young boys are experiencing is a gender equity issue, and calls for the intentional focus and concerted effort that has worked so well over the past several decades to address inequities in girls’ education. This chapter synthesizes research from the United States and from countries around the world that documents the difficulties that boys are experiencing in school and the strategies that are being employed to remedy the situation. It focuses in particular on how boys are faring in the increasingly academic, teacher-directed approach to early childhood education. Drawing on evidence from programs from nations and states around the world, it goes on to propose strategies to reduce the negative educational outcomes that disproportionately affect boys during the early years and beyond.
Robert Wyatt and John Andrew Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195327113
- eISBN:
- 9780199851249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327113.003.0019
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter presents an excerpt from Alec Wilder's 1972 book titled American Popular Song: The Great Innovators. This book is about the successful opening the musical Tip-Toes in December 1925, ...
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This chapter presents an excerpt from Alec Wilder's 1972 book titled American Popular Song: The Great Innovators. This book is about the successful opening the musical Tip-Toes in December 1925, which was written by George and Ira Gershwin. Wilder compares the show to other musicals and suggestes that it had the most excellent opening number in the song The Certain Feeling and the most number of memorable hit songs including Looking for a Boy, Sweet and Low-Down, and Nice Baby!. He also describes the uniqueness of George's compositions.Less
This chapter presents an excerpt from Alec Wilder's 1972 book titled American Popular Song: The Great Innovators. This book is about the successful opening the musical Tip-Toes in December 1925, which was written by George and Ira Gershwin. Wilder compares the show to other musicals and suggestes that it had the most excellent opening number in the song The Certain Feeling and the most number of memorable hit songs including Looking for a Boy, Sweet and Low-Down, and Nice Baby!. He also describes the uniqueness of George's compositions.
Michael Suk-Young Chwe
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162447
- eISBN:
- 9781400851331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162447.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter explains game theory from the ground up. It first considers the concepts of choice and preferences before discussing strategic thinking as a combination of several skills. Game theory is ...
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This chapter explains game theory from the ground up. It first considers the concepts of choice and preferences before discussing strategic thinking as a combination of several skills. Game theory is built upon rational choice theory, and the chapter uses an example from Jane Austen's Mansfield Park to illustrate first rational choice theory and then game theory. To demonstrate the usefulness of game theory, it uses a simple game-theoretic model to show how Beatrice and Benedick in William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, Richard and Harrison in Richard Wright's Black Boy, and people revolting against an oppressive regime all face the same situation. Finally, it reviews previous work trying to bring game theory, as well as related concepts such as “theory of mind,” together with the study of literature.Less
This chapter explains game theory from the ground up. It first considers the concepts of choice and preferences before discussing strategic thinking as a combination of several skills. Game theory is built upon rational choice theory, and the chapter uses an example from Jane Austen's Mansfield Park to illustrate first rational choice theory and then game theory. To demonstrate the usefulness of game theory, it uses a simple game-theoretic model to show how Beatrice and Benedick in William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, Richard and Harrison in Richard Wright's Black Boy, and people revolting against an oppressive regime all face the same situation. Finally, it reviews previous work trying to bring game theory, as well as related concepts such as “theory of mind,” together with the study of literature.
Andrew Gurr
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198129776
- eISBN:
- 9780191671852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198129776.003.0019
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies, Drama
When the Paul’s Boys were brought back to life in 1599, London playing had been transformed. Regulation of playing was much tighter and quite ...
