Robert R. Bianchi
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195171075
- eISBN:
- 9780199835102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195171071.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
The hajj has always had far-reaching political ramifications, but today, after a half century of sponsorship and regulation by governments around the world, it is more politicized than ever. In most ...
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The hajj has always had far-reaching political ramifications, but today, after a half century of sponsorship and regulation by governments around the world, it is more politicized than ever. In most countries, hajj administration is tainted with favoritism and corruption. All the major pilgrimage programs are explicitly tailored to benefit voting blocks and businesses at home while cultivating prestige and influence abroad. Frequently, pilgrim management is so politicized it subverts the central values of the hajj. Instead of promoting unity and equality, it divides Muslims along every conceivable line–ethnicity, language, class, party, region, sect, gender, and age.Less
The hajj has always had far-reaching political ramifications, but today, after a half century of sponsorship and regulation by governments around the world, it is more politicized than ever. In most countries, hajj administration is tainted with favoritism and corruption. All the major pilgrimage programs are explicitly tailored to benefit voting blocks and businesses at home while cultivating prestige and influence abroad. Frequently, pilgrim management is so politicized it subverts the central values of the hajj. Instead of promoting unity and equality, it divides Muslims along every conceivable line–ethnicity, language, class, party, region, sect, gender, and age.
Debraj Ray
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199207954
- eISBN:
- 9780191709104
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207954.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The formation of coalitions to achieve both collaborative and competitive goals is a phenomenon we see all around us. The list of examples of this phenomenon is long and varied: production cartels, ...
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The formation of coalitions to achieve both collaborative and competitive goals is a phenomenon we see all around us. The list of examples of this phenomenon is long and varied: production cartels, political lobbies, customs unions, environmental coalitions, and ethnic alliances are just a few everyday instances. This book looks at coalition formation from the perspective of game theory. How are agreements determined? Which coalitions will form? And are such agreements invariably efficient from a social perspective? The book brings together developments in both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to study the analytics of coalition formation and binding agreements. It concentrates on pure theory, but discusses several potential applications, such as oligopoly and the provision of public goods.Less
The formation of coalitions to achieve both collaborative and competitive goals is a phenomenon we see all around us. The list of examples of this phenomenon is long and varied: production cartels, political lobbies, customs unions, environmental coalitions, and ethnic alliances are just a few everyday instances. This book looks at coalition formation from the perspective of game theory. How are agreements determined? Which coalitions will form? And are such agreements invariably efficient from a social perspective? The book brings together developments in both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to study the analytics of coalition formation and binding agreements. It concentrates on pure theory, but discusses several potential applications, such as oligopoly and the provision of public goods.
David M. Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590612
- eISBN:
- 9780191723391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590612.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Truthmaker and other arguments are presented to show the implausibility, at least, of Presentism (only the present exists) and the more plausible Growing Block theory (the past exists but not the ...
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Truthmaker and other arguments are presented to show the implausibility, at least, of Presentism (only the present exists) and the more plausible Growing Block theory (the past exists but not the future). Omnitemporalism (all times exist) is the theory that goes naturally with truthmaker Maximalism. The animal need to ‘live in the present’ may explain the psychological attractiveness of Presentism, and the lack of secure knowledge of the future, an epistemological lack, may bolster Growing block views.Less
Truthmaker and other arguments are presented to show the implausibility, at least, of Presentism (only the present exists) and the more plausible Growing Block theory (the past exists but not the future). Omnitemporalism (all times exist) is the theory that goes naturally with truthmaker Maximalism. The animal need to ‘live in the present’ may explain the psychological attractiveness of Presentism, and the lack of secure knowledge of the future, an epistemological lack, may bolster Growing block views.
Iain Mclean and Alistair McMillan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199258208
- eISBN:
- 9780191603334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258201.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
In both the 1707 and 1800 Unions, a poor country was joined to a rich one, therefore the tax potential per head in the expanded Union declined. However, until the 1880s, governments spent money ...
