Diana Kuh and Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198578154
- eISBN:
- 9780191724039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Topics discussed include blood pressure as a risk factor for CVD, the emergence of adult patterns of blood pressure, ...
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This chapter discusses blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Topics discussed include blood pressure as a risk factor for CVD, the emergence of adult patterns of blood pressure, factors influencing blood pressure in middle age, and factors that may act at specific points in the life course with long-term effects on blood pressure. Blood pressure in middle and later life is the main influence on CVD risk. The chapter reviews the role of body mass index, alcohol, sodium, and potassium intake. It concludes that fetal influence on blood pressure is small compared to factors acting in later life.Less
This chapter discusses blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Topics discussed include blood pressure as a risk factor for CVD, the emergence of adult patterns of blood pressure, factors influencing blood pressure in middle age, and factors that may act at specific points in the life course with long-term effects on blood pressure. Blood pressure in middle and later life is the main influence on CVD risk. The chapter reviews the role of body mass index, alcohol, sodium, and potassium intake. It concludes that fetal influence on blood pressure is small compared to factors acting in later life.
C. M. M. Lawes, S. Vander Hoorn, M. R. Law, P. Elliott, S. MacMahon, and A. Rodgers
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents estimates of blood pressure distributions by age, sex, and world region to estimate the burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) attributable to raised blood pressure worldwide in ...
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This chapter presents estimates of blood pressure distributions by age, sex, and world region to estimate the burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) attributable to raised blood pressure worldwide in the year 2000. It summarizes work produced for the WHO Global Burden of Disease 2000 study and the World Health Report 2002, which included estimates of the burden of disease attributable to a variety of risk factors including blood pressure.Less
This chapter presents estimates of blood pressure distributions by age, sex, and world region to estimate the burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) attributable to raised blood pressure worldwide in the year 2000. It summarizes work produced for the WHO Global Burden of Disease 2000 study and the World Health Report 2002, which included estimates of the burden of disease attributable to a variety of risk factors including blood pressure.
Stephen Mulhall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208548
- eISBN:
- 9780191709067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208548.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter examines why should the discovery that a particular sensation (whose presence we choose to express or note by using the sign ‘S’) is correlated with a rise in blood pressure give us any ...
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This chapter examines why should the discovery that a particular sensation (whose presence we choose to express or note by using the sign ‘S’) is correlated with a rise in blood pressure give us any additional reason to think that the supposition of a mistake in identifying the sensation itself was mere show? Wittgenstein's text claims that regular misidentification of the actual sensation would not matter; for if I could tell that my blood pressure is rising despite misidentifying the sensation, that could only be on the basis of my thinking (often wrongly) that I am having that sensation. But to say that misrecognition would be an irrelevance for that reason would amount to saying that the actual presence or absence of a sensation would be an irrelevance — for the usefulness of our utterances of ‘S’ would then no longer be dependent on their being responsive to or expressive of my actually having a particular sensation. In short, if ‘S’ really is the name of a sensation, Wittgenstein's conclusion about misrecognition simply begs the question against his opponent; and if it is not, his conclusion is valid but irrelevant to its purported subject-matter.Less
This chapter examines why should the discovery that a particular sensation (whose presence we choose to express or note by using the sign ‘S’) is correlated with a rise in blood pressure give us any additional reason to think that the supposition of a mistake in identifying the sensation itself was mere show? Wittgenstein's text claims that regular misidentification of the actual sensation would not matter; for if I could tell that my blood pressure is rising despite misidentifying the sensation, that could only be on the basis of my thinking (often wrongly) that I am having that sensation. But to say that misrecognition would be an irrelevance for that reason would amount to saying that the actual presence or absence of a sensation would be an irrelevance — for the usefulness of our utterances of ‘S’ would then no longer be dependent on their being responsive to or expressive of my actually having a particular sensation. In short, if ‘S’ really is the name of a sensation, Wittgenstein's conclusion about misrecognition simply begs the question against his opponent; and if it is not, his conclusion is valid but irrelevant to its purported subject-matter.
Michael de Swiet and Ian Leck
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192628268
- eISBN:
- 9780191723605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192628268.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses measurement of blood pressure as a means of screening for pregnancies that would have adverse outcomes and specifically considers pre-eclampsia. It is not possible to determine ...
