DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Although Wells was a town of, at best, medium size throughout the Middle Ages, it was a surprisingly complex place and yet it easily kept its identity, because of the continuation of institutions ...
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Although Wells was a town of, at best, medium size throughout the Middle Ages, it was a surprisingly complex place and yet it easily kept its identity, because of the continuation of institutions such as the cathedral and the Borough Community. It may well be that the sort of volatility that is of the nature of towns actually contributes to the tenacity with which such groups reinforce and strengthen their corporate bodies. Community may thrive most where the instability of the membership is most acute. In a town such as Wells, where demographic and economic realities produced a largely transient population and where two local authorities vied for influence, the signs of the collectivity may well have loomed even larger. Thus, the official mentality of the leaders of the town was one which fostered the importance of unity, tradition, solidarity, and the connection of surrogate brotherhood. Social complexity helped to father social and cultural unity.Less
Although Wells was a town of, at best, medium size throughout the Middle Ages, it was a surprisingly complex place and yet it easily kept its identity, because of the continuation of institutions such as the cathedral and the Borough Community. It may well be that the sort of volatility that is of the nature of towns actually contributes to the tenacity with which such groups reinforce and strengthen their corporate bodies. Community may thrive most where the instability of the membership is most acute. In a town such as Wells, where demographic and economic realities produced a largely transient population and where two local authorities vied for influence, the signs of the collectivity may well have loomed even larger. Thus, the official mentality of the leaders of the town was one which fostered the importance of unity, tradition, solidarity, and the connection of surrogate brotherhood. Social complexity helped to father social and cultural unity.
ALAN HARDING
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198219583
- eISBN:
- 9780191717574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219583.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
When the Carolingian empire broke up in the 10th century the immunity from public interference within their fiefs which kings were accustomed to grant to the greater landlords was transformed into a ...
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When the Carolingian empire broke up in the 10th century the immunity from public interference within their fiefs which kings were accustomed to grant to the greater landlords was transformed into a cluster of ‘liberties’ which included the exercise from their castles of the jurisdiction of a count in the pagus. For a while the idea of the state of the kingdom was eclipsed by feudal law, which did not allow the king's reach to go beyond his tenants-in-chief to those further down the landholding hierarchy. But townsmen continued to look to the king for the grant or confirmation of the mercantile customs essential to their way of life, and the peasant traders of the bourgs (in English burh, ‘boroughs’) which grew up everywhere beside castle walls, appealed to the king for enfranchisement as burgesses. Ultimately, seignorial and urban courts gave greater depth to the administration of justice and marked an essential stage in the structuring of territorial states.Less
When the Carolingian empire broke up in the 10th century the immunity from public interference within their fiefs which kings were accustomed to grant to the greater landlords was transformed into a cluster of ‘liberties’ which included the exercise from their castles of the jurisdiction of a count in the pagus. For a while the idea of the state of the kingdom was eclipsed by feudal law, which did not allow the king's reach to go beyond his tenants-in-chief to those further down the landholding hierarchy. But townsmen continued to look to the king for the grant or confirmation of the mercantile customs essential to their way of life, and the peasant traders of the bourgs (in English burh, ‘boroughs’) which grew up everywhere beside castle walls, appealed to the king for enfranchisement as burgesses. Ultimately, seignorial and urban courts gave greater depth to the administration of justice and marked an essential stage in the structuring of territorial states.
Elaine Chalus
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280100
- eISBN:
- 9780191707087
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280100.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book explores the gendered nature of politics and political life in 18th-century England by focusing on the political involvement of female members of the political elite. The book challenges ...