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In both the 1707 and 1800 Unions, a poor country was joined to a rich one, therefore the tax potential per head in the expanded Union declined. However, until the 1880s, governments spent money mostly on public goods, which did not raise the issue that taxes were raised in rich areas and spent in poor ones. Distributive politics of this sort began when governments started to spend money on schools and crofters — the 1870s and 1880s. The first public spending formula for the territories is due to Chancellor George Goschen in 1888. The formula that is current (although under great strain) was devised by Chief Secretary Joel Barnett and his officials in 1978.Less
In both the 1707 and 1800 Unions, a poor country was joined to a rich one, therefore the tax potential per head in the expanded Union declined. However, until the 1880s, governments spent money mostly on public goods, which did not raise the issue that taxes were raised in rich areas and spent in poor ones. Distributive politics of this sort began when governments started to spend money on schools and crofters — the 1870s and 1880s. The first public spending formula for the territories is due to Chancellor George Goschen in 1888. The formula that is current (although under great strain) was devised by Chief Secretary Joel Barnett and his officials in 1978.
Charles Tilly and Lesley J. Wood
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199251780
- eISBN:
- 9780191599057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251789.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Combines network analysis and historical sociology to chart significant changes in patterns of social conflict (in particular, relationships of attack and claim making) among different social groups, ...
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Combines network analysis and historical sociology to chart significant changes in patterns of social conflict (in particular, relationships of attack and claim making) among different social groups, including royalty, parliament, local and national officials, trade, and workers, in Britain in the early nineteenth century. Building block models based on the intersection of actors and events, the authors map networks of contention in national politics before and after the passing of the 1832 Reform Act, which increased the centrality of parliament in British politics. They highlight the process by which people, through collective action, not only create new forms of political repertoires but also forge relations to other actors, both at the local and the national level.Less
Combines network analysis and historical sociology to chart significant changes in patterns of social conflict (in particular, relationships of attack and claim making) among different social groups, including royalty, parliament, local and national officials, trade, and workers, in Britain in the early nineteenth century. Building block models based on the intersection of actors and events, the authors map networks of contention in national politics before and after the passing of the 1832 Reform Act, which increased the centrality of parliament in British politics. They highlight the process by which people, through collective action, not only create new forms of political repertoires but also forge relations to other actors, both at the local and the national level.
Jeffrey Broadbent
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199251780
- eISBN:
- 9780191599057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251789.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Presents a case for a network version of the concept of political opportunity structure, focusing on environmental movement activity in eight communities in Japan. Embeddedness in specific networks ...
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Presents a case for a network version of the concept of political opportunity structure, focusing on environmental movement activity in eight communities in Japan. Embeddedness in specific networks shapes political action much more strongly in densely knit societies like Japan than in Western, individualistic societies; in Japan, networks operate mostly in terms of block recruitment rather than individual recruitment, and this holds for both movements and local elites. In particular, vertical ties between elites and citizen strongly shape local political opportunities: it is the presence of ‘breakaway bosses’ (i.e. local leaders who take the protesters’ side) to prove the strongest predictor of success for collective action. The chapter also presents a distinctive theoretical framework, Integrative Structurational Analysis, to link structure and agency.Less
Presents a case for a network version of the concept of political opportunity structure, focusing on environmental movement activity in eight communities in Japan. Embeddedness in specific networks shapes political action much more strongly in densely knit societies like Japan than in Western, individualistic societies; in Japan, networks operate mostly in terms of block recruitment rather than individual recruitment, and this holds for both movements and local elites. In particular, vertical ties between elites and citizen strongly shape local political opportunities: it is the presence of ‘breakaway bosses’ (i.e. local leaders who take the protesters’ side) to prove the strongest predictor of success for collective action. The chapter also presents a distinctive theoretical framework, Integrative Structurational Analysis, to link structure and agency.
Judith Andre
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280088
- eISBN:
- 9780191599927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280084.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Judith Andre examines the issue of the scope of the market. She offers a framework for thinking about the issue of blocked exchanges that draws upon concepts of ownership, alienation, and the impact ...