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This chapter discusses measurement of blood pressure as a means of screening for pregnancies that would have adverse outcomes and specifically considers pre-eclampsia. It is not possible to determine the efficacy of blood pressure screening and treatment in preventing all such outcomes, but there is evidence that perinatal mortality falls when women with raised blood pressure are given additional care (mainly an early elective delivery).Less
This chapter discusses measurement of blood pressure as a means of screening for pregnancies that would have adverse outcomes and specifically considers pre-eclampsia. It is not possible to determine the efficacy of blood pressure screening and treatment in preventing all such outcomes, but there is evidence that perinatal mortality falls when women with raised blood pressure are given additional care (mainly an early elective delivery).
P. S. Sever and N. R. Poulter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0051
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the treatment of hypertension for preventing cardiovascular disease. Topics covered include early trials, unresolved issues in drug treatment, benefits of more contemporary ...
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This chapter discusses the treatment of hypertension for preventing cardiovascular disease. Topics covered include early trials, unresolved issues in drug treatment, benefits of more contemporary drugs over standard therapy, overview and meta-analyses to date, optimal combinations of antihypertensive therapies, thresholds and targets for antihypertensive drug therapy, and concomitant therapy.Less
This chapter discusses the treatment of hypertension for preventing cardiovascular disease. Topics covered include early trials, unresolved issues in drug treatment, benefits of more contemporary drugs over standard therapy, overview and meta-analyses to date, optimal combinations of antihypertensive therapies, thresholds and targets for antihypertensive drug therapy, and concomitant therapy.
Kevin T. Larkin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300106442
- eISBN:
- 9780300128864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300106442.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
Obtaining an accurate measurement of blood pressure is required for the diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension. This chapter examines some of the methods used to measure blood pressure, which ...
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Obtaining an accurate measurement of blood pressure is required for the diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension. This chapter examines some of the methods used to measure blood pressure, which include intra-arterial recording, the auscultatory method, the oscillometric method, pulse transit time, and the vascular unloading method. Two general strategies have been employed to obtain measures of blood pressure during daily life: home monitoring and ambulatory monitoring. The chapter also examines the etiology of isolated clinic hypertension and isolated clinic normotension.Less
Obtaining an accurate measurement of blood pressure is required for the diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension. This chapter examines some of the methods used to measure blood pressure, which include intra-arterial recording, the auscultatory method, the oscillometric method, pulse transit time, and the vascular unloading method. Two general strategies have been employed to obtain measures of blood pressure during daily life: home monitoring and ambulatory monitoring. The chapter also examines the etiology of isolated clinic hypertension and isolated clinic normotension.
Amanda I. Adler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter covers interventional studies aimed at lowering the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, retinopathy, blindness, lower-extremity amputation (LEA), peripheral sensory ...
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This chapter covers interventional studies aimed at lowering the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, retinopathy, blindness, lower-extremity amputation (LEA), peripheral sensory neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy; and at prolonging life. It includes studies that address clinical endpoints. It shows that individuals with diabetes and their providers of care can reduce the occurrence of diabetic complications by lowering glucose, blood pressure, and LDL, either alone or in combination. Nonpharmacologic interventions, chiefly those related to retinopathy and obesity, also improve outcomes. To date evidence for lowering blood glucose and blood pressure does not support the use of specific agents except possibly metformin and blockade of the angiotensin system. For LDL, statins remain the intervention of choice.Less
This chapter covers interventional studies aimed at lowering the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, retinopathy, blindness, lower-extremity amputation (LEA), peripheral sensory neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy; and at prolonging life. It includes studies that address clinical endpoints. It shows that individuals with diabetes and their providers of care can reduce the occurrence of diabetic complications by lowering glucose, blood pressure, and LDL, either alone or in combination. Nonpharmacologic interventions, chiefly those related to retinopathy and obesity, also improve outcomes. To date evidence for lowering blood glucose and blood pressure does not support the use of specific agents except possibly metformin and blockade of the angiotensin system. For LDL, statins remain the intervention of choice.
Diana Kuh and Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198578154
- eISBN:
- 9780191724039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter considers two epidemiological approaches to investigating geographic variations in cardiovascular disease (CVD): ecological studies and migrant studies. Ecological studies examine the ...