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This book explores the gendered nature of politics and political life in 18th-century England by focusing on the political involvement of female members of the political elite. The book challenges the notion that only exceptional women were involved in politics, that their participation was necessarily limited and indirect, and that their involvement was inevitably declining after the 1784 Westminster Election. While exceptional women did exist and gender did condition women's participation, the personal, social, and particularly the familial nature of 18th-century politics provided more women with a wider variety of opportunities for involvement than ever before. Women from politically active families grew up with politics, their involvement extending from politicized socializing to borough control and election management. Their participation was often accepted depending upon family traditions, personal abilities, and the demands of political expediency. The book reveals that given contemporary concerns about the links between sex, politics, and corruption, their participation was largely unproblematic as long as their participation was seen as subordinate and supportive of men's. It was when they came to be seen as the leading political actors in a cause that they overstepped the mark and became targets of sexualized criticism. Contemporary critics worried that politically active women posed a threat to male polity, but what actually made them threatening was that they proved that women were not politically incompetent and implicitly demonstrated that gender was not a reason for political exclusion. Although the dividing line between acceptable and unacceptable female political behaviours was sharper from the late 18th century onward, this book suggests that women who were willing to work creatively within the familial model could and did remain politically active into, and through, the 19th century.Less
This book explores the gendered nature of politics and political life in 18th-century England by focusing on the political involvement of female members of the political elite. The book challenges the notion that only exceptional women were involved in politics, that their participation was necessarily limited and indirect, and that their involvement was inevitably declining after the 1784 Westminster Election. While exceptional women did exist and gender did condition women's participation, the personal, social, and particularly the familial nature of 18th-century politics provided more women with a wider variety of opportunities for involvement than ever before. Women from politically active families grew up with politics, their involvement extending from politicized socializing to borough control and election management. Their participation was often accepted depending upon family traditions, personal abilities, and the demands of political expediency. The book reveals that given contemporary concerns about the links between sex, politics, and corruption, their participation was largely unproblematic as long as their participation was seen as subordinate and supportive of men's. It was when they came to be seen as the leading political actors in a cause that they overstepped the mark and became targets of sexualized criticism. Contemporary critics worried that politically active women posed a threat to male polity, but what actually made them threatening was that they proved that women were not politically incompetent and implicitly demonstrated that gender was not a reason for political exclusion. Although the dividing line between acceptable and unacceptable female political behaviours was sharper from the late 18th century onward, this book suggests that women who were willing to work creatively within the familial model could and did remain politically active into, and through, the 19th century.
Bernard Capp
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641789
- eISBN:
- 9780191744228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641789.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter explores the new regime's efforts to mould the instruments needed to implement reformation measures. The first challenge was to assert its authority over resentful local magistrates, ...
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This chapter explores the new regime's efforts to mould the instruments needed to implement reformation measures. The first challenge was to assert its authority over resentful local magistrates, gradually achieved by vigorous intervention in the affairs of county benches and London and other borough corporations. The Presbyterian clergy, at first, hostile and defiant, were tamed and sometimes reconciled, while the New Model Army served as a blunt instrument of reformation. The chapter also explores the character of local magistracy under the Protectorate, and of the Cromwellian church. It ends with the work of the Major-Generals, often effective in galvanizing activity but widely resented. While the regime never possessed adequate machinery or human resources for nationwide reformation, it did enough to facilitate significant advances.Less
This chapter explores the new regime's efforts to mould the instruments needed to implement reformation measures. The first challenge was to assert its authority over resentful local magistrates, gradually achieved by vigorous intervention in the affairs of county benches and London and other borough corporations. The Presbyterian clergy, at first, hostile and defiant, were tamed and sometimes reconciled, while the New Model Army served as a blunt instrument of reformation. The chapter also explores the character of local magistracy under the Protectorate, and of the Cromwellian church. It ends with the work of the Major-Generals, often effective in galvanizing activity but widely resented. While the regime never possessed adequate machinery or human resources for nationwide reformation, it did enough to facilitate significant advances.
John McDonald and G. D. Snooks
- Published in print:
- 1986
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198285243
- eISBN:
- 9780191596636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198285248.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
‘The economy and survey of 1086’ establishes the foundation for the book's enquiry. The main economic institutions surveyed include the manor, the borough, internal trade, international trade, and ...
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‘The economy and survey of 1086’ establishes the foundation for the book's enquiry. The main economic institutions surveyed include the manor, the borough, internal trade, international trade, and the state. Next, the purpose, methods, and data accuracy of the Domesday survey are discussed and compared with that of modern surveys.Less
‘The economy and survey of 1086’ establishes the foundation for the book's enquiry. The main economic institutions surveyed include the manor, the borough, internal trade, international trade, and the state. Next, the purpose, methods, and data accuracy of the Domesday survey are discussed and compared with that of modern surveys.
P. R. Cavill
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199573837
- eISBN:
- 9780191721878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573837.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Chapter 6 considers how decisions taken in parliament affected everyday life. It first discusses the publicizing of statute law examining the roles of proclamations and of statute books, and the rise ...
