Michael N. Marsh
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199571505
- eISBN:
- 9780191722059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571505.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Theology
This chapter discusses aspects of the neurology and pathology of body-image, how the brain represents body-in-space, and the many illusory phenomena that may obtain therefrom. These considerations ...
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This chapter discusses aspects of the neurology and pathology of body-image, how the brain represents body-in-space, and the many illusory phenomena that may obtain therefrom. These considerations have important repercussions for improved understandings of extra-corporeal experience (ECE) phenomenology, especially in relation to being out-of-body and to the many ways in which the brain can conjure up such illusions. The chapter continues with an evaluation of the posterior parietal cortex and its role in subserving the construction of body-image.Less
This chapter discusses aspects of the neurology and pathology of body-image, how the brain represents body-in-space, and the many illusory phenomena that may obtain therefrom. These considerations have important repercussions for improved understandings of extra-corporeal experience (ECE) phenomenology, especially in relation to being out-of-body and to the many ways in which the brain can conjure up such illusions. The chapter continues with an evaluation of the posterior parietal cortex and its role in subserving the construction of body-image.
Shaun Gallager (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199271948
- eISBN:
- 9780191603112
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271941.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
How does one’s body appear as part of one’s perceptual field? How does one’s body constrain or shape the perceptual field? These are two different questionsboth pertaining to the structure of ...
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How does one’s body appear as part of one’s perceptual field? How does one’s body constrain or shape the perceptual field? These are two different questionsboth pertaining to the structure of perceptual consciousness. The use and misuse of concepts like body image and body schema, and why they still may be useful for answering these questions and ultimately for an understanding of embodied cognition are reviewed. Conceptual and phenomenological clarifications of these concepts are offered.Less
How does one’s body appear as part of one’s perceptual field? How does one’s body constrain or shape the perceptual field? These are two different questionsboth pertaining to the structure of perceptual consciousness. The use and misuse of concepts like body image and body schema, and why they still may be useful for answering these questions and ultimately for an understanding of embodied cognition are reviewed. Conceptual and phenomenological clarifications of these concepts are offered.
Sheila Delany
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195109887
- eISBN:
- 9780199855216
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195109887.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This book breaks important ground in 15th-century scholarship, a critical site of cultural study. The book examines the work of English Augustinian friar Osbern Bokenham, and explores the relations ...
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This book breaks important ground in 15th-century scholarship, a critical site of cultural study. The book examines the work of English Augustinian friar Osbern Bokenham, and explores the relations of history and literature in this particularly turbulent period in English history, beginning with The Wars of the Roses and moving on to the Hundred Years War. The book examines the first collection of all female saints' lives in any language: Legends of Holy Women composed by Bokenham between 1443 and 1447. The book is organized around the image of the body—a medieval procedure becoming popular once again in current attention to the social construction of the body. One emphasis is Bokenham's relation to the body of English literature, particularly Chaucer, the symbolic head of the 15th century. Another emphasis is a focus on the genre of saints' lives, particularly female saints' lives, with their striking use of the body of the saint to generate meaning. Finally, the image of the body politic, the controlling image of medieval political thought is given, and Bokenham's means to examine the political and dynastic crises of 15th-century England. The book uses these three major concerns to explain the literary innovation of Bokenham's Legend, and the larger and political importance of that innovation.Less
This book breaks important ground in 15th-century scholarship, a critical site of cultural study. The book examines the work of English Augustinian friar Osbern Bokenham, and explores the relations of history and literature in this particularly turbulent period in English history, beginning with The Wars of the Roses and moving on to the Hundred Years War. The book examines the first collection of all female saints' lives in any language: Legends of Holy Women composed by Bokenham between 1443 and 1447. The book is organized around the image of the body—a medieval procedure becoming popular once again in current attention to the social construction of the body. One emphasis is Bokenham's relation to the body of English literature, particularly Chaucer, the symbolic head of the 15th century. Another emphasis is a focus on the genre of saints' lives, particularly female saints' lives, with their striking use of the body of the saint to generate meaning. Finally, the image of the body politic, the controlling image of medieval political thought is given, and Bokenham's means to examine the political and dynastic crises of 15th-century England. The book uses these three major concerns to explain the literary innovation of Bokenham's Legend, and the larger and political importance of that innovation.