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This chapter considers two epidemiological approaches to investigating geographic variations in cardiovascular disease (CVD): ecological studies and migrant studies. Ecological studies examine the correlation between a potential explanatory variable and disease frequency both within and between countries. Migrant studies provide the opportunity to establish the etiological importance of factors acting at different points in the life course. Ecological studies have provided useful clues to important risk factors for CVD. Migrant studies have provided compelling evidence that people moving from a low- to high-blood pressure community experience a rise in blood pressure not seen in those who remain behind.Less
This chapter considers two epidemiological approaches to investigating geographic variations in cardiovascular disease (CVD): ecological studies and migrant studies. Ecological studies examine the correlation between a potential explanatory variable and disease frequency both within and between countries. Migrant studies provide the opportunity to establish the etiological importance of factors acting at different points in the life course. Ecological studies have provided useful clues to important risk factors for CVD. Migrant studies have provided compelling evidence that people moving from a low- to high-blood pressure community experience a rise in blood pressure not seen in those who remain behind.
Robert M. Stern, William J. Ray, and Karen S. Quigley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195113594
- eISBN:
- 9780199846962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195113594.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
The heart is a muscle, referred to as the myocardium, which begins functioning within the fourth week of embryonic development and continues to beat 3–4 billion times throughout life. About the size ...
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The heart is a muscle, referred to as the myocardium, which begins functioning within the fourth week of embryonic development and continues to beat 3–4 billion times throughout life. About the size of a fist, the heart weighs less than a pound and contracts about 60–75 times a minute. As it beats, the heart moves blood to various organs including the lungs (pulmonary circulation), the heart (coronary circulation), and the rest of the body (systemic circulation). Psychophysiologists have long been interested in the functioning of the heart and circulation and have focused their attention on such measures as heart rate, blood pressure, blood volume, and blood flow. This chapter provides a brief overview of the physiology of the cardiovascular system before discussing the recording and analysis of heart rate, blood pressure, blood volume, and blood flow. The electrical activity of the heart as recorded at the surface of the skin is measured by a technique known as electrocardiography.Less
The heart is a muscle, referred to as the myocardium, which begins functioning within the fourth week of embryonic development and continues to beat 3–4 billion times throughout life. About the size of a fist, the heart weighs less than a pound and contracts about 60–75 times a minute. As it beats, the heart moves blood to various organs including the lungs (pulmonary circulation), the heart (coronary circulation), and the rest of the body (systemic circulation). Psychophysiologists have long been interested in the functioning of the heart and circulation and have focused their attention on such measures as heart rate, blood pressure, blood volume, and blood flow. This chapter provides a brief overview of the physiology of the cardiovascular system before discussing the recording and analysis of heart rate, blood pressure, blood volume, and blood flow. The electrical activity of the heart as recorded at the surface of the skin is measured by a technique known as electrocardiography.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical ...
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Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical analysis that shows the pervasiveness and centrality of this local sign, which is manifest in local belief, the natural and built environment, and the musical and poetic structure of maddâh devotional music. A physiological experiment that was conducted in the context of maddâh ritual performance is presented and statistical data analyzed and interpreted showing a significant downward modulation of systolic blood pressure at p-value of .0003. Further, the culture-transcendent aspects are applied in another research project in the U.S. among a culturally diverse group of people (ages 18-85) where participants learn to create health, healing, or transformation through practices of music, sound, vocalization, and meditation. The GAP — Guided Attention Practice is presented as part of this latter research project.Less
Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical analysis that shows the pervasiveness and centrality of this local sign, which is manifest in local belief, the natural and built environment, and the musical and poetic structure of maddâh devotional music. A physiological experiment that was conducted in the context of maddâh ritual performance is presented and statistical data analyzed and interpreted showing a significant downward modulation of systolic blood pressure at p-value of .0003. Further, the culture-transcendent aspects are applied in another research project in the U.S. among a culturally diverse group of people (ages 18-85) where participants learn to create health, healing, or transformation through practices of music, sound, vocalization, and meditation. The GAP — Guided Attention Practice is presented as part of this latter research project.
Alain G. Bertoni and David C. Goff
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most persons with diabetes will suffer from CVD in their lifetimes, and thus the prevention of CVD in this ...