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Judith Andre examines the issue of the scope of the market. She offers a framework for thinking about the issue of blocked exchanges that draws upon concepts of ownership, alienation, and the impact of the market on exchanges, interactions, and market participants. She shows where Michael Walzer's notion of dominance fits into her wider taxonomy of the limits of the market.Less
Judith Andre examines the issue of the scope of the market. She offers a framework for thinking about the issue of blocked exchanges that draws upon concepts of ownership, alienation, and the impact of the market on exchanges, interactions, and market participants. She shows where Michael Walzer's notion of dominance fits into her wider taxonomy of the limits of the market.
Roderick Martin, Peter D. Casson, and Tahir M. Nisar
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199202607
- eISBN:
- 9780191707896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202607.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
Different types of institutional investors have different propensities to engage, influenced by the regulatory environment, the size and distribution of their portfolios, their time horizons, and the ...
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Different types of institutional investors have different propensities to engage, influenced by the regulatory environment, the size and distribution of their portfolios, their time horizons, and the financial incentives of fund managers, as well as by corporate performance. The chapter identifies the costs and benefits of engagement. USS Limited is examined as a case study of a major pension fund, with an articulated investment philosophy.Less
Different types of institutional investors have different propensities to engage, influenced by the regulatory environment, the size and distribution of their portfolios, their time horizons, and the financial incentives of fund managers, as well as by corporate performance. The chapter identifies the costs and benefits of engagement. USS Limited is examined as a case study of a major pension fund, with an articulated investment philosophy.
Roderick Martin, Peter D. Casson, and Tahir M. Nisar
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199202607
- eISBN:
- 9780191707896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202607.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
International convergence has been identified as a recent trend in corporate governance. However, current trends in German corporate governance point to an enhanced stakeholder form of corporate ...
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International convergence has been identified as a recent trend in corporate governance. However, current trends in German corporate governance point to an enhanced stakeholder form of corporate governance, rather than to shareholder value. The continuing strength of employee representation on supervisory boards and other factors colour the interpretation of shareholder value, even in companies regarded as shareholder-oriented. The case of The Bayer Group — one of the exemplars of shareholder value in Germany — illustrates both this continuity and change. The chapter concludes by arguing that the adoption of shareholder value depends upon institutional complementarity between specific corporate governance arrangements and the wider business system of which they are a part.Less
International convergence has been identified as a recent trend in corporate governance. However, current trends in German corporate governance point to an enhanced stakeholder form of corporate governance, rather than to shareholder value. The continuing strength of employee representation on supervisory boards and other factors colour the interpretation of shareholder value, even in companies regarded as shareholder-oriented. The case of The Bayer Group — one of the exemplars of shareholder value in Germany — illustrates both this continuity and change. The chapter concludes by arguing that the adoption of shareholder value depends upon institutional complementarity between specific corporate governance arrangements and the wider business system of which they are a part.
Darui Long
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171601
- eISBN:
- 9780231540193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171601.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Chapter 7 deals with the issues involved in the construction of the Chinese Buddhist canon, including fund-raising, collecting and collating works, copying, proofreading, carving, printing, and ...
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Chapter 7 deals with the issues involved in the construction of the Chinese Buddhist canon, including fund-raising, collecting and collating works, copying, proofreading, carving, printing, and distributing the copies in the late imperial China.Less
Chapter 7 deals with the issues involved in the construction of the Chinese Buddhist canon, including fund-raising, collecting and collating works, copying, proofreading, carving, printing, and distributing the copies in the late imperial China.
Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569350
- eISBN:
- 9780191717512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569350.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
The same principles that apply to the design of experiments also apply to the design of an observational study, but instead of manipulating the animals, the observer controls the way he or she takes ...