Brian O'Shaughnessy
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256723
- eISBN:
- 9780191598135
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256721.003.0024
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Proprioception is true perceiving. It and touch form a closely linked mutually dependent yet diverse pair. The puzzle whereby the demands upon the Attention of proprioception are no distraction in ...
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Proprioception is true perceiving. It and touch form a closely linked mutually dependent yet diverse pair. The puzzle whereby the demands upon the Attention of proprioception are no distraction in instrumental action is resoluble through the fact that the internal active content within an instrumental deed is a harmonious hierarchy. The ‘long‐term body image’ is a causally posited something whose content encompasses body shape, which is a necessary but insufficient condition of proprioception of body shape and posture. It is distinct from the ‘short‐term body image’, which designates the internal content of the proprioceptive perception of the body at any moment. The main philosophical problem consists in assembling a bona fide veridical concept of the long‐term image. Reasons for positing it begin with the common content in the short‐term images over lengthy periods. But they must be supplemented by the fact that bodily sensations do not represent body shape, being already dependent on body‐awareness for both individuation and position. Only through hypothesizing a long‐term image can one make sense of proprioception. Reasons are given for believing (1) the body image is a dispositional psychological phenomenon, (2) it is one and the same when explaining proprioception and sensation‐location, (3) it is an empirical postulate, and (4) even though it falls short of being an a priori necessity, it is as deeply embedded in animal existence as proprioception.Less
Proprioception is true perceiving. It and touch form a closely linked mutually dependent yet diverse pair. The puzzle whereby the demands upon the Attention of proprioception are no distraction in instrumental action is resoluble through the fact that the internal active content within an instrumental deed is a harmonious hierarchy. The ‘long‐term body image’ is a causally posited something whose content encompasses body shape, which is a necessary but insufficient condition of proprioception of body shape and posture. It is distinct from the ‘short‐term body image’, which designates the internal content of the proprioceptive perception of the body at any moment. The main philosophical problem consists in assembling a bona fide veridical concept of the long‐term image. Reasons for positing it begin with the common content in the short‐term images over lengthy periods. But they must be supplemented by the fact that bodily sensations do not represent body shape, being already dependent on body‐awareness for both individuation and position. Only through hypothesizing a long‐term image can one make sense of proprioception. Reasons are given for believing (1) the body image is a dispositional psychological phenomenon, (2) it is one and the same when explaining proprioception and sensation‐location, (3) it is an empirical postulate, and (4) even though it falls short of being an a priori necessity, it is as deeply embedded in animal existence as proprioception.
Jennifer Radden (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149531
- eISBN:
- 9780199870943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149531.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter analyzes how disorders of embodiment can affect the minimal self—the nonconceptual, prereflective sense of self that comes along with being an embodied and conscious being—and its ...
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This chapter analyzes how disorders of embodiment can affect the minimal self—the nonconceptual, prereflective sense of self that comes along with being an embodied and conscious being—and its corresponding form of self-awareness, which is a basic and necessary aspect of more sophisticated forms of cognition and action. It begins by surveying some examples of pathologies in which the body is the primary or exclusive locus or theme of the disorder. It then considers bodily pathologies that appear to be part of or, in some cases, to constitute one of many symptoms of a more comprehensive disorder. To set these various cases in the framework of the analysis, two distinctions are employed to help clarify the specific nature of individual bodily disorders: the first is a distinction between body image and body schema; the second is a distinction between sense of ownership and sense of agency. It argues that some disorders of embodiment that affect the minimal self can also have important effects on intersubjective experience and likely need to be taken into account in working out any adequate explanation of such illnesses.Less
This chapter analyzes how disorders of embodiment can affect the minimal self—the nonconceptual, prereflective sense of self that comes along with being an embodied and conscious being—and its corresponding form of self-awareness, which is a basic and necessary aspect of more sophisticated forms of cognition and action. It begins by surveying some examples of pathologies in which the body is the primary or exclusive locus or theme of the disorder. It then considers bodily pathologies that appear to be part of or, in some cases, to constitute one of many symptoms of a more comprehensive disorder. To set these various cases in the framework of the analysis, two distinctions are employed to help clarify the specific nature of individual bodily disorders: the first is a distinction between body image and body schema; the second is a distinction between sense of ownership and sense of agency. It argues that some disorders of embodiment that affect the minimal self can also have important effects on intersubjective experience and likely need to be taken into account in working out any adequate explanation of such illnesses.