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This chapter discusses the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most persons with diabetes will suffer from CVD in their lifetimes, and thus the prevention of CVD in this population is an important public health goal. One immediate challenge is increasing the proportion of adults with diabetes who meet the current standards of diabetes care, which include assessment and control of hyperglycemia, lipids, and blood pressure; smoking cessation; and platelet inhibition.Less
This chapter discusses the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most persons with diabetes will suffer from CVD in their lifetimes, and thus the prevention of CVD in this population is an important public health goal. One immediate challenge is increasing the proportion of adults with diabetes who meet the current standards of diabetes care, which include assessment and control of hyperglycemia, lipids, and blood pressure; smoking cessation; and platelet inhibition.
Kevin T. Larkin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300106442
- eISBN:
- 9780300128864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300106442.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter discusses the structure and function of the various components of the circulatory system that regulate blood pressure. It first describes how local body tissues regulate blood pressure ...
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This chapter discusses the structure and function of the various components of the circulatory system that regulate blood pressure. It first describes how local body tissues regulate blood pressure through a process called autoregulation. It then examines the roles of the nervous system and the endocrine system on blood pressure. This is followed by a discussion on how the brain and the circulatory system use feedback systems to regulate blood pressure. The chapter also discusses the stages, prevalence, demographics, consequences, and symptoms of hypertension.Less
This chapter discusses the structure and function of the various components of the circulatory system that regulate blood pressure. It first describes how local body tissues regulate blood pressure through a process called autoregulation. It then examines the roles of the nervous system and the endocrine system on blood pressure. This is followed by a discussion on how the brain and the circulatory system use feedback systems to regulate blood pressure. The chapter also discusses the stages, prevalence, demographics, consequences, and symptoms of hypertension.
Kevin T. Larkin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300106442
- eISBN:
- 9780300128864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300106442.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
High blood pressure, commonly referred to as hypertension, takes two forms: primary or essential hypertension and secondary hypertension. In cases of secondary hypertension, there is an identified ...
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High blood pressure, commonly referred to as hypertension, takes two forms: primary or essential hypertension and secondary hypertension. In cases of secondary hypertension, there is an identified physiological abnormality or exogenous substances causing the high blood pressure. When the exact cause of the elevated blood pressure is unknown, the condition is called primary or essential hypertension. This chapter examines studies that present evidence linking stress with the onset of essential hypertension. These studies are categorized into several different types: studies of major life event stressors, studies of job stress and strain, studies on cultural influences on stress and blood pressure, and animal research linking stress to hypertension.Less
High blood pressure, commonly referred to as hypertension, takes two forms: primary or essential hypertension and secondary hypertension. In cases of secondary hypertension, there is an identified physiological abnormality or exogenous substances causing the high blood pressure. When the exact cause of the elevated blood pressure is unknown, the condition is called primary or essential hypertension. This chapter examines studies that present evidence linking stress with the onset of essential hypertension. These studies are categorized into several different types: studies of major life event stressors, studies of job stress and strain, studies on cultural influences on stress and blood pressure, and animal research linking stress to hypertension.
Kevin T. Larkin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300106442
- eISBN:
- 9780300128864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300106442.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter examines how environmental stressors lead to essential hypertension via the acute stress response. It focuses on research examining the physiological responses of heart rate and blood ...
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This chapter examines how environmental stressors lead to essential hypertension via the acute stress response. It focuses on research examining the physiological responses of heart rate and blood pressure reactions to stress. The chapter examines the measurement of acute stress responses such as anxiety and anger in response to standard environmental stressors or during daily life. Finally, behavioral lifestyle factors and interpersonal behaviors associated with risk for high blood pressure are also considered.Less
This chapter examines how environmental stressors lead to essential hypertension via the acute stress response. It focuses on research examining the physiological responses of heart rate and blood pressure reactions to stress. The chapter examines the measurement of acute stress responses such as anxiety and anger in response to standard environmental stressors or during daily life. Finally, behavioral lifestyle factors and interpersonal behaviors associated with risk for high blood pressure are also considered.
Roberto J. Rona and Susan Chinn
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192629197
- eISBN:
- 9780191723612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629197.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter assessed blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and physical fitness in classes in which the majority of the children were nine years old. Approximately 9% of the children had a cholesterol ...