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Chapter 6 considers how decisions taken in parliament affected everyday life. It first discusses the publicizing of statute law examining the roles of proclamations and of statute books, and the rise of printing is addressed. Next it discusses the interaction between national legislation and local regulations, exploring the reception of statute law in local courts through jury presentments and borough ordinances. Then tax collection is discussed as a central means by which parliament impinged upon the lives of ordinary people. The efficiency of tax collection is considered. The popular protests that demands for taxation sometimes provoked are also analysed. Particular attention is paid to the Yorkshire rising of 1489 and to the Western rebellion of 1497.Less
Chapter 6 considers how decisions taken in parliament affected everyday life. It first discusses the publicizing of statute law examining the roles of proclamations and of statute books, and the rise of printing is addressed. Next it discusses the interaction between national legislation and local regulations, exploring the reception of statute law in local courts through jury presentments and borough ordinances. Then tax collection is discussed as a central means by which parliament impinged upon the lives of ordinary people. The efficiency of tax collection is considered. The popular protests that demands for taxation sometimes provoked are also analysed. Particular attention is paid to the Yorkshire rising of 1489 and to the Western rebellion of 1497.
Perry Gauci
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206057
- eISBN:
- 9780191676956
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206057.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book studies the political development of a major English town during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The book examines the activities of the local oligarchy over a period which begins ...
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This book studies the political development of a major English town during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The book examines the activities of the local oligarchy over a period which begins in upheaval, in the aftermath of civil war, and ends in the relative stability of early Georgian England. It considers important episodes as the borough regulation of the 1680s, and the ‘rage of party’ after 1689, by broadening the sphere of ‘politics’ to encompass provincial experiences. The book examines the role of the town corporation, a little-studied organ of local government, whose membership reveals much about the relationship between social and political change in this period. It challenges accepted views on these corporations, showing them to be much more dynamic, and less self-interested, than is usually supposed. The book's analysis of the structures of local politics transcends local history and reveals a great deal about the influence of national authorities over provincial life.Less
This book studies the political development of a major English town during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The book examines the activities of the local oligarchy over a period which begins in upheaval, in the aftermath of civil war, and ends in the relative stability of early Georgian England. It considers important episodes as the borough regulation of the 1680s, and the ‘rage of party’ after 1689, by broadening the sphere of ‘politics’ to encompass provincial experiences. The book examines the role of the town corporation, a little-studied organ of local government, whose membership reveals much about the relationship between social and political change in this period. It challenges accepted views on these corporations, showing them to be much more dynamic, and less self-interested, than is usually supposed. The book's analysis of the structures of local politics transcends local history and reveals a great deal about the influence of national authorities over provincial life.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The medieval town's appeal is complex. More than any other field within medieval history, the study of towns provokes historians to view things as complete, sometimes sealed units. It is possible to ...
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The medieval town's appeal is complex. More than any other field within medieval history, the study of towns provokes historians to view things as complete, sometimes sealed units. It is possible to strengthen the appreciation of the crucial connections between mentality and economy, social structure and political life. The display of such cross-currents is one of the aims of this book. To this extent, the book's discussion of Wells is concerned with the particular dynamics and development of one English town, especially in the later Middle Ages. The book tries to address current issues in medieval urban historiography and its body of citizens, looking at the political and constitutional ferment in the context of collective ambition and group self-esteem. An important group of themes centres on this body of citizens, known then and in the book as the ‘Borough Community’. The word ‘community’ is still extremely popular and emotive today.Less
The medieval town's appeal is complex. More than any other field within medieval history, the study of towns provokes historians to view things as complete, sometimes sealed units. It is possible to strengthen the appreciation of the crucial connections between mentality and economy, social structure and political life. The display of such cross-currents is one of the aims of this book. To this extent, the book's discussion of Wells is concerned with the particular dynamics and development of one English town, especially in the later Middle Ages. The book tries to address current issues in medieval urban historiography and its body of citizens, looking at the political and constitutional ferment in the context of collective ambition and group self-esteem. An important group of themes centres on this body of citizens, known then and in the book as the ‘Borough Community’. The word ‘community’ is still extremely popular and emotive today.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Wells had to wait until the first century of Norman rule to become a borough, and aside from this fact little else is sure about its earliest history, the time before 1150. However, ‘borough’ is ...
