Jacob Copeman and Dwaipayan Banerjee
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501745096
- eISBN:
- 9781501745102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501745096.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter is concerned with perceptions and campaigns concerning how doctors prescribe too much of that which has already been given. The proportions of the transfusion, say clinical activists and ...
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This chapter is concerned with perceptions and campaigns concerning how doctors prescribe too much of that which has already been given. The proportions of the transfusion, say clinical activists and others, are all wrong in Indian medicine. Once more, then, the focus is on proportionality and on educational campaigning, but here there is a different target. If donors do not give enough because they think they have a deficit when in fact (according to the campaign) they have a surplus, doctors prescribe blood as if they have a surplus when in fact they have a deficit. The irony is obvious: in so doing, of course, they exacerbate this deficit. Once more, excess is at stake, and the different spheres of excess interlock and inform one another.Less
This chapter is concerned with perceptions and campaigns concerning how doctors prescribe too much of that which has already been given. The proportions of the transfusion, say clinical activists and others, are all wrong in Indian medicine. Once more, then, the focus is on proportionality and on educational campaigning, but here there is a different target. If donors do not give enough because they think they have a deficit when in fact (according to the campaign) they have a surplus, doctors prescribe blood as if they have a surplus when in fact they have a deficit. The irony is obvious: in so doing, of course, they exacerbate this deficit. Once more, excess is at stake, and the different spheres of excess interlock and inform one another.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter discusses the transfusion of blood. Beliefs and attitudes concerning blood affect in varying degrees throughout the world the work of transfusion services in appealing for and recruiting ...
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This chapter discusses the transfusion of blood. Beliefs and attitudes concerning blood affect in varying degrees throughout the world the work of transfusion services in appealing for and recruiting blood donors. A deeply rooted and widely held superstition is that the blood contained in the body is an inviolable property and to take it away is sacrilege. In parts of Africa, for example, it is believed also that blood taken away cannot be reconstituted and that the individual will therefore be weakened, be made impotent, or be blinded for life. The growth of scientific knowledge about the circulation of the blood, the composition and preservation of blood, and the distribution of blood group genes throughout the human race has provided a more rational framework. However, it is only more recently that scientific advances have made a blood transfusion service an indispensable and increasingly vital part of modern medicine.Less
This chapter discusses the transfusion of blood. Beliefs and attitudes concerning blood affect in varying degrees throughout the world the work of transfusion services in appealing for and recruiting blood donors. A deeply rooted and widely held superstition is that the blood contained in the body is an inviolable property and to take it away is sacrilege. In parts of Africa, for example, it is believed also that blood taken away cannot be reconstituted and that the individual will therefore be weakened, be made impotent, or be blinded for life. The growth of scientific knowledge about the circulation of the blood, the composition and preservation of blood, and the distribution of blood group genes throughout the human race has provided a more rational framework. However, it is only more recently that scientific advances have made a blood transfusion service an indispensable and increasingly vital part of modern medicine.
Virginia Berridge
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204725
- eISBN:
- 9780191676376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204725.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter explores how the issue of AIDS and contamination of blood supplies created broader issue for the field of sexual health. Blood was of key importance in defining AIDS as an issue of ...
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This chapter explores how the issue of AIDS and contamination of blood supplies created broader issue for the field of sexual health. Blood was of key importance in defining AIDS as an issue of general policy importance in the UK. In Britain, blood was linked inextricably with the concept of voluntarism. The issue of possible contamination of the blood supply and blood products first emerged in the British medical press early in 1983. An infant had received a blood transfusion at birth from a donor who subsequently developed AIDS and died some time later. It was a matter of concern that this donor had not become ill until some time after the donation had been made; the idea that there might be a latent period, or a carrier state, was emerging as a possibility.Less
This chapter explores how the issue of AIDS and contamination of blood supplies created broader issue for the field of sexual health. Blood was of key importance in defining AIDS as an issue of general policy importance in the UK. In Britain, blood was linked inextricably with the concept of voluntarism. The issue of possible contamination of the blood supply and blood products first emerged in the British medical press early in 1983. An infant had received a blood transfusion at birth from a donor who subsequently developed AIDS and died some time later. It was a matter of concern that this donor had not become ill until some time after the donation had been made; the idea that there might be a latent period, or a carrier state, was emerging as a possibility.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter assesses the supply of blood in England and Wales and the United States. It presents the main national statistics in the increase in blood donation between the introduction of the ...