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This chapter assessed blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and physical fitness in classes in which the majority of the children were nine years old. Approximately 9% of the children had a cholesterol level of 5.2 mmol/l or more, which is considered high. The sum of four skinfolds was positively associated with cholesterol. Sibship number and child's height were negatively associated with cholesterol. There was heterogeneity in the mean cholesterol level between ethnic groups. Height and weight-for-height were positively associated with systolic blood pressure. The chapter also found a small positive association between birthweight and blood pressure, but a negative association with length of gestation. Total skinfold thickness was negatively associated with physical fitness. Many children from the Indian subcontinent had difficulty finishing the six minute test and their performance was the poorest. Adiposity was consistently associated with coronary heart disease risk factors, confirming that obesity is an important indicator to monitor.Less
This chapter assessed blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and physical fitness in classes in which the majority of the children were nine years old. Approximately 9% of the children had a cholesterol level of 5.2 mmol/l or more, which is considered high. The sum of four skinfolds was positively associated with cholesterol. Sibship number and child's height were negatively associated with cholesterol. There was heterogeneity in the mean cholesterol level between ethnic groups. Height and weight-for-height were positively associated with systolic blood pressure. The chapter also found a small positive association between birthweight and blood pressure, but a negative association with length of gestation. Total skinfold thickness was negatively associated with physical fitness. Many children from the Indian subcontinent had difficulty finishing the six minute test and their performance was the poorest. Adiposity was consistently associated with coronary heart disease risk factors, confirming that obesity is an important indicator to monitor.
Debbie A Lawlor and Rebecca Hardy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199656516
- eISBN:
- 9780191748042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656516.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis, which ultimately leads to cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood and young adulthood. This chapter describes the life course trajectories in ...
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The pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis, which ultimately leads to cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood and young adulthood. This chapter describes the life course trajectories in blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, and non-invasive assessments of vascular structure and function and, explores differences between males and females and by ethnic group. It reviews evidence regarding the associations of pre-adult risk factors with these trajectories, explores whether puberty, pregnancy, and the perimenopause are key periods when the trajectories show distinct changes, and describes how changes in the trajectories relate to cardiovascular disease. Higher blood pressure, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose in adolescence and early adulthood are associated with adverse cardiometabolic events in older age. Despite cohort studies in children and adults often repeatedly measuring cardiometabolic markers, few have appropriately modelled change with age in relation to risk factors, or explored how different patterns of change relate to future disease risk.Less
The pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis, which ultimately leads to cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood and young adulthood. This chapter describes the life course trajectories in blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, and non-invasive assessments of vascular structure and function and, explores differences between males and females and by ethnic group. It reviews evidence regarding the associations of pre-adult risk factors with these trajectories, explores whether puberty, pregnancy, and the perimenopause are key periods when the trajectories show distinct changes, and describes how changes in the trajectories relate to cardiovascular disease. Higher blood pressure, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose in adolescence and early adulthood are associated with adverse cardiometabolic events in older age. Despite cohort studies in children and adults often repeatedly measuring cardiometabolic markers, few have appropriately modelled change with age in relation to risk factors, or explored how different patterns of change relate to future disease risk.
Steve Selvin
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195146189
- eISBN:
- 9780199864720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146189.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents a two-part study. The first part examines the regression to the mean incurred in measuring and remeasuring systolic blood pressure on the same individual. The second part ...
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This chapter presents a two-part study. The first part examines the regression to the mean incurred in measuring and remeasuring systolic blood pressure on the same individual. The second part evaluates an experimental diet thought to decrease the severity of benign breast disease when the results are biased by misclassification of individuals assigned to treatment and control groups. The analysis of the repeated blood pressure measurements shows substantial regression to the mean. Necessarily, an intraclass correlation coefficient indicates the same magnitude of regression to the mean. Specifically, the estimated slope is 0.769 from the regression analysis of the first and second blood pressure measurements, and the estimated intraclass correlation coefficient is 0.816. The clinical trial to evaluate the influence of a methylxanthine-free diet on the signs of benign breast disease produces no strong evidence that the diet is effective. The analysis comparing the intend-to-treat individuals yields an odd ratio of 1.420. This odds ratio, however, is reduced by considerable misclassification bias.Less
This chapter presents a two-part study. The first part examines the regression to the mean incurred in measuring and remeasuring systolic blood pressure on the same individual. The second part evaluates an experimental diet thought to decrease the severity of benign breast disease when the results are biased by misclassification of individuals assigned to treatment and control groups. The analysis of the repeated blood pressure measurements shows substantial regression to the mean. Necessarily, an intraclass correlation coefficient indicates the same magnitude of regression to the mean. Specifically, the estimated slope is 0.769 from the regression analysis of the first and second blood pressure measurements, and the estimated intraclass correlation coefficient is 0.816. The clinical trial to evaluate the influence of a methylxanthine-free diet on the signs of benign breast disease produces no strong evidence that the diet is effective. The analysis comparing the intend-to-treat individuals yields an odd ratio of 1.420. This odds ratio, however, is reduced by considerable misclassification bias.