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When the Paul’s Boys were brought back to life in 1599, London playing had been transformed. Regulation of playing was much tighter and quite different from the situation in 1590. First, the Privy Council had finally acceded to the mayor’s insistence on banning plays from inside the city. Secondly, it had approved two playing companies as the only purveyors of royal entertainment in the Christmas season. In addition, the Master of the Revels had backed up the Privy Council policy by tightening his own control, now licensing playhouses as well as performances for public use. The renewed boy companies, and especially Paul’s as the first to resurface, offered a challenge to all of these new policies. They had a playhouse in the heart of the city; they threatened to make a not insignificant addition to the number of approved companies; and they would perform in it as a ‘private’ hall, with the implied freedom this gave them from the Master’s control of ‘public’ performances and public playhouses. This chapter looks at the history of the later Paul’s Boys, their performances between 1599 and 1606, the plays they performed and the playhouses where they performed.Less
When the Paul’s Boys were brought back to life in 1599, London playing had been transformed. Regulation of playing was much tighter and quite different from the situation in 1590. First, the Privy Council had finally acceded to the mayor’s insistence on banning plays from inside the city. Secondly, it had approved two playing companies as the only purveyors of royal entertainment in the Christmas season. In addition, the Master of the Revels had backed up the Privy Council policy by tightening his own control, now licensing playhouses as well as performances for public use. The renewed boy companies, and especially Paul’s as the first to resurface, offered a challenge to all of these new policies. They had a playhouse in the heart of the city; they threatened to make a not insignificant addition to the number of approved companies; and they would perform in it as a ‘private’ hall, with the implied freedom this gave them from the Master’s control of ‘public’ performances and public playhouses. This chapter looks at the history of the later Paul’s Boys, their performances between 1599 and 1606, the plays they performed and the playhouses where they performed.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter introduces a number of texts which attacked Richard II as a boy not a man, or by ascribing to him the faults of youth, at his deposition at the age of 32. Historians and literary critics ...
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This chapter introduces a number of texts which attacked Richard II as a boy not a man, or by ascribing to him the faults of youth, at his deposition at the age of 32. Historians and literary critics have tended to assume that these texts contain a grain of truth, however tendentiously presented. In doing so, they attenuate criticisms whose origins, on closer examination, appear considerably more complex. Since there are, in fact, a number of reasons to doubt almost every aspect of Richard II's traditional reputation, and since these texts also seem to present a very partial account of the properties of manhood, it is argued that if these texts and their political significance are to be understood, it is necessary to place their rhetoric back in the context of the full range of late medieval ideas of youth and manhood.Less
This chapter introduces a number of texts which attacked Richard II as a boy not a man, or by ascribing to him the faults of youth, at his deposition at the age of 32. Historians and literary critics have tended to assume that these texts contain a grain of truth, however tendentiously presented. In doing so, they attenuate criticisms whose origins, on closer examination, appear considerably more complex. Since there are, in fact, a number of reasons to doubt almost every aspect of Richard II's traditional reputation, and since these texts also seem to present a very partial account of the properties of manhood, it is argued that if these texts and their political significance are to be understood, it is necessary to place their rhetoric back in the context of the full range of late medieval ideas of youth and manhood.
Roslyn Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140767
- eISBN:
- 9780199833849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140761.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
In the slave‐boy demonstration, Socrates teaches the slave boy which line it is in an original square upon which a new square, double the size of the first, is constructed. The instruction is ...
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In the slave‐boy demonstration, Socrates teaches the slave boy which line it is in an original square upon which a new square, double the size of the first, is constructed. The instruction is disguised as an elenchus in order to encourage Meno to continue with the elenctic examination into virtue with which he and Socrates had been occupied up to this point. The diagonal, which constitutes the answer to the geometrical question, is present in the diagram from the start but stimulates no “recollection” on the part of the slave‐boy. The solution to the geometry problem is incontestable (it is confirmed by counting) and so amounts to knowledge; in virtue the most one can hope for is to know “no less accurately than anyone.” Socrates is committed only to the moral value of the “doctrines” ‐recollection and the immortality of the soul – he has espoused; he has fought in word (myth) and deed (the slave‐boy demonstration) for the worth of moral inquiry.Less
In the slave‐boy demonstration, Socrates teaches the slave boy which line it is in an original square upon which a new square, double the size of the first, is constructed. The instruction is disguised as an elenchus in order to encourage Meno to continue with the elenctic examination into virtue with which he and Socrates had been occupied up to this point. The diagonal, which constitutes the answer to the geometrical question, is present in the diagram from the start but stimulates no “recollection” on the part of the slave‐boy. The solution to the geometry problem is incontestable (it is confirmed by counting) and so amounts to knowledge; in virtue the most one can hope for is to know “no less accurately than anyone.” Socrates is committed only to the moral value of the “doctrines” ‐recollection and the immortality of the soul – he has espoused; he has fought in word (myth) and deed (the slave‐boy demonstration) for the worth of moral inquiry.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
This chapter discusses sex differences in play. Data from studies of girls exposed to high levels of androgenic hormones prenatally suggest that this exposure is associated with increased ...