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This chapter assesses the supply of blood in England and Wales and the United States. It presents the main national statistics in the increase in blood donation between the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948 and 1968. Whereas in some countries at the end of the 1940s blood transfusion services were in an early stage of development, in England and Wales they had been expanded earlier. The effects of the Second World War, particularly the large quantities of blood required to deal adequately with the expected and actual civilian air raid casualties, greatly stimulated the growth of a blood transfusion service on a national scale. Unfortunately, it is not possible to present any series of statistics for the United States similar to those provided for England and Wales. It is not even possible to estimate with any degree of precision the total annual volume of blood collections, transfusions, and wastage.Less
This chapter assesses the supply of blood in England and Wales and the United States. It presents the main national statistics in the increase in blood donation between the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948 and 1968. Whereas in some countries at the end of the 1940s blood transfusion services were in an early stage of development, in England and Wales they had been expanded earlier. The effects of the Second World War, particularly the large quantities of blood required to deal adequately with the expected and actual civilian air raid casualties, greatly stimulated the growth of a blood transfusion service on a national scale. Unfortunately, it is not possible to present any series of statistics for the United States similar to those provided for England and Wales. It is not even possible to estimate with any degree of precision the total annual volume of blood collections, transfusions, and wastage.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter addresses the quality of the gift of blood. The transfusion and use of whole blood and certain blood products carries with it the risk of transmitting disease, particularly serum ...
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This chapter addresses the quality of the gift of blood. The transfusion and use of whole blood and certain blood products carries with it the risk of transmitting disease, particularly serum hepatitis, malaria, syphilis, and brucellosis. Not only are there risks in infected blood and plasma, but there are also risks in the use of contaminated needles and apparatus in the collection and transfusion processes. The absence of a scientific check on quality and safety means that the subsequent biological condition of those who receive blood constitutes the ultimate test of whether the virus was present in the donation. However, few patients know that their bodies perform this role. In these situations of consumer ignorance and uncertainty, as in many others in the whole field of medical care, the patient has to trust the medical profession and the organised system of medical care.Less
This chapter addresses the quality of the gift of blood. The transfusion and use of whole blood and certain blood products carries with it the risk of transmitting disease, particularly serum hepatitis, malaria, syphilis, and brucellosis. Not only are there risks in infected blood and plasma, but there are also risks in the use of contaminated needles and apparatus in the collection and transfusion processes. The absence of a scientific check on quality and safety means that the subsequent biological condition of those who receive blood constitutes the ultimate test of whether the virus was present in the donation. However, few patients know that their bodies perform this role. In these situations of consumer ignorance and uncertainty, as in many others in the whole field of medical care, the patient has to trust the medical profession and the organised system of medical care.
Duana Fullwiley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691123165
- eISBN:
- 9781400840410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691123165.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines how Senegalese French-trained research-physicians in Dakar have adopted similar low-tech strategies and health interventions within the biomedical realm. It focuses on how ...
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This chapter examines how Senegalese French-trained research-physicians in Dakar have adopted similar low-tech strategies and health interventions within the biomedical realm. It focuses on how doctors rationalize economically triaged care, while chronicling their methods for doing so in Dakar's principal sickle cell clinics. These are the pediatric care site at Albert Royer Children's Hospital and the Centre nationale de transfusion sanguine (CNTS), or the National Blood Transfusion Center, where most adult patients are followed. Although physicians often take cues from the social realities that define their patients' lived experiences with this disease, their own clinical limits and technological constraints also inform the alternative assemblages of care they construct.Less
This chapter examines how Senegalese French-trained research-physicians in Dakar have adopted similar low-tech strategies and health interventions within the biomedical realm. It focuses on how doctors rationalize economically triaged care, while chronicling their methods for doing so in Dakar's principal sickle cell clinics. These are the pediatric care site at Albert Royer Children's Hospital and the Centre nationale de transfusion sanguine (CNTS), or the National Blood Transfusion Center, where most adult patients are followed. Although physicians often take cues from the social realities that define their patients' lived experiences with this disease, their own clinical limits and technological constraints also inform the alternative assemblages of care they construct.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226454122
- eISBN:
- 9780226454146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226454146.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter outlines the history of blood transfusions in Russia prior to the establishment of Alexander Bogdanov's institute. It examines the ways information about blood transfusions filtered into ...