GEORG GOLDENBERG
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195173413
- eISBN:
- 9780199865758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173413.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
An intimate link exists between knowing oneself and knowing one's body. Two central aspects of the self are mirrored by the image of one's body: one's body is an indivisible entity that remains ...
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An intimate link exists between knowing oneself and knowing one's body. Two central aspects of the self are mirrored by the image of one's body: one's body is an indivisible entity that remains constant when the outer world changes, and one's body shares basic features with the bodies of other human beings. Thus, the body image reflects two essential properties of the self: it is a unique entity different from the external world, and it is one instance of universal human nature. The uniqueness and universality of one's body are recognized by most persons without a need for inference or reasoning. The immediacy of their recognition makes them candidates for being rooted in dedicated, perhaps even innately predetermined, neural structures. This chapter calls into doubt this conclusion by demonstrating that the body image is the fragile result of fleeting integration of current perceptual inputs, prior experience, and culturally acquired knowledge. The argument will be based on disorders of the body image resulting from either experimental manipulations or brain damage. The chapter focuses on two topics relevant to the two basic properties outlined above: awareness of the current configuration and permanent structure of one's own body and knowledge of the structure of human bodies in general.Less
An intimate link exists between knowing oneself and knowing one's body. Two central aspects of the self are mirrored by the image of one's body: one's body is an indivisible entity that remains constant when the outer world changes, and one's body shares basic features with the bodies of other human beings. Thus, the body image reflects two essential properties of the self: it is a unique entity different from the external world, and it is one instance of universal human nature. The uniqueness and universality of one's body are recognized by most persons without a need for inference or reasoning. The immediacy of their recognition makes them candidates for being rooted in dedicated, perhaps even innately predetermined, neural structures. This chapter calls into doubt this conclusion by demonstrating that the body image is the fragile result of fleeting integration of current perceptual inputs, prior experience, and culturally acquired knowledge. The argument will be based on disorders of the body image resulting from either experimental manipulations or brain damage. The chapter focuses on two topics relevant to the two basic properties outlined above: awareness of the current configuration and permanent structure of one's own body and knowledge of the structure of human bodies in general.
Roger J.R. Levesque
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195320442
- eISBN:
- 9780199893782
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320442.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter examines research on the media's impact on adolescents' weight and shape images. It shows that researchers often center on the media's pervasive and largely unattainable standards of ...
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This chapter examines research on the media's impact on adolescents' weight and shape images. It shows that researchers often center on the media's pervasive and largely unattainable standards of weight and beauty in the forms of muscularity and thinness. The argument made by researchers is that those standards tend to complicate and negatively influence adolescents' task of developing and maintaining a positive body image, especially for girls but increasingly for boys. This leads researchers to focus on the internalization of media ideals and on how internalization works during the adolescent period. That focus, however, also means an effort to determine the extent to which adolescents have access to and use media, and the ways by which society can modify the media's negative impact on adolescent development.Less
This chapter examines research on the media's impact on adolescents' weight and shape images. It shows that researchers often center on the media's pervasive and largely unattainable standards of weight and beauty in the forms of muscularity and thinness. The argument made by researchers is that those standards tend to complicate and negatively influence adolescents' task of developing and maintaining a positive body image, especially for girls but increasingly for boys. This leads researchers to focus on the internalization of media ideals and on how internalization works during the adolescent period. That focus, however, also means an effort to determine the extent to which adolescents have access to and use media, and the ways by which society can modify the media's negative impact on adolescent development.
Kristen Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342956
- eISBN:
- 9780199894284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342956.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Body image and eating behavior are important factors in adolescent development because they can have grave effects, including anorexia, bulimia, and obesity. Over 36% of deaths in the U.S. have ...
