Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident ...
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Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident since the late 1960s, when federal authority was divided between health and justice agencies. A 1974 law created a federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to take charge. The law set progressive standards, but the administration of Ronald Reagan tried to kill the agency in the early 1980s and downgraded it after Congress refused to end funding. The Reagan Justice Department did forge an alliance with the MacArthur Foundation to start a long‐term study of juvenile crime's causes. Meanwhile, a steady increase in arrests of juveniles prompted to require that more teen suspects be tried in adult courts, even when studies showed the tactic ineffective in preventing repeat criminality. Congressional Republicans helped enact a large “juvenile accountability” program designed to provide federal aid to programs that got tough on young lawbreakers. Some measures failed on a broad scale, such as ‘boot camps’ aimed at instilling more discipline in delinquents. Despite many promising crime prevention programs, the Congress under Republicans control starting in 1995 generally refused to fund them. Juvenile crime arrests declined sharply since the mid‐1990s, but there was no solid proof of what caused the change, whether government programs, the improved economy, or a lower number of teens in the population.Less
Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident since the late 1960s, when federal authority was divided between health and justice agencies. A 1974 law created a federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to take charge. The law set progressive standards, but the administration of Ronald Reagan tried to kill the agency in the early 1980s and downgraded it after Congress refused to end funding. The Reagan Justice Department did forge an alliance with the MacArthur Foundation to start a long‐term study of juvenile crime's causes. Meanwhile, a steady increase in arrests of juveniles prompted to require that more teen suspects be tried in adult courts, even when studies showed the tactic ineffective in preventing repeat criminality. Congressional Republicans helped enact a large “juvenile accountability” program designed to provide federal aid to programs that got tough on young lawbreakers. Some measures failed on a broad scale, such as ‘boot camps’ aimed at instilling more discipline in delinquents. Despite many promising crime prevention programs, the Congress under Republicans control starting in 1995 generally refused to fund them. Juvenile crime arrests declined sharply since the mid‐1990s, but there was no solid proof of what caused the change, whether government programs, the improved economy, or a lower number of teens in the population.
Melinda L. Pash
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814767696
- eISBN:
- 9780814789223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814767696.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the military training given to Americans who served in the Korean War. It first provides an overview of basic training in the U.S. Army before discussing the Marine Corps boot ...
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This chapter focuses on the military training given to Americans who served in the Korean War. It first provides an overview of basic training in the U.S. Army before discussing the Marine Corps boot camp, along with Navy and Air Force boot camp and basic training. It then considers the training that National Guardsmen and reservists had to undergo before being sent to war. It suggests that many soldiers and marines rotated into the war zone armed with a “can do” spirit but questionable and untested military prowess. Nevertheless, military training as a whole had been successful in preparing GIs to tolerate racial integration as the need for faster training outweighed the need for racially segregated housing and instruction.Less
This chapter focuses on the military training given to Americans who served in the Korean War. It first provides an overview of basic training in the U.S. Army before discussing the Marine Corps boot camp, along with Navy and Air Force boot camp and basic training. It then considers the training that National Guardsmen and reservists had to undergo before being sent to war. It suggests that many soldiers and marines rotated into the war zone armed with a “can do” spirit but questionable and untested military prowess. Nevertheless, military training as a whole had been successful in preparing GIs to tolerate racial integration as the need for faster training outweighed the need for racially segregated housing and instruction.
Michael S. Sherry
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781469660707
- eISBN:
- 9781469660721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660707.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush promoted the most decisive stage in the punitive turn, advancing militarized crime-fighting, mass incarceration, a war on drugs, and a political language of war and ...
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Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush promoted the most decisive stage in the punitive turn, advancing militarized crime-fighting, mass incarceration, a war on drugs, and a political language of war and punishment. A passing fad for boot camps and a lasting embrace of S.W.A.T. policing were among the results. With little resistance from liberals, Republicans replaced the Cold War communist enemy with the criminal enemy.Less
Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush promoted the most decisive stage in the punitive turn, advancing militarized crime-fighting, mass incarceration, a war on drugs, and a political language of war and punishment. A passing fad for boot camps and a lasting embrace of S.W.A.T. policing were among the results. With little resistance from liberals, Republicans replaced the Cold War communist enemy with the criminal enemy.
Gwen Terry
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268463
- eISBN:
- 9780520949782
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268463.003.0015
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
It was during Clark's experience with the naval band that he got the news of his father had become severely unwell. Clark continued performing at the jam sessions with the naval band to ease his mind ...
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It was during Clark's experience with the naval band that he got the news of his father had become severely unwell. Clark continued performing at the jam sessions with the naval band to ease his mind off the news. Wherever he went, jazz was there. The weeks of boot camp zipped by and there wasn't any bad news for Clark. Clark and the band went on to play live broadcasts as time passed by. This was the time when Clark began speaking his heart out to his friends, and the darkness of war started to surround them. While bombs were dropping, they played they hearts out to keep up the morale of their troops. Close to Christmas, Clark got the news of his father becoming severely delirious. Clark simply kept playing his horn and kept his dream alive that his father would get well and listen to him one day.Less
It was during Clark's experience with the naval band that he got the news of his father had become severely unwell. Clark continued performing at the jam sessions with the naval band to ease his mind off the news. Wherever he went, jazz was there. The weeks of boot camp zipped by and there wasn't any bad news for Clark. Clark and the band went on to play live broadcasts as time passed by. This was the time when Clark began speaking his heart out to his friends, and the darkness of war started to surround them. While bombs were dropping, they played they hearts out to keep up the morale of their troops. Close to Christmas, Clark got the news of his father becoming severely delirious. Clark simply kept playing his horn and kept his dream alive that his father would get well and listen to him one day.