J. G. van der Bom and D. E. Grobbee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0036
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses atherosclerosis and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. It considers findings from studies on serum cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, and type 2 ...
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This chapter discusses atherosclerosis and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. It considers findings from studies on serum cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also discusses some of the risk factors that are an expression of damage already present in the heart and arteries: electrocardiogram (ECG) deviations, left ventricular hypertrophy, and changes in the wall of the (carotid) arteries.Less
This chapter discusses atherosclerosis and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. It considers findings from studies on serum cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also discusses some of the risk factors that are an expression of damage already present in the heart and arteries: electrocardiogram (ECG) deviations, left ventricular hypertrophy, and changes in the wall of the (carotid) arteries.
Kevin T. Larkin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300106442
- eISBN:
- 9780300128864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300106442.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
Franklin, an African American firefighter, sustained third-degree burns on his left arm and hand when he attempted to free a child from a burning vehicle without success. Months following this ...
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Franklin, an African American firefighter, sustained third-degree burns on his left arm and hand when he attempted to free a child from a burning vehicle without success. Months following this incident, Franklin was diagnosed with hypertension and his physician prescribed an antihypertensive medication to lower it. However, Franklin took the medication only if he encountered a particularly stressful period on the job or at home. Like Franklin, millions of people worldwide do not really have a comprehensive understanding of their diagnosis of hypertension. Most people believe that stress is the reason their blood pressure is high, so they choose to discontinue treatment during less stressful periods. This book aims to provide an understanding of hypertension and its complex relationship with stress. It examines the body of empirical evidence testing the assumption that stress is associated with the onset and maintenance of essential hypertension.Less
Franklin, an African American firefighter, sustained third-degree burns on his left arm and hand when he attempted to free a child from a burning vehicle without success. Months following this incident, Franklin was diagnosed with hypertension and his physician prescribed an antihypertensive medication to lower it. However, Franklin took the medication only if he encountered a particularly stressful period on the job or at home. Like Franklin, millions of people worldwide do not really have a comprehensive understanding of their diagnosis of hypertension. Most people believe that stress is the reason their blood pressure is high, so they choose to discontinue treatment during less stressful periods. This book aims to provide an understanding of hypertension and its complex relationship with stress. It examines the body of empirical evidence testing the assumption that stress is associated with the onset and maintenance of essential hypertension.
Kevin T. Larkin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300106442
- eISBN:
- 9780300128864
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300106442.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
Does living a stress-filled life lead to elevated blood pressure? And if so, do strategies to manage better stress effectively lower blood pressure? This book examines more than a half-century of ...
More
Does living a stress-filled life lead to elevated blood pressure? And if so, do strategies to manage better stress effectively lower blood pressure? This book examines more than a half-century of empirical evidence obtained to test the common assumption that stress is associated with the onset and maintenance of essential hypertension (high blood pressure). While the research confirms that stress does play a role in the exacerbation of essential hypertension, numerous other factors must also be considered, among them obesity, exercise, and smoking, as well as demographic, constitutional, and psychological concerns. The book discusses the effectiveness of strategies developed to manage stress and thereby lower blood pressure, and concludes with suggestions and directions for further study.Less
Does living a stress-filled life lead to elevated blood pressure? And if so, do strategies to manage better stress effectively lower blood pressure? This book examines more than a half-century of empirical evidence obtained to test the common assumption that stress is associated with the onset and maintenance of essential hypertension (high blood pressure). While the research confirms that stress does play a role in the exacerbation of essential hypertension, numerous other factors must also be considered, among them obesity, exercise, and smoking, as well as demographic, constitutional, and psychological concerns. The book discusses the effectiveness of strategies developed to manage stress and thereby lower blood pressure, and concludes with suggestions and directions for further study.