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This chapter discusses sex differences in play. Data from studies of girls exposed to high levels of androgenic hormones prenatally suggest that this exposure is associated with increased male-typical childhood play behavior. In particular, these girls show increased preferences for toys and activities normally chosen by boys, reduced preferences for toys and activities normally chosen by girls, and increased preferences for boys as playmates. This relationship is not limited to girls with hormonal abnormalities. Normal variability in maternal testosterone during pregnancy also relates to male-typical toy and activity preferences in female offspring.Less
This chapter discusses sex differences in play. Data from studies of girls exposed to high levels of androgenic hormones prenatally suggest that this exposure is associated with increased male-typical childhood play behavior. In particular, these girls show increased preferences for toys and activities normally chosen by boys, reduced preferences for toys and activities normally chosen by girls, and increased preferences for boys as playmates. This relationship is not limited to girls with hormonal abnormalities. Normal variability in maternal testosterone during pregnancy also relates to male-typical toy and activity preferences in female offspring.
Ina Zweiniger‐Bargielowska
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280520
- eISBN:
- 9780191594878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280520.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The question of national physique was catapulted to the forefront of public debate amidst revelations of high rejection rates among military recruits during the Boer War, 1899‐1902. Military ...
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The question of national physique was catapulted to the forefront of public debate amidst revelations of high rejection rates among military recruits during the Boer War, 1899‐1902. Military recruitment statistics were represented as a barometer of racial fitness and attention focused on the male body which became a symbol of national strength. This chapter traces the debate about physical deterioration. The Inter‐departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration paved the way for the Edwardian welfare reforms. The deterioration debate further precipitated the launch of new pressure groups and voluntary associations including the Eugenics Education Society, the Empire Day Movement, the Boy Scouts, and the Health and Strength League. In response to the deterioration debate, physical culture and life reform promoters, public health officials, and leaders of voluntary organizations redefined the cultivation of a fit male body as a duty of citizenship and a patriotic response to the needs of the British Empire.Less
The question of national physique was catapulted to the forefront of public debate amidst revelations of high rejection rates among military recruits during the Boer War, 1899‐1902. Military recruitment statistics were represented as a barometer of racial fitness and attention focused on the male body which became a symbol of national strength. This chapter traces the debate about physical deterioration. The Inter‐departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration paved the way for the Edwardian welfare reforms. The deterioration debate further precipitated the launch of new pressure groups and voluntary associations including the Eugenics Education Society, the Empire Day Movement, the Boy Scouts, and the Health and Strength League. In response to the deterioration debate, physical culture and life reform promoters, public health officials, and leaders of voluntary organizations redefined the cultivation of a fit male body as a duty of citizenship and a patriotic response to the needs of the British Empire.
Ika Willis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199545544
- eISBN:
- 9780191720598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545544.003.0014
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter explores Derrida's queer deconstruction of the father/son ‘couple’ Socrates and plato in the ‘Envois’ section of The Post Card. It argues that ‘Envois’ shows how the relationship with ...