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The same principles that apply to the design of experiments also apply to the design of an observational study, but instead of manipulating the animals, the observer controls the way he or she takes observations. The three principles are: independent replication; not confounding variables; and removing known sources of variation by blocking or matching. The chapter shows how these three principles can be applied to the design of observations, and discusses issues that often get in the way of valid designs such as pseudoreplication, experimenter bias, and choice of which animals to observe. Some simple observational designs are introduced.Less
The same principles that apply to the design of experiments also apply to the design of an observational study, but instead of manipulating the animals, the observer controls the way he or she takes observations. The three principles are: independent replication; not confounding variables; and removing known sources of variation by blocking or matching. The chapter shows how these three principles can be applied to the design of observations, and discusses issues that often get in the way of valid designs such as pseudoreplication, experimenter bias, and choice of which animals to observe. Some simple observational designs are introduced.
Deborah Beth Creamer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369151
- eISBN:
- 9780199871193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369151.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Religion and Society
This chapter explores some of the justice concerns raised by attention to disability, and demonstrates parallels between this lens and the commitments of various liberation theologies. It explores ...
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This chapter explores some of the justice concerns raised by attention to disability, and demonstrates parallels between this lens and the commitments of various liberation theologies. It explores barriers of architecture and attitude that limit access to religious participation by people with disabilities. It argues that it is essential that we look not only at institutional and individual discrimination, but also at the religious values, ideas, and images that permeate societal webs of meaning. Three existing proposals for a liberation theology of disability are described: the Accessible God, proposed by Jennie Weiss Block; the Interdependent God, proposed by Kathy Black; and the Disabled God, proposed by Nancy Eiesland. As with other liberation theologies, they each propose a preferential option for the marginalized, imaging God in ways that show God's commitments to access, inclusion, and justice.Less
This chapter explores some of the justice concerns raised by attention to disability, and demonstrates parallels between this lens and the commitments of various liberation theologies. It explores barriers of architecture and attitude that limit access to religious participation by people with disabilities. It argues that it is essential that we look not only at institutional and individual discrimination, but also at the religious values, ideas, and images that permeate societal webs of meaning. Three existing proposals for a liberation theology of disability are described: the Accessible God, proposed by Jennie Weiss Block; the Interdependent God, proposed by Kathy Black; and the Disabled God, proposed by Nancy Eiesland. As with other liberation theologies, they each propose a preferential option for the marginalized, imaging God in ways that show God's commitments to access, inclusion, and justice.
Fiona Hicks and Karen H Simpson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198527039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730283
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527039.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces ...
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In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces unacceptable side effects, and other more invasive interventions may be used. This book provides guidelines on nerve blocking and neuromodulation techniques to help patients and professionals make choices in pain management. Patient selection and appropriate referral are discussed as well as ethical issues and consent. The book outlines the full range of techniques considered to provide excellent care for patients with pain that is difficult to manage and will be a source of information for a variety of professionals working with patients with advanced disease, including palliative care doctors and specialist nurses.Less
In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces unacceptable side effects, and other more invasive interventions may be used. This book provides guidelines on nerve blocking and neuromodulation techniques to help patients and professionals make choices in pain management. Patient selection and appropriate referral are discussed as well as ethical issues and consent. The book outlines the full range of techniques considered to provide excellent care for patients with pain that is difficult to manage and will be a source of information for a variety of professionals working with patients with advanced disease, including palliative care doctors and specialist nurses.
D. A. Bini, G. Latouche, and B. Meini
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527688
- eISBN:
- 9780191713286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527688.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter is concerned with infinite block Toeplitz matrices, their relationships with matrix power series and matrix Laurent power series, and the fundamental problem of solving matrix equations ...
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This chapter is concerned with infinite block Toeplitz matrices, their relationships with matrix power series and matrix Laurent power series, and the fundamental problem of solving matrix equations and computing canonical factorizations. It introduces the concept of a Wiener algebra and provides a natural theoretical framework where the convergence properties of algorithms for solving Markov chains can easily be proved. Furthermore, the notion of canonical factorization provides a powerful tool for solving infinite linear systems, such as the fundamental system involving the stationary probability distribution of structured Markov chains.Less
This chapter is concerned with infinite block Toeplitz matrices, their relationships with matrix power series and matrix Laurent power series, and the fundamental problem of solving matrix equations and computing canonical factorizations. It introduces the concept of a Wiener algebra and provides a natural theoretical framework where the convergence properties of algorithms for solving Markov chains can easily be proved. Furthermore, the notion of canonical factorization provides a powerful tool for solving infinite linear systems, such as the fundamental system involving the stationary probability distribution of structured Markov chains.