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Wells had to wait until the first century of Norman rule to become a borough, and aside from this fact little else is sure about its earliest history, the time before 1150. However, ‘borough’ is primarily a legal term in a 12th-century context, and it is the town, both much more and something less, that is at issue here. To answer the important question of the town's origins, this darker age must be probed, and any salient geographical, rural, and institutional features examined, so that the town may be placed in its broad historical circumstances. Many of the forces in play well before 1200 continued to shape, stimulate, and restrain the town throughout the later Middle Ages. Before the foundation of the town, before the Conquest, even before the first church in the 7th or 8th century, people had long settled in the sub-Mendip region.Less
Wells had to wait until the first century of Norman rule to become a borough, and aside from this fact little else is sure about its earliest history, the time before 1150. However, ‘borough’ is primarily a legal term in a 12th-century context, and it is the town, both much more and something less, that is at issue here. To answer the important question of the town's origins, this darker age must be probed, and any salient geographical, rural, and institutional features examined, so that the town may be placed in its broad historical circumstances. Many of the forces in play well before 1200 continued to shape, stimulate, and restrain the town throughout the later Middle Ages. Before the foundation of the town, before the Conquest, even before the first church in the 7th or 8th century, people had long settled in the sub-Mendip region.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Professor Norman Trenholme pointed out that the monastic boroughs of England, towns like Abingdon and Bury, Cirencester and Dunstable, spent much of the 14th century in conflict with their ...
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Professor Norman Trenholme pointed out that the monastic boroughs of England, towns like Abingdon and Bury, Cirencester and Dunstable, spent much of the 14th century in conflict with their ecclesiastical overlords. At the time of the Peasants' Revolt, there were further disruptions in some monastic and seigniorial towns. The essential point is that it was the seigniorial boroughs which were most dissatisfied in the 14th century, that their burgesses were generally unable to attain the privileges that they thought were their due, and that independence was a feature of only some of England's towns. The reality of power-sharing is better measured on a graded ruler. Wells comes somewhere in the bottom half of the scale of independence. It was a seigniorial borough, and the townsmen had distinctly fewer powers than the burgesses of many seigniorial and even some ecclesiastical boroughs, but it was nevertheless a royal town during the Middle Ages.Less
Professor Norman Trenholme pointed out that the monastic boroughs of England, towns like Abingdon and Bury, Cirencester and Dunstable, spent much of the 14th century in conflict with their ecclesiastical overlords. At the time of the Peasants' Revolt, there were further disruptions in some monastic and seigniorial towns. The essential point is that it was the seigniorial boroughs which were most dissatisfied in the 14th century, that their burgesses were generally unable to attain the privileges that they thought were their due, and that independence was a feature of only some of England's towns. The reality of power-sharing is better measured on a graded ruler. Wells comes somewhere in the bottom half of the scale of independence. It was a seigniorial borough, and the townsmen had distinctly fewer powers than the burgesses of many seigniorial and even some ecclesiastical boroughs, but it was nevertheless a royal town during the Middle Ages.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The Borough Community was one of two groups into which the laymen of the town were divided. This was a division encountered in virtually all enfranchised towns across Europe. Simply put, it separated ...
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The Borough Community was one of two groups into which the laymen of the town were divided. This was a division encountered in virtually all enfranchised towns across Europe. Simply put, it separated the privileged from the rest, those with a corporate identity and political authority from those who deferred to their rule. This chapter aims to break down the corporate community into its constituent parts. The membership's composition is examined first, followed by an analysis of those burgesses that took a more active part in the guild's affairs by serving in one of its offices. Finally, the elite of the guild — and, therefore, of the city — is sketched to outline the nature of Wells's governing social group and to face the vexed question of oligarchy in the later medieval town.Less
The Borough Community was one of two groups into which the laymen of the town were divided. This was a division encountered in virtually all enfranchised towns across Europe. Simply put, it separated the privileged from the rest, those with a corporate identity and political authority from those who deferred to their rule. This chapter aims to break down the corporate community into its constituent parts. The membership's composition is examined first, followed by an analysis of those burgesses that took a more active part in the guild's affairs by serving in one of its offices. Finally, the elite of the guild — and, therefore, of the city — is sketched to outline the nature of Wells's governing social group and to face the vexed question of oligarchy in the later medieval town.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The issues that this chapter raises have not often been discussed by historians of the medieval English town, and so it is appropriate to acknowledge the important contribution of Susan Reynolds in ...