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Body image and eating behavior are important factors in adolescent development because they can have grave effects, including anorexia, bulimia, and obesity. Over 36% of deaths in the U.S. have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease, which has part of its origin in poor diet. From 40% to 60% of adolescent girls and women are dissatisfied with some aspect of their bodies, and media portrayals have been linked to such beliefs. Trends in media portrayal of the ideal female body indicate that she has gotten thinner while the actual weight of American and Canadian women has increased. Consistent exposure to the thin ideal may increase the risks of not just body dissatisfaction and disordered eating but also obesity, steroid use, surgery, and drug mixing. Various strategies for counteracting these trends are discussed.Less
Body image and eating behavior are important factors in adolescent development because they can have grave effects, including anorexia, bulimia, and obesity. Over 36% of deaths in the U.S. have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease, which has part of its origin in poor diet. From 40% to 60% of adolescent girls and women are dissatisfied with some aspect of their bodies, and media portrayals have been linked to such beliefs. Trends in media portrayal of the ideal female body indicate that she has gotten thinner while the actual weight of American and Canadian women has increased. Consistent exposure to the thin ideal may increase the risks of not just body dissatisfaction and disordered eating but also obesity, steroid use, surgery, and drug mixing. Various strategies for counteracting these trends are discussed.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0099
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
The world of today is at the forefront of development. The past has shown that there is first a model image and then a body image. Now, the two images fit together like mirror images. The new image ...
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The world of today is at the forefront of development. The past has shown that there is first a model image and then a body image. Now, the two images fit together like mirror images. The new image of the world and the new image of the body. The new body image comes with a new therapeutics: Evolutionary Medicine, which heals the wounds of age-old prejudice, inflicted because of racial, ethnic demarcations. The new body image and its medicine introduce a new mapping of mankind. Biological barriers have fallen. Cultural peculiarities are no longer a matter of deep concern. These building blocks of language, culture, religion, etc., are bearers of a future global culture, put on as a kind of roof timbering over the array of traditional regional cultures. If the vision lasts, then one can predict a long life for the societal acceptance and generous patronage of molecular biology.Less
The world of today is at the forefront of development. The past has shown that there is first a model image and then a body image. Now, the two images fit together like mirror images. The new image of the world and the new image of the body. The new body image comes with a new therapeutics: Evolutionary Medicine, which heals the wounds of age-old prejudice, inflicted because of racial, ethnic demarcations. The new body image and its medicine introduce a new mapping of mankind. Biological barriers have fallen. Cultural peculiarities are no longer a matter of deep concern. These building blocks of language, culture, religion, etc., are bearers of a future global culture, put on as a kind of roof timbering over the array of traditional regional cultures. If the vision lasts, then one can predict a long life for the societal acceptance and generous patronage of molecular biology.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0098
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
The understanding of polis democracy is drawn on K.D.F. Kitto and François Jacob. The idea of the living world as an “erector set” of “building blocks” is the central metaphor. The entire living ...
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The understanding of polis democracy is drawn on K.D.F. Kitto and François Jacob. The idea of the living world as an “erector set” of “building blocks” is the central metaphor. The entire living world can thus be compared to a giant erector set. The same pieces can be taken apart and put together in different ways, so that different forms are possible but the foundation is always made of the same elements. This accumulation of erector set metaphors makes one sit up and take notice of the living organism as a set of building blocks. This is the evolution of body images from antiquity to the present. The body image of molecular biology is the body image of globalization. The body image of molecular biology is the body image of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The market economy requires a unified world, and it will get one.Less
The understanding of polis democracy is drawn on K.D.F. Kitto and François Jacob. The idea of the living world as an “erector set” of “building blocks” is the central metaphor. The entire living world can thus be compared to a giant erector set. The same pieces can be taken apart and put together in different ways, so that different forms are possible but the foundation is always made of the same elements. This accumulation of erector set metaphors makes one sit up and take notice of the living organism as a set of building blocks. This is the evolution of body images from antiquity to the present. The body image of molecular biology is the body image of globalization. The body image of molecular biology is the body image of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The market economy requires a unified world, and it will get one.
Katja Guenther
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226288208
- eISBN:
- 9780226288345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226288345.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Chapter five looks into what became of Freudian psychoanalysis when the connective principles upon which it was based were discarded, by following the career of the psychoanalyst Paul Schilder. ...