Barbara Landau, Kirsten O'hearn, and James E. Hoffman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199553242
- eISBN:
- 9780191720444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553242.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter examines the role of embodiment in the development of spatial cognition. Using evidence from normally developing children and individuals with Williams syndrome—a rare genetic deficit ...
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This chapter examines the role of embodiment in the development of spatial cognition. Using evidence from normally developing children and individuals with Williams syndrome—a rare genetic deficit leading to severe spatial impairment—we argue that, although interactions between the body and world play an interesting role in the development and use of rich spatial representations of the world, these interactions by themselves cannot be a substitute for abstract representations. Indeed, we will argue that real advances in developing spatial cognitive functions require that people become untethered from the physical world—capable of thought that goes beyond our current connections with the world. This kind of thought requires spatial representations that are rich, robust, and amenable to mental manipulation.Less
This chapter examines the role of embodiment in the development of spatial cognition. Using evidence from normally developing children and individuals with Williams syndrome—a rare genetic deficit leading to severe spatial impairment—we argue that, although interactions between the body and world play an interesting role in the development and use of rich spatial representations of the world, these interactions by themselves cannot be a substitute for abstract representations. Indeed, we will argue that real advances in developing spatial cognitive functions require that people become untethered from the physical world—capable of thought that goes beyond our current connections with the world. This kind of thought requires spatial representations that are rich, robust, and amenable to mental manipulation.
Rob H. Bisseling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529392
- eISBN:
- 9780191712869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529392.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter is a self-contained tutorial which discusses how to get started quickly with parallel programming and how to design and implement algorithms in a structured way using supersteps. It ...
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This chapter is a self-contained tutorial which discusses how to get started quickly with parallel programming and how to design and implement algorithms in a structured way using supersteps. It introduces a simple target architecture for designing parallel algorithms, the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) computer. Using the computation of the inner product of two vectors as an example, the chapter shows how an algorithm is designed hand in hand with its cost analysis. The algorithm is implemented in a short program that demonstrates the most important primitives of the communication library BSPlib. Furthermore, a benchmarking program is given for measuring the BSP parameters of a parallel computer. The BSP computer has distributed memory. The fundamental question of choosing a suitable data distribution for a given problem is discussed using the block and cyclic distributions as an example.Less
This chapter is a self-contained tutorial which discusses how to get started quickly with parallel programming and how to design and implement algorithms in a structured way using supersteps. It introduces a simple target architecture for designing parallel algorithms, the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) computer. Using the computation of the inner product of two vectors as an example, the chapter shows how an algorithm is designed hand in hand with its cost analysis. The algorithm is implemented in a short program that demonstrates the most important primitives of the communication library BSPlib. Furthermore, a benchmarking program is given for measuring the BSP parameters of a parallel computer. The BSP computer has distributed memory. The fundamental question of choosing a suitable data distribution for a given problem is discussed using the block and cyclic distributions as an example.
Rob H. Bisseling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529392
- eISBN:
- 9780191712869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529392.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter demonstrates the use of different data distributions in different phases of a computation: both the block and cyclic distributions of a vector are used and the intermediates between ...
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This chapter demonstrates the use of different data distributions in different phases of a computation: both the block and cyclic distributions of a vector are used and the intermediates between them. Each data redistribution is a permutation that requires communication. By making careful choices, the number of such redistributions is kept to a minimum. This approach is demonstrated for the fast Fourier transform (FFT), a regular computation with a predictable but challenging data access pattern. The chapter shows how permutations with a regular pattern can be implemented more efficiently by packing the data. It discusses how to present the results of numerical experiments in a meaningful manner using the metrics of speedup and efficiency.Less
This chapter demonstrates the use of different data distributions in different phases of a computation: both the block and cyclic distributions of a vector are used and the intermediates between them. Each data redistribution is a permutation that requires communication. By making careful choices, the number of such redistributions is kept to a minimum. This approach is demonstrated for the fast Fourier transform (FFT), a regular computation with a predictable but challenging data access pattern. The chapter shows how permutations with a regular pattern can be implemented more efficiently by packing the data. It discusses how to present the results of numerical experiments in a meaningful manner using the metrics of speedup and efficiency.