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The issues that this chapter raises have not often been discussed by historians of the medieval English town, and so it is appropriate to acknowledge the important contribution of Susan Reynolds in raising, often in a general but stimulating way, the question of the political theory of the towns — and, indeed, of all communities. The path was indicated long ago by Sylvia Thrupp's The Merchant Class of Medieval London, but, as in the case of so many of her fine experiments, there were few followers until lately. The chapter follows up many of their hints and gives a more concentrated account of a single guild, the Wells Borough Community. It outlines some of the concepts to be found in the constitution that played a large part in defining and organising community life, before going on to discuss the specific social and cultural functions and projects undertaken by the burgesses.Less
The issues that this chapter raises have not often been discussed by historians of the medieval English town, and so it is appropriate to acknowledge the important contribution of Susan Reynolds in raising, often in a general but stimulating way, the question of the political theory of the towns — and, indeed, of all communities. The path was indicated long ago by Sylvia Thrupp's The Merchant Class of Medieval London, but, as in the case of so many of her fine experiments, there were few followers until lately. The chapter follows up many of their hints and gives a more concentrated account of a single guild, the Wells Borough Community. It outlines some of the concepts to be found in the constitution that played a large part in defining and organising community life, before going on to discuss the specific social and cultural functions and projects undertaken by the burgesses.
DAVID GARY SHAW
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204015
- eISBN:
- 9780191676086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204015.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter tries to present a complete picture of the social world of later medieval Wells, but fails to do so. It had too little to say of several groups, although they may have fitted into one or ...
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This chapter tries to present a complete picture of the social world of later medieval Wells, but fails to do so. It had too little to say of several groups, although they may have fitted into one or another of the major categories of society. This said, the chapter makes important additions to the world of the burgesses of the Middle Ages. They can now be seen in their essential and dynamic relationships with the foreigners from whose ranks most of them came, and in relation to the poor. Burgesses could be poor; foreigners rich. A significant minority of outsiders would one day succeed in joining the civic elite, that is, the Borough Community. However, the great majority remained socially and economically humble, if not impoverished. A large proportion of the foreigners and some of the burgesses, especially widows, poverty was a stage of life closely connected to old age or sickness.Less
This chapter tries to present a complete picture of the social world of later medieval Wells, but fails to do so. It had too little to say of several groups, although they may have fitted into one or another of the major categories of society. This said, the chapter makes important additions to the world of the burgesses of the Middle Ages. They can now be seen in their essential and dynamic relationships with the foreigners from whose ranks most of them came, and in relation to the poor. Burgesses could be poor; foreigners rich. A significant minority of outsiders would one day succeed in joining the civic elite, that is, the Borough Community. However, the great majority remained socially and economically humble, if not impoverished. A large proportion of the foreigners and some of the burgesses, especially widows, poverty was a stage of life closely connected to old age or sickness.
Carl E. Prince
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195115789
- eISBN:
- 9780199854066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195115789.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter argues that no institution better underscored that fact of life, in Brooklyn at least, than the neighborhood tavern. The use of male culture was described as a symbol of both the depth ...
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This chapter argues that no institution better underscored that fact of life, in Brooklyn at least, than the neighborhood tavern. The use of male culture was described as a symbol of both the depth of the symbiotic relationship between Brooklyn and the Dodgers, as well as the male working-class world of Brooklyn that characterized a slice of the broader culture of this isolated borough. Brooklyn's bars, though, were peculiarly Dodger-oriented, characterized by two forces: they were aggressively male working-class preserves that offered cultural refuge to their denizens, and they reeked of baseball and beer. The bars, then, deserve a short chapter of their own in this context, for they provide a revealing glimpse into the importance of the Dodgers to the generalized culture of the community.Less
This chapter argues that no institution better underscored that fact of life, in Brooklyn at least, than the neighborhood tavern. The use of male culture was described as a symbol of both the depth of the symbiotic relationship between Brooklyn and the Dodgers, as well as the male working-class world of Brooklyn that characterized a slice of the broader culture of this isolated borough. Brooklyn's bars, though, were peculiarly Dodger-oriented, characterized by two forces: they were aggressively male working-class preserves that offered cultural refuge to their denizens, and they reeked of baseball and beer. The bars, then, deserve a short chapter of their own in this context, for they provide a revealing glimpse into the importance of the Dodgers to the generalized culture of the community.