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This chapter outlines the history of blood transfusions in Russia prior to the establishment of Alexander Bogdanov's institute. It examines the ways information about blood transfusions filtered into Russia and describes the particular dynamics of relationship between scientists and their patrons. This chapter discusses the discipline-building efforts of scientists and their patrons during the first years of the Soviet regime and identifies the factors that hampered institutional development blood science.Less
This chapter outlines the history of blood transfusions in Russia prior to the establishment of Alexander Bogdanov's institute. It examines the ways information about blood transfusions filtered into Russia and describes the particular dynamics of relationship between scientists and their patrons. This chapter discusses the discipline-building efforts of scientists and their patrons during the first years of the Soviet regime and identifies the factors that hampered institutional development blood science.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter looks at the nature of the gift of blood. The gift of blood has certain unique attributes which distinguish it from other forms of gift. The gift of blood takes place in impersonal ...
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This chapter looks at the nature of the gift of blood. The gift of blood has certain unique attributes which distinguish it from other forms of gift. The gift of blood takes place in impersonal situations, sometimes with physically hurtful consequences to the donor. Moreover, the recipient is in almost all cases not personally known to the donor; there can, therefore, be no personal expressions of gratitude or of other sentiments. If the principle of anonymity were generally abandoned, the consequences could be disastrous for givers and receivers as well as for all blood transfusion services. The chapter then presents a classification of the different types of blood donors: the paid donor; the professional donor; the pain-induced voluntary donor; the responsibility fee donor; the family credit donor; the captive voluntary donor; the fringe benefit voluntary donor; and the voluntary community donor.Less
This chapter looks at the nature of the gift of blood. The gift of blood has certain unique attributes which distinguish it from other forms of gift. The gift of blood takes place in impersonal situations, sometimes with physically hurtful consequences to the donor. Moreover, the recipient is in almost all cases not personally known to the donor; there can, therefore, be no personal expressions of gratitude or of other sentiments. If the principle of anonymity were generally abandoned, the consequences could be disastrous for givers and receivers as well as for all blood transfusion services. The chapter then presents a classification of the different types of blood donors: the paid donor; the professional donor; the pain-induced voluntary donor; the responsibility fee donor; the family credit donor; the captive voluntary donor; the fringe benefit voluntary donor; and the voluntary community donor.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter explores the characteristics of blood donors in England and Wales, considering a study made in the summer and autumn of 1967 with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and the ...
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This chapter explores the characteristics of blood donors in England and Wales, considering a study made in the summer and autumn of 1967 with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and the National Blood Transfusion Service. The study examines regional trends and statistics relating to donor populations and donor reporting rates for the general public, institutions — comprising factories, offices, and universities — and the Defence Services. The general conclusion which emerges is that the donor sample broadly resembles the population in respect of age, sex, and marital status when account is taken of the possible effects of the age-incapacity and reproductive factors. Moreover, for most age groups, the general public donor is more representative of the national population than the institutional donor or the total of all donors. The institutional and Defence Services donor tends on the whole to be younger.Less
This chapter explores the characteristics of blood donors in England and Wales, considering a study made in the summer and autumn of 1967 with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and the National Blood Transfusion Service. The study examines regional trends and statistics relating to donor populations and donor reporting rates for the general public, institutions — comprising factories, offices, and universities — and the Defence Services. The general conclusion which emerges is that the donor sample broadly resembles the population in respect of age, sex, and marital status when account is taken of the possible effects of the age-incapacity and reproductive factors. Moreover, for most age groups, the general public donor is more representative of the national population than the institutional donor or the total of all donors. The institutional and Defence Services donor tends on the whole to be younger.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter looks at a study of blood donor motivation in South Africa, which was commissioned by the Natal Blood Transfusion Service and carried out in Durban. Much of the fieldwork was done by six ...