Peter W. Greenwood
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226307190
- eISBN:
- 9780226307237
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226307237.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
One of the most astonishing aspects of juvenile crime is how little is known about the impact of the policies and programs put in place to fight it. The most commonly used strategies and programs for ...
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One of the most astonishing aspects of juvenile crime is how little is known about the impact of the policies and programs put in place to fight it. The most commonly used strategies and programs for combating juvenile delinquency problems primarily rely on intuition and fads. Fortunately, as a result of the promising new research, these deficiencies in our juvenile justice system might quickly be remedied. The book demonstrates here that as crime rates have fallen, researchers have identified more connections between specific risk factors and criminal behavior, while program developers have discovered a wide array of innovative interventions. The result of all this activity, it reveals, has been the revelation of a few prevention models that reduce crime much more cost-effectively than popular approaches such as tougher sentencing, D.A.R.E., boot camps, and “scared straight” programs. This book presents the most promising of these prevention programs, their histories, the quality of evidence to support their effectiveness, the public policy programs involved in bringing them into wider use, and the potential for investments and developmental research to increase the range and quality of programs.Less
One of the most astonishing aspects of juvenile crime is how little is known about the impact of the policies and programs put in place to fight it. The most commonly used strategies and programs for combating juvenile delinquency problems primarily rely on intuition and fads. Fortunately, as a result of the promising new research, these deficiencies in our juvenile justice system might quickly be remedied. The book demonstrates here that as crime rates have fallen, researchers have identified more connections between specific risk factors and criminal behavior, while program developers have discovered a wide array of innovative interventions. The result of all this activity, it reveals, has been the revelation of a few prevention models that reduce crime much more cost-effectively than popular approaches such as tougher sentencing, D.A.R.E., boot camps, and “scared straight” programs. This book presents the most promising of these prevention programs, their histories, the quality of evidence to support their effectiveness, the public policy programs involved in bringing them into wider use, and the potential for investments and developmental research to increase the range and quality of programs.
Trent Bax (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888208661
- eISBN:
- 9789888455119
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208661.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Trent Bax seeks to contextualize and interpret how alleged internet addicts in boot-camps are treated in China. Bax asks how an unqualified and uncertified psychiatrist, working under the protective ...
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Trent Bax seeks to contextualize and interpret how alleged internet addicts in boot-camps are treated in China. Bax asks how an unqualified and uncertified psychiatrist, working under the protective umbrella of a government-run hospital, could misuse electroshock therapy on 3,000 adolescents as a ‘cure’ for an unrecognized psychiatric condition labelled ‘Internet addiction’? And how could parents willingly take their beloved only child to this institution to be subjected to a punishment-based illegal practice that international law would categorize as torture? The answer is only partly to be to be found in the misuse of psychiatry and science. To unravel this mystery of using electroshocks as a form of punishment of youth deviance has ideological roots in Maoist political socialization, sometimes even resembling the Bush administration’s ‘shock-and-awe’ military doctrine. To help provide further explanatory power, Kafka and Orwell join this journey through the ‘war with the Internet demon’.Less
Trent Bax seeks to contextualize and interpret how alleged internet addicts in boot-camps are treated in China. Bax asks how an unqualified and uncertified psychiatrist, working under the protective umbrella of a government-run hospital, could misuse electroshock therapy on 3,000 adolescents as a ‘cure’ for an unrecognized psychiatric condition labelled ‘Internet addiction’? And how could parents willingly take their beloved only child to this institution to be subjected to a punishment-based illegal practice that international law would categorize as torture? The answer is only partly to be to be found in the misuse of psychiatry and science. To unravel this mystery of using electroshocks as a form of punishment of youth deviance has ideological roots in Maoist political socialization, sometimes even resembling the Bush administration’s ‘shock-and-awe’ military doctrine. To help provide further explanatory power, Kafka and Orwell join this journey through the ‘war with the Internet demon’.
Neil Pollock and Neil Williams
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198704928
- eISBN:
- 9780191774027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198704928.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Strategy
The chapter examines the methods by which industry analysts generate and validate the knowledge that make up their predictions and rankings. A ‘think-tank culture’ within internal research ...
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The chapter examines the methods by which industry analysts generate and validate the knowledge that make up their predictions and rankings. A ‘think-tank culture’ within internal research communities is accompanied by increasing resort to formal methodologies and checking outputs driven by a desire to generate defensible knowledge and avoid litigation. The chapter examines the formation of these experts: their recruitment, induction and the evolution of their careers. In Gartner, analysts are selected not just on the basis of their technical knowledge but also their ability to present and defend positions. To enter the firm they must pass the ‘grace under fire’ test. Finally the chapter examines the day-to-day management of this expert labour. Their exceptional knowledge of particular areas frustrates detailed task management. As well as volumes of outputs (‘publish or die’), they are assessed and rewarded in the basis of detailed assessment of client satisfaction and subscription renewal rates.Less
The chapter examines the methods by which industry analysts generate and validate the knowledge that make up their predictions and rankings. A ‘think-tank culture’ within internal research communities is accompanied by increasing resort to formal methodologies and checking outputs driven by a desire to generate defensible knowledge and avoid litigation. The chapter examines the formation of these experts: their recruitment, induction and the evolution of their careers. In Gartner, analysts are selected not just on the basis of their technical knowledge but also their ability to present and defend positions. To enter the firm they must pass the ‘grace under fire’ test. Finally the chapter examines the day-to-day management of this expert labour. Their exceptional knowledge of particular areas frustrates detailed task management. As well as volumes of outputs (‘publish or die’), they are assessed and rewarded in the basis of detailed assessment of client satisfaction and subscription renewal rates.