Carl E. Prince
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195115789
- eISBN:
- 9780199854066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195115789.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter reveals the great equalizer among the boroughs boys and baseball as a way of easing ethnic conflict. The Dodgers were at the center of male youth culture. The chapter also introduces the ...
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This chapter reveals the great equalizer among the boroughs boys and baseball as a way of easing ethnic conflict. The Dodgers were at the center of male youth culture. The chapter also introduces the Brooklyn Amateur Baseball foundation. Irish, Italians, and Jews dominated the white ethnic groups whose kids regularly patrolled the Parade Grounds diamonds. Few of those who signed would even get to class A ball, but even for these the dream lived for a while, and the lives of all of those who signed were touched forever.Less
This chapter reveals the great equalizer among the boroughs boys and baseball as a way of easing ethnic conflict. The Dodgers were at the center of male youth culture. The chapter also introduces the Brooklyn Amateur Baseball foundation. Irish, Italians, and Jews dominated the white ethnic groups whose kids regularly patrolled the Parade Grounds diamonds. Few of those who signed would even get to class A ball, but even for these the dream lived for a while, and the lives of all of those who signed were touched forever.
RODNEY HILTON
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201908
- eISBN:
- 9780191675065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201908.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, Social History
The foundations of boroughs of feudal lords in England date from the 12th century onwards. They were only part of a dense network of markets founded mainly in the 12th and 13th centuries. Many ...
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The foundations of boroughs of feudal lords in England date from the 12th century onwards. They were only part of a dense network of markets founded mainly in the 12th and 13th centuries. Many markets were established in villages as a result of the purchase of a market charter by the lord from the king, who claimed regalian right over markets. By the start of the 14th century, there may have been nearly 400 market boroughs throughout England. This chapter examines the Thornbury borough court rolls in an attempt to shed light on the lower level of urbanization of medieval England: the small market town.Less
The foundations of boroughs of feudal lords in England date from the 12th century onwards. They were only part of a dense network of markets founded mainly in the 12th and 13th centuries. Many markets were established in villages as a result of the purchase of a market charter by the lord from the king, who claimed regalian right over markets. By the start of the 14th century, there may have been nearly 400 market boroughs throughout England. This chapter examines the Thornbury borough court rolls in an attempt to shed light on the lower level of urbanization of medieval England: the small market town.
T.C. Barnard
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208570
- eISBN:
- 9780191678066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208570.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
England's official policy towards corporations in Ireland during the Interregnum had three objects: strategic, political, and economic. The government wanted not only to debar Catholics from the ...
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England's official policy towards corporations in Ireland during the Interregnum had three objects: strategic, political, and economic. The government wanted not only to debar Catholics from the civic government and trading guilds, but also to expel them from the boroughs' physical confines. The boroughs were thought to have a special strategic importance. By placing them all in Protestant and English hands, the country would be protected against any future Catholic rising. The Cromwellians differed from their predecessors in remodelling existing towns rather than incorporating new ones. This chapter describes the legislation which affected the boroughs; then its application in particular towns, seeing how effective the policy was and who the new rulers were. The economic, social, and political implications of the policy are then be considered, together with the attempts to reverse it in 1660. Finally, it deals with the city of Dublin, the treatment of which, although illustrating many of the general trends, differed in its consequences.Less
England's official policy towards corporations in Ireland during the Interregnum had three objects: strategic, political, and economic. The government wanted not only to debar Catholics from the civic government and trading guilds, but also to expel them from the boroughs' physical confines. The boroughs were thought to have a special strategic importance. By placing them all in Protestant and English hands, the country would be protected against any future Catholic rising. The Cromwellians differed from their predecessors in remodelling existing towns rather than incorporating new ones. This chapter describes the legislation which affected the boroughs; then its application in particular towns, seeing how effective the policy was and who the new rulers were. The economic, social, and political implications of the policy are then be considered, together with the attempts to reverse it in 1660. Finally, it deals with the city of Dublin, the treatment of which, although illustrating many of the general trends, differed in its consequences.
Brian Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198731214
- eISBN:
- 9780191694967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731214.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
Although the central government of Britain grew out of monarchical institutions, it operated within a ‘civil society’ that was and still is full of vitality. Parliament's sovereignty was in theory ...