Sylvie Benzoni-Gavage and Denis Serre
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211234
- eISBN:
- 9780191705700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211234.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter considers constantly hyperbolic operators. It proves the so-called ‘block structure’ due to Kreiss in the strictly hyperbolic case, and to Métivier in the general case. It then ...
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This chapter considers constantly hyperbolic operators. It proves the so-called ‘block structure’ due to Kreiss in the strictly hyperbolic case, and to Métivier in the general case. It then constructs in detail the dissipative boundary symmetrizer to pass to variable coefficients. An important issue is to ensure smooth dependence on parameters.Less
This chapter considers constantly hyperbolic operators. It proves the so-called ‘block structure’ due to Kreiss in the strictly hyperbolic case, and to Métivier in the general case. It then constructs in detail the dissipative boundary symmetrizer to pass to variable coefficients. An important issue is to ensure smooth dependence on parameters.
Adele Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199268511
- eISBN:
- 9780191708428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268511.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
Children are not strictly conservative, producing only what they have heard, and yet they are not reliably corrected when they produce overgeneralizations. How can children retreat from or avoid ...
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Children are not strictly conservative, producing only what they have heard, and yet they are not reliably corrected when they produce overgeneralizations. How can children retreat from or avoid overgeneralizations? As many have noted, the most obvious possible explanations, including a reliance on overt corrections or corrective repetitions, are not viable. Two factors are argued to play a central role: statistical preemption or repeatedly witnessing a word in a competing pattern, and a pattern's degree of openness: the variability of the items that occur in a given pattern.Less
Children are not strictly conservative, producing only what they have heard, and yet they are not reliably corrected when they produce overgeneralizations. How can children retreat from or avoid overgeneralizations? As many have noted, the most obvious possible explanations, including a reliance on overt corrections or corrective repetitions, are not viable. Two factors are argued to play a central role: statistical preemption or repeatedly witnessing a word in a competing pattern, and a pattern's degree of openness: the variability of the items that occur in a given pattern.
Malanima Paolo, Astrid Kander, and Paul Warde
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143620
- eISBN:
- 9781400848881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143620.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter examines the role of energy in the economic growth of twentieth-century Europe. It considers the interrelationships of factors of production in order to identify the general features of ...
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This chapter examines the role of energy in the economic growth of twentieth-century Europe. It considers the interrelationships of factors of production in order to identify the general features of a shared experience of growth, rather than to illuminate the local differences. The chapter first explains how development blocks contributed to GDP growth before discussing seven long-run propositions, including the strong growth of capital stock and catch-up with the leader of capital–GDP ratios; machinery increased more than GDP, labor, and other capital; and falling and converging energy intensity in the twentieth century. The chapter concludes with an overview of the link between energy intensity and economic structure. It argues that it was the third industrial revolution that was behind most of the increasing economic efficiency of energy consumption after the 1970s.Less
This chapter examines the role of energy in the economic growth of twentieth-century Europe. It considers the interrelationships of factors of production in order to identify the general features of a shared experience of growth, rather than to illuminate the local differences. The chapter first explains how development blocks contributed to GDP growth before discussing seven long-run propositions, including the strong growth of capital stock and catch-up with the leader of capital–GDP ratios; machinery increased more than GDP, labor, and other capital; and falling and converging energy intensity in the twentieth century. The chapter concludes with an overview of the link between energy intensity and economic structure. It argues that it was the third industrial revolution that was behind most of the increasing economic efficiency of energy consumption after the 1970s.