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This chapter looks at a study of blood donor motivation in South Africa, which was commissioned by the Natal Blood Transfusion Service and carried out in Durban. Much of the fieldwork was done by six trained Bantu graduates which helps to explain the perceptive nature of some of the interview data elicited from poor and semi-literate Bantu workers. The study shows that the Bantu donor is statistically rare. They come mainly from institutional groups such as factories and schools and tend to be younger, better educated, and with higher incomes than the average Bantu adult in Durban. The concepts of blood held by the average manual worker Bantu closely link blood with health and are unfavourable to blood donation. Moreover, in the Bantu population at large there is widespread ignorance about, and fear of, blood donation. A marked characteristic of the Bantu blood donors is that they tend to give blood only once or twice.Less
This chapter looks at a study of blood donor motivation in South Africa, which was commissioned by the Natal Blood Transfusion Service and carried out in Durban. Much of the fieldwork was done by six trained Bantu graduates which helps to explain the perceptive nature of some of the interview data elicited from poor and semi-literate Bantu workers. The study shows that the Bantu donor is statistically rare. They come mainly from institutional groups such as factories and schools and tend to be younger, better educated, and with higher incomes than the average Bantu adult in Durban. The concepts of blood held by the average manual worker Bantu closely link blood with health and are unfavourable to blood donation. Moreover, in the Bantu population at large there is widespread ignorance about, and fear of, blood donation. A marked characteristic of the Bantu blood donors is that they tend to give blood only once or twice.
Jacob Copeman and Dwaipayan Banerjee
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501745096
- eISBN:
- 9781501745102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501745096.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter focuses on blood in the time of the civic—that is, blood that is donated voluntarily as a dutiful contribution to civic life, that in turn ensures the continued efficacy and productivity ...
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This chapter focuses on blood in the time of the civic—that is, blood that is donated voluntarily as a dutiful contribution to civic life, that in turn ensures the continued efficacy and productivity of transfusion medicine. These voluntary donations take place according to a seemingly simple biological time map: the biological time of cellular production determines the biomedically mandated three-month gap between donations. The time regime of the repeated voluntary donation emerges from and is mapped upon the lifetime of blood cells. This is in contrast to apparently less civic-minded blood donation modes: the potentially dangerous commercial transaction of paid blood donation and the one-time mode of “replacement” donation, performed in order to release blood for the benefit of one's immediate family member in need of transfusion. As this chapter shows, these modes of donation are characterized by different temporalities. A routine of dutiful repetitive bloodshed structures voluntary blood donation's time of the civic.Less
This chapter focuses on blood in the time of the civic—that is, blood that is donated voluntarily as a dutiful contribution to civic life, that in turn ensures the continued efficacy and productivity of transfusion medicine. These voluntary donations take place according to a seemingly simple biological time map: the biological time of cellular production determines the biomedically mandated three-month gap between donations. The time regime of the repeated voluntary donation emerges from and is mapped upon the lifetime of blood cells. This is in contrast to apparently less civic-minded blood donation modes: the potentially dangerous commercial transaction of paid blood donation and the one-time mode of “replacement” donation, performed in order to release blood for the benefit of one's immediate family member in need of transfusion. As this chapter shows, these modes of donation are characterized by different temporalities. A routine of dutiful repetitive bloodshed structures voluntary blood donation's time of the civic.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter examines the demand for blood in England and Wales and the United States. Between 1948 and 1967, the annual number of donations of blood in England and Wales rose by 269 per cent. Some ...