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Chapter five looks into what became of Freudian psychoanalysis when the connective principles upon which it was based were discarded, by following the career of the psychoanalyst Paul Schilder. Schilder, who emigrated from Austria to the US in 1928, styled himself as a psychoanalyst, but remained far from the Freudian orthodoxy. While Wernicke and the early Freud emphasized the functioning of the whole reflex arc, in particular the set of associations connecting sensory to motor arcs, Schilder in his neurological tests treated the two separately. An important effect of this modification of reflex testing is that Schilder had to rely on the patient's report for an account of her sensory experience. The reliance on this report in his clinical practice, this chapter argues, encouraged Schilder's embrace of a self-transparent subject in his psychoanalytic theory, as seen in his rejection of the Freudian unconscious. Further, the debates over Schilder's ideas in the US, resulting ultimately in his expulsion from the New York Psychoanalytic Society, shed light on deep conflicts within American psychoanalysis.Less
Chapter five looks into what became of Freudian psychoanalysis when the connective principles upon which it was based were discarded, by following the career of the psychoanalyst Paul Schilder. Schilder, who emigrated from Austria to the US in 1928, styled himself as a psychoanalyst, but remained far from the Freudian orthodoxy. While Wernicke and the early Freud emphasized the functioning of the whole reflex arc, in particular the set of associations connecting sensory to motor arcs, Schilder in his neurological tests treated the two separately. An important effect of this modification of reflex testing is that Schilder had to rely on the patient's report for an account of her sensory experience. The reliance on this report in his clinical practice, this chapter argues, encouraged Schilder's embrace of a self-transparent subject in his psychoanalytic theory, as seen in his rejection of the Freudian unconscious. Further, the debates over Schilder's ideas in the US, resulting ultimately in his expulsion from the New York Psychoanalytic Society, shed light on deep conflicts within American psychoanalysis.
Andrew J. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199571512
- eISBN:
- 9780191595097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571512.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Body weight affects people's perception of themselves and of others. Although attitudes to obesity are shaped by age, gender, and cultural background, the prevailing climate in the developed world is ...
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Body weight affects people's perception of themselves and of others. Although attitudes to obesity are shaped by age, gender, and cultural background, the prevailing climate in the developed world is ‘anti-fat’. These negative attitudes lead to assumptions about the character and psychological state of obese people and are linked, in turn, to deeply held beliefs about responsibility and blame. This chapter summarizes evidence on the social and psychological circumstance of an increasing section of the population. What does it mean to grow up and live as a fat person in the world today? The following commentary is dominated by research from North America, Europe, and Australasia. Prevalent anti-fat attitudes in these regions contrast with the perceptions, values, and attitudes regarding fatness held by people in regions where poverty is common, food in short supply, and overweight a marker of affluence. Societies in socioeconomic transition are likely to have a mix of values reflecting traditional and new world views. In turn, their social and psychological responses will reflect this complexity.Less
Body weight affects people's perception of themselves and of others. Although attitudes to obesity are shaped by age, gender, and cultural background, the prevailing climate in the developed world is ‘anti-fat’. These negative attitudes lead to assumptions about the character and psychological state of obese people and are linked, in turn, to deeply held beliefs about responsibility and blame. This chapter summarizes evidence on the social and psychological circumstance of an increasing section of the population. What does it mean to grow up and live as a fat person in the world today? The following commentary is dominated by research from North America, Europe, and Australasia. Prevalent anti-fat attitudes in these regions contrast with the perceptions, values, and attitudes regarding fatness held by people in regions where poverty is common, food in short supply, and overweight a marker of affluence. Societies in socioeconomic transition are likely to have a mix of values reflecting traditional and new world views. In turn, their social and psychological responses will reflect this complexity.
Daniel C. Russell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199583683
- eISBN:
- 9780191745713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583683.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter articulates and clarifies the conception of activity as embodied in relationships and projects that make one’s life recognizable as one’s own. It focuses on serious life-changes and ...