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Although the central government of Britain grew out of monarchical institutions, it operated within a ‘civil society’ that was and still is full of vitality. Parliament's sovereignty was in theory untrammelled within a unitary political system which left no autonomy to local authorities; yet in practice they enjoyed much freedom of action. Indeed, some see English local government as attaining its golden age between the 1860s and the 1930s, culminating in the Local Government Act of 1933. Fuelling centralisation was a Labour Party that had pervaded nineteenth-century local government, especially in the boroughs. But politics then centred upon local personalities and interests rather than upon national policy, whereas the inter-war Labour Party linked local politics to the programme of a national party and provided a new discipline for its local councillors. This chapter highlights the restraints on such authoritarian and centralised tendencies as British government might possess: the vitality of local self-government, a libertarian political tradition, and an associated voluntarist tradition that fuelled ideas on policy. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's attempts at local government reform are also examined.Less
Although the central government of Britain grew out of monarchical institutions, it operated within a ‘civil society’ that was and still is full of vitality. Parliament's sovereignty was in theory untrammelled within a unitary political system which left no autonomy to local authorities; yet in practice they enjoyed much freedom of action. Indeed, some see English local government as attaining its golden age between the 1860s and the 1930s, culminating in the Local Government Act of 1933. Fuelling centralisation was a Labour Party that had pervaded nineteenth-century local government, especially in the boroughs. But politics then centred upon local personalities and interests rather than upon national policy, whereas the inter-war Labour Party linked local politics to the programme of a national party and provided a new discipline for its local councillors. This chapter highlights the restraints on such authoritarian and centralised tendencies as British government might possess: the vitality of local self-government, a libertarian political tradition, and an associated voluntarist tradition that fuelled ideas on policy. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's attempts at local government reform are also examined.
Jenifer Hart
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201366
- eISBN:
- 9780191674860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201366.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
John H. Humphreys was a clerk in the Post Office who initiated the revival of the PRS because he was alarmed by the results in the local London Borough Councils elections. Since the first elections ...
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John H. Humphreys was a clerk in the Post Office who initiated the revival of the PRS because he was alarmed by the results in the local London Borough Councils elections. Since the first elections in 1900, there was evidently no rational link between the seats and the number of votes and as such, there were parties that did not acquire any representation on the council. Humphreys wrote several times to Courtney about reopening the campaign, and Courtney was initially hesitant about the idea until he heard about the intention of the government to introduce the redistribution of seats. In May 1905, the society was reopened wherein Humphreys took position as honorary secretary. It making the public aware of their causes, they distributed various propaganda literatures, wrote letters to the press, and organized different meetings.Less
John H. Humphreys was a clerk in the Post Office who initiated the revival of the PRS because he was alarmed by the results in the local London Borough Councils elections. Since the first elections in 1900, there was evidently no rational link between the seats and the number of votes and as such, there were parties that did not acquire any representation on the council. Humphreys wrote several times to Courtney about reopening the campaign, and Courtney was initially hesitant about the idea until he heard about the intention of the government to introduce the redistribution of seats. In May 1905, the society was reopened wherein Humphreys took position as honorary secretary. It making the public aware of their causes, they distributed various propaganda literatures, wrote letters to the press, and organized different meetings.
S. C. Williams
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207696
- eISBN:
- 9780191677786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207696.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Religion
Popular religion is defined as a generally shared understanding of religious meaning including both folk beliefs as well as formal and officially sanctioned practices and ideas, operating within a ...
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Popular religion is defined as a generally shared understanding of religious meaning including both folk beliefs as well as formal and officially sanctioned practices and ideas, operating within a loosely bound interpretative community. These formed part of a particular value orientation or culture: a generalized and organized conception of nature, of man's place in it, of man's relation to man and of the desirable and non-desirable as they relate to man's environment and interpersonal relations. This book is devoted to exploring these kinds of beliefs. It does so within the context of a local study of the London Borough of Southwark.Less
Popular religion is defined as a generally shared understanding of religious meaning including both folk beliefs as well as formal and officially sanctioned practices and ideas, operating within a loosely bound interpretative community. These formed part of a particular value orientation or culture: a generalized and organized conception of nature, of man's place in it, of man's relation to man and of the desirable and non-desirable as they relate to man's environment and interpersonal relations. This book is devoted to exploring these kinds of beliefs. It does so within the context of a local study of the London Borough of Southwark.