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This chapter examines the demand for blood in England and Wales and the United States. Between 1948 and 1967, the annual number of donations of blood in England and Wales rose by 269 per cent. Some part of this increase in supply has met the increase in the amount of blood actually demanded and used per 100 patients treated in hospitals. Meanwhile, estimates have been made that 5,100,000 pints of blood were collected in the United States in 1956 and around 6,000,000 pints in 1966–7. Some of the factors responsible for this world trend relate to the major life-saving role of blood. Others are adding yearly to the relatively new role for human blood of acting as a vital preventive and therapeutic agent. Surgery in its many branches has, for example, been given a new lease of life by increases in the volume of blood available and the advent of effective blood transfusion services.Less
This chapter examines the demand for blood in England and Wales and the United States. Between 1948 and 1967, the annual number of donations of blood in England and Wales rose by 269 per cent. Some part of this increase in supply has met the increase in the amount of blood actually demanded and used per 100 patients treated in hospitals. Meanwhile, estimates have been made that 5,100,000 pints of blood were collected in the United States in 1956 and around 6,000,000 pints in 1966–7. Some of the factors responsible for this world trend relate to the major life-saving role of blood. Others are adding yearly to the relatively new role for human blood of acting as a vital preventive and therapeutic agent. Surgery in its many branches has, for example, been given a new lease of life by increases in the volume of blood available and the advent of effective blood transfusion services.
Nikolai Krementsov
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226454122
- eISBN:
- 9780226454146
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226454146.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Much like Vladimir Lenin, his onetime rival for the leadership of the Bolshevik party during its formative years, Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928) was a visionary. In two science fiction novels set on ...
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Much like Vladimir Lenin, his onetime rival for the leadership of the Bolshevik party during its formative years, Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928) was a visionary. In two science fiction novels set on Mars, Bogdanov imagined a future in which the workers of the world, liberated from capitalist exploitation, create a “physiological collective” that rejuvenates and unites its members through regular blood exchanges. But Bogdanov was not merely a dreamer. He worked tirelessly to popularize and realize his vision, founding the first research institute devoted to the science of blood transfusion. This is the first broad-based book on Bogdanov in English and it explores Bogdanov's roles as revolutionary, novelist, and scientist. Through the lens of Bogdanov's involvement with blood studies on one hand, and of his fictional and philosophical writings on the other, the author offers an analysis of the interactions between scientific ideas and societal values.Less
Much like Vladimir Lenin, his onetime rival for the leadership of the Bolshevik party during its formative years, Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928) was a visionary. In two science fiction novels set on Mars, Bogdanov imagined a future in which the workers of the world, liberated from capitalist exploitation, create a “physiological collective” that rejuvenates and unites its members through regular blood exchanges. But Bogdanov was not merely a dreamer. He worked tirelessly to popularize and realize his vision, founding the first research institute devoted to the science of blood transfusion. This is the first broad-based book on Bogdanov in English and it explores Bogdanov's roles as revolutionary, novelist, and scientist. Through the lens of Bogdanov's involvement with blood studies on one hand, and of his fictional and philosophical writings on the other, the author offers an analysis of the interactions between scientific ideas and societal values.
Wale Atoyebi, Tim Littlewood, and Robert Twycross
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198528081
- eISBN:
- 9780191730399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528081.003.0011
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter reviews the background, investigation, causes, and management of anaemia in palliative care setting. Anaemia is a common complication of cancer and cancer therapies, occuring in 50 per ...
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This chapter reviews the background, investigation, causes, and management of anaemia in palliative care setting. Anaemia is a common complication of cancer and cancer therapies, occuring in 50 per cent of patients with solid tumours and in patients with disorders such as myeloma and lymphoma. It induces symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and dyspnoea. In the palliative setting, the approach for managing anaemia is still based on the estimations from studies published in the last ten years in cancer patients receiving oncological treatment when treated with anaemia. Managing anaemia consists of two approaches: blood transfusion and recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO). In the chapter, the benefits and limitations of these management strategies are presented, including case studies demonstrating how patients respond to such treatments.Less
This chapter reviews the background, investigation, causes, and management of anaemia in palliative care setting. Anaemia is a common complication of cancer and cancer therapies, occuring in 50 per cent of patients with solid tumours and in patients with disorders such as myeloma and lymphoma. It induces symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and dyspnoea. In the palliative setting, the approach for managing anaemia is still based on the estimations from studies published in the last ten years in cancer patients receiving oncological treatment when treated with anaemia. Managing anaemia consists of two approaches: blood transfusion and recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO). In the chapter, the benefits and limitations of these management strategies are presented, including case studies demonstrating how patients respond to such treatments.