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This chapter articulates and clarifies the conception of activity as embodied in relationships and projects that make one’s life recognizable as one’s own. It focuses on serious life-changes and especially loss, examining research suggesting that the loss of bodily function or a loved one is often experienced as changing one’s sense of oneself. Such an experience illuminates the idea of one’s activity as “embodied” in one’s life-shaping relationships and projects.Less
This chapter articulates and clarifies the conception of activity as embodied in relationships and projects that make one’s life recognizable as one’s own. It focuses on serious life-changes and especially loss, examining research suggesting that the loss of bodily function or a loved one is often experienced as changing one’s sense of oneself. Such an experience illuminates the idea of one’s activity as “embodied” in one’s life-shaping relationships and projects.
Jeffrey J. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190638054
- eISBN:
- 9780190638078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0037
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
It has often been wrongly assumed that people with disabilities have poor body image. The purpose of this chapter is to review the body image research involving individuals with impairments and ...
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It has often been wrongly assumed that people with disabilities have poor body image. The purpose of this chapter is to review the body image research involving individuals with impairments and investigating if they are dissatisfied with their appearance. People with disabilities such as cerebral palsy, blindness, and amputations are all very different, and their impairments are likely to differ in many other respects that can play a role in body image self-perceptions. The lack of unanimity across the research reviewed here suggests that disability type, disability severity, visibility, duration, congenital versus acquired factors, age, gender, ethnicity, social support, and self-efficacy are all important considerations that can moderate and mediate the link between disability and body image. Researchers are urged to use theory to guide their research and to consider nontraditional approaches to the study of body image. For instance, researchers studying positive body image understand that this does not comprise simply the absence of negative body image cognitions and have examined the role of body appreciation and body acceptance.Less
It has often been wrongly assumed that people with disabilities have poor body image. The purpose of this chapter is to review the body image research involving individuals with impairments and investigating if they are dissatisfied with their appearance. People with disabilities such as cerebral palsy, blindness, and amputations are all very different, and their impairments are likely to differ in many other respects that can play a role in body image self-perceptions. The lack of unanimity across the research reviewed here suggests that disability type, disability severity, visibility, duration, congenital versus acquired factors, age, gender, ethnicity, social support, and self-efficacy are all important considerations that can moderate and mediate the link between disability and body image. Researchers are urged to use theory to guide their research and to consider nontraditional approaches to the study of body image. For instance, researchers studying positive body image understand that this does not comprise simply the absence of negative body image cognitions and have examined the role of body appreciation and body acceptance.
WEN Hua
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789888139811
- eISBN:
- 9789888180691
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139811.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Cosmetic surgery in China has grown rapidly in recent years of dramatic social transition. Facing fierce competition in all spheres of daily life, more and more women consider cosmetic surgery as an ...
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Cosmetic surgery in China has grown rapidly in recent years of dramatic social transition. Facing fierce competition in all spheres of daily life, more and more women consider cosmetic surgery as an investment to gain “beauty capital” to increase opportunities for social and career success. Building on rich ethnographic data, this book presents the perspectives of women who have undergone cosmetic surgery, illuminating the aspirations behind their choices. The author explores how turbulent economic, socio-cultural and political changes in China since the 1980s have produced immense anxiety that is experienced by women both mentally and physically. This book will appeal to readers who are interested in gender studies, China studies, anthropology and sociology of the body, and cultural studies.Less
Cosmetic surgery in China has grown rapidly in recent years of dramatic social transition. Facing fierce competition in all spheres of daily life, more and more women consider cosmetic surgery as an investment to gain “beauty capital” to increase opportunities for social and career success. Building on rich ethnographic data, this book presents the perspectives of women who have undergone cosmetic surgery, illuminating the aspirations behind their choices. The author explores how turbulent economic, socio-cultural and political changes in China since the 1980s have produced immense anxiety that is experienced by women both mentally and physically. This book will appeal to readers who are interested in gender studies, China studies, anthropology and sociology of the body, and cultural studies.
Krystal Howard
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496811677
- eISBN:
- 9781496811714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496811677.003.0017
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
This chapter presents a reading of Vera Brosgol's graphic novel Anya's Ghost, whose titular adolescent heroine struggles with the issues of body image, unrequited love, and the tensions between her ...