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This chapter explores Derrida's queer deconstruction of the father/son ‘couple’ Socrates and plato in the ‘Envois’ section of The Post Card. It argues that ‘Envois’ shows how the relationship with antiquity is usually figured via the metaphor of filiation, as the disciplined transmission of legitimized knowledge across masculine generations. Placing Derrida's work in communication with that of Luce Irigaray on Eros in Plato's Symposium, Jacob Hale on leatherdyke daddy/boy practices, and Lee Edelman on ‘heteroreproductive futurity’, the chapter draws out the queer eroticism and anachronistic force of Socrates' and Plato's intergenerational coupling. Showing that Socrates and plato can be read as daddy/boy, rather than father/son, it argues for a relation to antiquity which takes pleasure in the anachronistic apparatus of mediation which, for Irigaray, is Eros itself.Less
This chapter explores Derrida's queer deconstruction of the father/son ‘couple’ Socrates and plato in the ‘Envois’ section of The Post Card. It argues that ‘Envois’ shows how the relationship with antiquity is usually figured via the metaphor of filiation, as the disciplined transmission of legitimized knowledge across masculine generations. Placing Derrida's work in communication with that of Luce Irigaray on Eros in Plato's Symposium, Jacob Hale on leatherdyke daddy/boy practices, and Lee Edelman on ‘heteroreproductive futurity’, the chapter draws out the queer eroticism and anachronistic force of Socrates' and Plato's intergenerational coupling. Showing that Socrates and plato can be read as daddy/boy, rather than father/son, it argues for a relation to antiquity which takes pleasure in the anachronistic apparatus of mediation which, for Irigaray, is Eros itself.
Benjamin René Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469627656
- eISBN:
- 9781469627670
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627656.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Contrary to works arguing that both Boy Scouting and mainstream American manhood emphasized primitive virility and martial aggression in the early twentieth century, this book demonstrates that the ...
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Contrary to works arguing that both Boy Scouting and mainstream American manhood emphasized primitive virility and martial aggression in the early twentieth century, this book demonstrates that the Boy Scouts of America widely promulgated a popular new construct of “modern manhood.” It combined nineteenth century men's virtues such as self-control and a diligent work ethic with the scientific efficiency, expert management, and hierarchical loyalty that boys in their adolescence and men needed to adapt to a rapidly urbanizing and industrializing society. Scout leaders utilized a scientific, constructive engagement with nature and natural resource conservation to teach members such values, and to partner with reformers and businessmen to advance a modern vision of “practical citizenship” and nonpartisan service leadership. The book analyzes a wealth of Scout texts and images, policy and membership debates, and local practices as well as surveys and memoirs of boys and leaders reflecting on their experiences in the 1910s and 1920s. By insisting that modern manhood and practical citizenship represented universal values while actively incorporating European immigrant Catholics, Jews, and labor unionists, BSA administrators helped redraw the bounds of mainstream American manhood and leading citizenship to include light-skinned, working class urban dwellers and corporate-industrial employees while marginalizing traditional rural farmers of all ethnicities.Less
Contrary to works arguing that both Boy Scouting and mainstream American manhood emphasized primitive virility and martial aggression in the early twentieth century, this book demonstrates that the Boy Scouts of America widely promulgated a popular new construct of “modern manhood.” It combined nineteenth century men's virtues such as self-control and a diligent work ethic with the scientific efficiency, expert management, and hierarchical loyalty that boys in their adolescence and men needed to adapt to a rapidly urbanizing and industrializing society. Scout leaders utilized a scientific, constructive engagement with nature and natural resource conservation to teach members such values, and to partner with reformers and businessmen to advance a modern vision of “practical citizenship” and nonpartisan service leadership. The book analyzes a wealth of Scout texts and images, policy and membership debates, and local practices as well as surveys and memoirs of boys and leaders reflecting on their experiences in the 1910s and 1920s. By insisting that modern manhood and practical citizenship represented universal values while actively incorporating European immigrant Catholics, Jews, and labor unionists, BSA administrators helped redraw the bounds of mainstream American manhood and leading citizenship to include light-skinned, working class urban dwellers and corporate-industrial employees while marginalizing traditional rural farmers of all ethnicities.