Michelle Green and Kirsten Huby
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199559039
- eISBN:
- 9780191917837
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199559039.003.0018
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Nursing Skills
This chapter will outline the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and the changes that occur during childhood as this body system matures. Signs and symptoms of cardiovascular ...
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This chapter will outline the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and the changes that occur during childhood as this body system matures. Signs and symptoms of cardiovascular failure and nursing assessment and monitoring of the child will also be discussed. This knowledge will enable the nurse to recognize cardiovascular failure as early as possible and commence appropriate interventions. A range of interventions and clinical skills required for cardiovascular support are also explained, utilizing evidence-based guidelines. All aspects of care will be discussed using a family centred and child-friendly approach. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) introduced the use of essential skills clusters (ESC) to help pre-registration nursing students meet the standards of proficiency required for registration (NMC, 2007b). They are written from the perspective of what the public can expect of a newly qualified nurse and are designed to improve safe and effective practice. The information contained within this chapter covers aspects of most of the skills clusters. In particular, the underpinning principles from: care, compassion, and communication (1); organizational aspects of care (9, 10); infection prevention and control (22, 25, and 26); and nutrition and fluid management (29, 32) which are integrated throughout the discussion. At the end of this chapter you will: ● Understand the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and the changes that occur during childhood as this body system matures. ● Learn to recognize signs and symptoms of cardiovascular failure. ● Be familiar with nursing assessment and cardiovascular monitoring of the child. ● Understand how the nurse recognizes cardiovascular failure as early as possible and commences appropriate interventions. ● Begin to develop an understanding of the range of interventions and clinical skills required for cardiovascular support. The cardiovascular system is vital for supplying the tissues of the body with blood. This blood supply enables the needs of individual cells for oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste products to be met (metabolic demands). The body is also able to achieve these functions under a variety of circumstances: at rest or sleeping; during exertion through exercise; and during the extra demands placed on the body as a result of illness.
Less
This chapter will outline the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and the changes that occur during childhood as this body system matures. Signs and symptoms of cardiovascular failure and nursing assessment and monitoring of the child will also be discussed. This knowledge will enable the nurse to recognize cardiovascular failure as early as possible and commence appropriate interventions. A range of interventions and clinical skills required for cardiovascular support are also explained, utilizing evidence-based guidelines. All aspects of care will be discussed using a family centred and child-friendly approach. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) introduced the use of essential skills clusters (ESC) to help pre-registration nursing students meet the standards of proficiency required for registration (NMC, 2007b). They are written from the perspective of what the public can expect of a newly qualified nurse and are designed to improve safe and effective practice. The information contained within this chapter covers aspects of most of the skills clusters. In particular, the underpinning principles from: care, compassion, and communication (1); organizational aspects of care (9, 10); infection prevention and control (22, 25, and 26); and nutrition and fluid management (29, 32) which are integrated throughout the discussion. At the end of this chapter you will: ● Understand the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and the changes that occur during childhood as this body system matures. ● Learn to recognize signs and symptoms of cardiovascular failure. ● Be familiar with nursing assessment and cardiovascular monitoring of the child. ● Understand how the nurse recognizes cardiovascular failure as early as possible and commences appropriate interventions. ● Begin to develop an understanding of the range of interventions and clinical skills required for cardiovascular support. The cardiovascular system is vital for supplying the tissues of the body with blood. This blood supply enables the needs of individual cells for oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste products to be met (metabolic demands). The body is also able to achieve these functions under a variety of circumstances: at rest or sleeping; during exertion through exercise; and during the extra demands placed on the body as a result of illness.
Jane Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526119063
- eISBN:
- 9781526138811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526119063.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The chapter examines the changes to the dominion of nursing work on active service overseas. The chapter first explores the extensions to the nursing role, most particularly the care of wounds and ...