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This chapter presents a reading of Vera Brosgol's graphic novel Anya's Ghost, whose titular adolescent heroine struggles with the issues of body image, unrequited love, and the tensions between her Russian cultural heritage and her desire to assimilate into US culture. Visual expression foregrounds the disconnect between the way Anya's body appears to the reader and the way Anya imagines that her body appears. By juxtaposing Anya's “real” and “imagined” bodies, Brosgol calls the reader's attention to the social and internal pressures about body image faced by young women. Moreover, the simultaneous visual presentation of multiple selves calls young readers to actively engage with the comic narrative and to call into question the various ideologies about women's bodies with which the text engages.Less
This chapter presents a reading of Vera Brosgol's graphic novel Anya's Ghost, whose titular adolescent heroine struggles with the issues of body image, unrequited love, and the tensions between her Russian cultural heritage and her desire to assimilate into US culture. Visual expression foregrounds the disconnect between the way Anya's body appears to the reader and the way Anya imagines that her body appears. By juxtaposing Anya's “real” and “imagined” bodies, Brosgol calls the reader's attention to the social and internal pressures about body image faced by young women. Moreover, the simultaneous visual presentation of multiple selves calls young readers to actively engage with the comic narrative and to call into question the various ideologies about women's bodies with which the text engages.
Shaun Gallagher
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199271948
- eISBN:
- 9780191603112
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271941.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This book contributes to the idea that to have an understanding of the mind, consciousness, or cognition, a detailed scientific and phenomenological understanding of the body is essential. There is ...
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This book contributes to the idea that to have an understanding of the mind, consciousness, or cognition, a detailed scientific and phenomenological understanding of the body is essential. There is still a need to develop a common vocabulary that is capable of integrating discussions of brain mechanisms in neuroscience, behavioral expressions in psychology, design concerns in artificial intelligence and robotics, and debates about embodied experience in the phenomenology and philosophy of mind. This book helps to formulate this common vocabulary by developing a conceptual framework that avoids both the overly reductionistic approaches that explain everything in terms of bottom-up neuronal mechanisms, and the inflationistic approaches that explain everything in terms of Cartesian, top-down cognitive states. Through discussions of neonate imitation, the Molyneux problem, gesture, self-awareness, free will, social cognition and intersubjectivity, as well as pathologies such as deafferentation, unilateral neglect, phantom limb, autism and schizophrenia, the book proposes to remap the conceptual landscape by revitalizing the concepts of body image and body schema, proprioception, ecological experience, intermodal perception, and enactive concepts of ownership and agency for action. Informed by both philosophical theory and scientific evidence, it addresses two basic sets of questions that concern the structure of embodied experience. First, questions about the phenomenal aspects of that structure, specifically the relatively regular and constant phenomenal features found in the content of experience. Second, questions about aspects of the structure of consciousness that are more hidden, those that may be more difficult to get at because they happen before one knows it, and do not normally enter into the phenomenal content of experience in an explicit way.Less
This book contributes to the idea that to have an understanding of the mind, consciousness, or cognition, a detailed scientific and phenomenological understanding of the body is essential. There is still a need to develop a common vocabulary that is capable of integrating discussions of brain mechanisms in neuroscience, behavioral expressions in psychology, design concerns in artificial intelligence and robotics, and debates about embodied experience in the phenomenology and philosophy of mind. This book helps to formulate this common vocabulary by developing a conceptual framework that avoids both the overly reductionistic approaches that explain everything in terms of bottom-up neuronal mechanisms, and the inflationistic approaches that explain everything in terms of Cartesian, top-down cognitive states. Through discussions of neonate imitation, the Molyneux problem, gesture, self-awareness, free will, social cognition and intersubjectivity, as well as pathologies such as deafferentation, unilateral neglect, phantom limb, autism and schizophrenia, the book proposes to remap the conceptual landscape by revitalizing the concepts of body image and body schema, proprioception, ecological experience, intermodal perception, and enactive concepts of ownership and agency for action. Informed by both philosophical theory and scientific evidence, it addresses two basic sets of questions that concern the structure of embodied experience. First, questions about the phenomenal aspects of that structure, specifically the relatively regular and constant phenomenal features found in the content of experience. Second, questions about aspects of the structure of consciousness that are more hidden, those that may be more difficult to get at because they happen before one knows it, and do not normally enter into the phenomenal content of experience in an explicit way.
Shaun Gallager (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199271948
- eISBN:
- 9780191603112
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271941.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
An understanding of both the scientific and phenomenological details of embodiment helps to explain relations among consciousness, cognition and self. Clear distinctions between proprioceptive ...
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An understanding of both the scientific and phenomenological details of embodiment helps to explain relations among consciousness, cognition and self. Clear distinctions between proprioceptive information and proprioceptive awareness, body image and body schema, movement and action can help remap discussions of brain mechanisms, behavioral expressions, and the phenomenology of embodied experience.Less
An understanding of both the scientific and phenomenological details of embodiment helps to explain relations among consciousness, cognition and self. Clear distinctions between proprioceptive information and proprioceptive awareness, body image and body schema, movement and action can help remap discussions of brain mechanisms, behavioral expressions, and the phenomenology of embodied experience.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0034
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter sheds light on the Chinese conception of qi and explains why Asclepiades and his followers came up with the image of the body as being made of “un-joined mass pchapters”, and why ...
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This chapter sheds light on the Chinese conception of qi and explains why Asclepiades and his followers came up with the image of the body as being made of “un-joined mass pchapters”, and why Asclepiades and his followers postulated a “random movement of atoms,” and not a regular movement. At the time of Asclepiades, thousands of kilometers to the east, the term, qi, also meant fine material pchapters. At the same time as China was unified, the Roman Empire had annexed an enormous geographic area. Now, at exactly the same time as in China, a great empire came into being comprised of varied and increasingly distant units that all had to contribute to the good of the power center. Most of the diverse units remained ethnically and culturally distant. There were only seven, and then two, states competing for dominance before the unification of empire in ancient China. They had all been “Chinese” before unification. The teachings of Confucius, Laozi, and other philosophers were already known in all the states that came together after unification.Less
This chapter sheds light on the Chinese conception of qi and explains why Asclepiades and his followers came up with the image of the body as being made of “un-joined mass pchapters”, and why Asclepiades and his followers postulated a “random movement of atoms,” and not a regular movement. At the time of Asclepiades, thousands of kilometers to the east, the term, qi, also meant fine material pchapters. At the same time as China was unified, the Roman Empire had annexed an enormous geographic area. Now, at exactly the same time as in China, a great empire came into being comprised of varied and increasingly distant units that all had to contribute to the good of the power center. Most of the diverse units remained ethnically and culturally distant. There were only seven, and then two, states competing for dominance before the unification of empire in ancient China. They had all been “Chinese” before unification. The teachings of Confucius, Laozi, and other philosophers were already known in all the states that came together after unification.
Jeffrey J. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190638054
- eISBN:
- 9780190638078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0038
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
A major research question in disability exercise psychology is if exercise can positively influence body image. The purpose of this chapter is to review the research on disability, exercise, and body ...
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A major research question in disability exercise psychology is if exercise can positively influence body image. The purpose of this chapter is to review the research on disability, exercise, and body image. Physical activity (PA) may enhance perceptions of body image because people can lose body fat and increase their muscularity. It can also enhance functionality and make activities of daily living easier and help people shift their focus from appearance to body function. PA can reduce the negative evaluations and increase the positive evaluations that individuals with disabilities receive from others. Correlational studies have provided some support for a link between body image and exercise, as social physique anxiety is negatively linked to self-esteem and athletic identity among athletes with disabilities. Qualitative researchers have documented exercisers and athletes proclaiming the importance of PA in helping them feel good about their bodies. Limited intervention research has shown that PA can produce enhanced body image cognitions, such as increased body satisfaction.Less
A major research question in disability exercise psychology is if exercise can positively influence body image. The purpose of this chapter is to review the research on disability, exercise, and body image. Physical activity (PA) may enhance perceptions of body image because people can lose body fat and increase their muscularity. It can also enhance functionality and make activities of daily living easier and help people shift their focus from appearance to body function. PA can reduce the negative evaluations and increase the positive evaluations that individuals with disabilities receive from others. Correlational studies have provided some support for a link between body image and exercise, as social physique anxiety is negatively linked to self-esteem and athletic identity among athletes with disabilities. Qualitative researchers have documented exercisers and athletes proclaiming the importance of PA in helping them feel good about their bodies. Limited intervention research has shown that PA can produce enhanced body image cognitions, such as increased body satisfaction.