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The chapter examines the changes to the dominion of nursing work on active service overseas. The chapter first explores the extensions to the nursing role, most particularly the care of wounds and burns. This is followed by a discussion of the expansion of nursing duties into those that had hitherto been the domain of medicine. These roles include the commencement and management of blood transfusions, surgical work and anaesthesia. Finally the chapter considers ‘new work’, the most critical of which was the administration and use of penicillin. The constantly shifting requirements of war nursing prevented Army nurses from remaining in a professional comfort zone of accepted roles and regimes. The experience of living with uncertainty may have caused anxieties for some, but the active participation in new treatment modalities suggests that nurses who went to war were keen to move beyond the normal boundaries of nursing practice and many relished the opportunity to do so. The chapter argues that the developments in practice and the increased confidence nursing sisters displayed with this new work altered their working relationships with medical officers from one of deference to one of collegiality, enabling more productive decisions for their soldier-patients’ care.Less
The chapter examines the changes to the dominion of nursing work on active service overseas. The chapter first explores the extensions to the nursing role, most particularly the care of wounds and burns. This is followed by a discussion of the expansion of nursing duties into those that had hitherto been the domain of medicine. These roles include the commencement and management of blood transfusions, surgical work and anaesthesia. Finally the chapter considers ‘new work’, the most critical of which was the administration and use of penicillin. The constantly shifting requirements of war nursing prevented Army nurses from remaining in a professional comfort zone of accepted roles and regimes. The experience of living with uncertainty may have caused anxieties for some, but the active participation in new treatment modalities suggests that nurses who went to war were keen to move beyond the normal boundaries of nursing practice and many relished the opportunity to do so. The chapter argues that the developments in practice and the increased confidence nursing sisters displayed with this new work altered their working relationships with medical officers from one of deference to one of collegiality, enabling more productive decisions for their soldier-patients’ care.
Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190056780
- eISBN:
- 9780197523292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190056780.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
This chapter studies the history of hepatitis virus infection. Hepatitis and/or jaundice were recorded in the fourth century BC by Hippocrates and over 1,000 years ago in the ancient Chinese ...
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This chapter studies the history of hepatitis virus infection. Hepatitis and/or jaundice were recorded in the fourth century BC by Hippocrates and over 1,000 years ago in the ancient Chinese literature. By the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the association of a virus infection with jaundice and liver disease was made. The major hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), and non-A, non-B or hepatitis C (HCV). HAV is transmitted almost always by fecal–oral routes but occasionally by transfusion or inoculation of blood obtained during the transient stage of viremia that occurs during the HAV incubation period. While there is currently no effective vaccine for HCV, an effective vaccine exists for HBV. A problem with the HBV vaccine is individuals refusing to be vaccinated. Nevertheless, recent progress made on the understanding and treatment of these viruses has led to the World Health Organization planning that by 2030 hepatitis infections will be reduced by 90% and deaths by 65%.Less
This chapter studies the history of hepatitis virus infection. Hepatitis and/or jaundice were recorded in the fourth century BC by Hippocrates and over 1,000 years ago in the ancient Chinese literature. By the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the association of a virus infection with jaundice and liver disease was made. The major hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), and non-A, non-B or hepatitis C (HCV). HAV is transmitted almost always by fecal–oral routes but occasionally by transfusion or inoculation of blood obtained during the transient stage of viremia that occurs during the HAV incubation period. While there is currently no effective vaccine for HCV, an effective vaccine exists for HBV. A problem with the HBV vaccine is individuals refusing to be vaccinated. Nevertheless, recent progress made on the understanding and treatment of these viruses has led to the World Health Organization planning that by 2030 hepatitis infections will be reduced by 90% and deaths by 65%.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226454122
- eISBN:
- 9780226454146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226454146.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about Russian physician and science fiction writer Alexander Bogdanov. This volume shows that the three different vocations of Bogdanov which ...
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This chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about Russian physician and science fiction writer Alexander Bogdanov. This volume shows that the three different vocations of Bogdanov which include Marxism, science and literature are intertwined and mutually reinforced one another. It also explores his work in blood transfusion and his science fiction novels and highlights the interrelations between the life sciences and Marxism in Soviet Russia during Bogdanov's time.Less
This chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about Russian physician and science fiction writer Alexander Bogdanov. This volume shows that the three different vocations of Bogdanov which include Marxism, science and literature are intertwined and mutually reinforced one another. It also explores his work in blood transfusion and his science fiction novels and highlights the interrelations between the life sciences and Marxism in Soviet Russia during Bogdanov's time.
Christian P. Sorace
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501707537
- eISBN:
- 9781501708503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501707537.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This chapter examines China's political economy based on an interpretation of Chinese Communist Party ideology and discourse, challenging the notion that there is a mythical switch that can be ...
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This chapter examines China's political economy based on an interpretation of Chinese Communist Party ideology and discourse, challenging the notion that there is a mythical switch that can be flipped between politics and ideology on the one side, and economy and development on the other. Adopting a two-step approach, it considers the premises of the dominant paradigm of economic performance legitimacy and concludes with a discursive analysis of China's post-2008 Sichuan earthquake reconstruction plans. In the context of post-earthquake reconstruction, the chapter investigates how the metaphor of “blood transfusion” and “blood generation” established the coordinates for the Party's reconstruction plan to economically develop the Sichuan countryside. In place of a robust, self-reliant, and blood-generating economy engineered by the mobilization of Party spirit, the disaster zones had a lifeless and anemic economy.Less
This chapter examines China's political economy based on an interpretation of Chinese Communist Party ideology and discourse, challenging the notion that there is a mythical switch that can be flipped between politics and ideology on the one side, and economy and development on the other. Adopting a two-step approach, it considers the premises of the dominant paradigm of economic performance legitimacy and concludes with a discursive analysis of China's post-2008 Sichuan earthquake reconstruction plans. In the context of post-earthquake reconstruction, the chapter investigates how the metaphor of “blood transfusion” and “blood generation” established the coordinates for the Party's reconstruction plan to economically develop the Sichuan countryside. In place of a robust, self-reliant, and blood-generating economy engineered by the mobilization of Party spirit, the disaster zones had a lifeless and anemic economy.
Rex Ahdar and Ian Leigh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199606474
- eISBN:
- 9780191744259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606474.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines several medico-legal issues insofar as they have a religious dimension or implicate the religious liberty of the persons seeking or refusing treatment. The chapter is organized ...
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This chapter examines several medico-legal issues insofar as they have a religious dimension or implicate the religious liberty of the persons seeking or refusing treatment. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II summarizes the law concerning medical treatment, contrasting the position of adults, adolescents or teenagers, and infants. Section III considers the underlying assumptions represented in the disputes between the law and certain religionists who spurn conventional medical treatment in favour of exclusive reliance upon prayer or other spiritual cures. The premises which form the central tenets of conventional or orthodox medicine — reliance upon rationality, insistence upon the scientific method, the need for empirical evidence — have recently been challenged, not only by some devout religionists, but by also a raft of ‘alternative’ health practitioners. Section IV discusses two examples of these broader themes. The chapter concludes with some observations on the extent to which a liberal state accommodates the wishes of believers when they seek to determine their own or their children's health.Less
This chapter examines several medico-legal issues insofar as they have a religious dimension or implicate the religious liberty of the persons seeking or refusing treatment. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II summarizes the law concerning medical treatment, contrasting the position of adults, adolescents or teenagers, and infants. Section III considers the underlying assumptions represented in the disputes between the law and certain religionists who spurn conventional medical treatment in favour of exclusive reliance upon prayer or other spiritual cures. The premises which form the central tenets of conventional or orthodox medicine — reliance upon rationality, insistence upon the scientific method, the need for empirical evidence — have recently been challenged, not only by some devout religionists, but by also a raft of ‘alternative’ health practitioners. Section IV discusses two examples of these broader themes. The chapter concludes with some observations on the extent to which a liberal state accommodates the wishes of believers when they seek to determine their own or their children's health.
