Mary McAuley
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198219828
- eISBN:
- 9780191678387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219828.003.0022
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The seventy years that followed the ending of the civil war were no less eventful than those of revolution and the establishment of Bolshevik rule. The city became a melting pot of new and old, a ...
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The seventy years that followed the ending of the civil war were no less eventful than those of revolution and the establishment of Bolshevik rule. The city became a melting pot of new and old, a magnet for rural and provincial youth seeking education and work, and a last retreat for the old intelligentsia. The painful rebuilding under the New Economic Plan was followed by the extravagant overcrowding of the first five-year plan; after Kirov's assassination in 1934 came the purges, then starvation, and the quiet death of the city during the German blockade.Less
The seventy years that followed the ending of the civil war were no less eventful than those of revolution and the establishment of Bolshevik rule. The city became a melting pot of new and old, a magnet for rural and provincial youth seeking education and work, and a last retreat for the old intelligentsia. The painful rebuilding under the New Economic Plan was followed by the extravagant overcrowding of the first five-year plan; after Kirov's assassination in 1934 came the purges, then starvation, and the quiet death of the city during the German blockade.
William R. Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387285
- eISBN:
- 9780199775774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387285.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter illustrates what Charles Town was like in the wake of Jeremiah's execution. Lord Campbell, fearing for his life, was forced to abandon his post and abscond to a dilapidated sloop in the ...
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This chapter illustrates what Charles Town was like in the wake of Jeremiah's execution. Lord Campbell, fearing for his life, was forced to abandon his post and abscond to a dilapidated sloop in the harbor. This was a crucial moment, marking the official end of royal government in South Carolina. In that instant, Campbell had officially joined the ranks of other royal governors who had abandoned their capitals earlier that summer, including Lord Dunmore of Virginia, who had taken refuge aboard the HMS Fowey on Thursday, June 8, and North Carolina's Josiah Martin, who had escaped to the HMS Cruizer on Saturday, July 15. Patriots, quick to interpret Campbell's move, likened the governor's actions to those of King James II, who had fled in 1689 with the Great Seal of England. James II had long symbolized weak and unfit rule and was regarded as a traitor in the eyes of Whigs—who took delight in the fact that he pusillanimously “abdicated” the British throne to William of Orange. Campbell was now in a precarious position. His decaying vessel, along with the Cherokee and the Swallow packet, represented the last vestiges of the king's authority in the province.Less
This chapter illustrates what Charles Town was like in the wake of Jeremiah's execution. Lord Campbell, fearing for his life, was forced to abandon his post and abscond to a dilapidated sloop in the harbor. This was a crucial moment, marking the official end of royal government in South Carolina. In that instant, Campbell had officially joined the ranks of other royal governors who had abandoned their capitals earlier that summer, including Lord Dunmore of Virginia, who had taken refuge aboard the HMS Fowey on Thursday, June 8, and North Carolina's Josiah Martin, who had escaped to the HMS Cruizer on Saturday, July 15. Patriots, quick to interpret Campbell's move, likened the governor's actions to those of King James II, who had fled in 1689 with the Great Seal of England. James II had long symbolized weak and unfit rule and was regarded as a traitor in the eyes of Whigs—who took delight in the fact that he pusillanimously “abdicated” the British throne to William of Orange. Campbell was now in a precarious position. His decaying vessel, along with the Cherokee and the Swallow packet, represented the last vestiges of the king's authority in the province.
William R. Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387285
- eISBN:
- 9780199775774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387285.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter deals with the rise of the radical Whig faction and how they, under the leadership of William Henry Drayton, antagonized the governor by trying to blockade the port, thus precipitating ...
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This chapter deals with the rise of the radical Whig faction and how they, under the leadership of William Henry Drayton, antagonized the governor by trying to blockade the port, thus precipitating the opening shots of the war in South Carolina. Moreover, this chapter demonstrates how tenuous the position of the Whigs was and how they simultaneously attempted to pacify insurgent white settlers and hostile Cherokee Indians in the backcountry. As the chapter title suggests, it deals with the volatile geopolitics of Revolutionary South Carolina, as well as the regional and class divisions that plagued the province during the fall and winter of 1775.Less
This chapter deals with the rise of the radical Whig faction and how they, under the leadership of William Henry Drayton, antagonized the governor by trying to blockade the port, thus precipitating the opening shots of the war in South Carolina. Moreover, this chapter demonstrates how tenuous the position of the Whigs was and how they simultaneously attempted to pacify insurgent white settlers and hostile Cherokee Indians in the backcountry. As the chapter title suggests, it deals with the volatile geopolitics of Revolutionary South Carolina, as well as the regional and class divisions that plagued the province during the fall and winter of 1775.
Paul C. Avey
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501740381
- eISBN:
- 9781501740398
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501740381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Why would countries without nuclear weapons even think about fighting nuclear-armed opponents? A simple answer is that no one believes nuclear weapons will be used. But that answer fails to consider ...
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Why would countries without nuclear weapons even think about fighting nuclear-armed opponents? A simple answer is that no one believes nuclear weapons will be used. But that answer fails to consider why nonnuclear state leaders would believe that in the first place. This book argues that the costs and benefits of using nuclear weapons create openings that weak nonnuclear actors can exploit. It uses four case studies to show the key strategies available to nonnuclear states: Iraqi decision-making under Saddam Hussein in confrontations with the United States; Egyptian leaders' thinking about the Israeli nuclear arsenal during wars in 1969–70 and 1973; Chinese confrontations with the United States in 1950, 1954, and 1958; and a dispute that never escalated to war, the Soviet–United States tensions between 1946 and 1948 that culminated in the Berlin Blockade. Those strategies include limiting the scope of the conflict, holding chemical and biological weapons in reserve, seeking outside support, and leveraging international non-use norms. Counterintuitively, conventionally weak nonnuclear states are better positioned to pursue these strategies than strong ones, so that wars are unlikely when the nonnuclear state is powerful relative to its nuclear opponent. The book demonstrates clearly that nuclear weapons cast a definite but limited shadow, and while the world continues to face various nuclear challenges, understanding conflict in nuclear monopoly will remain a pressing concern for analysts and policymakers.Less
Why would countries without nuclear weapons even think about fighting nuclear-armed opponents? A simple answer is that no one believes nuclear weapons will be used. But that answer fails to consider why nonnuclear state leaders would believe that in the first place. This book argues that the costs and benefits of using nuclear weapons create openings that weak nonnuclear actors can exploit. It uses four case studies to show the key strategies available to nonnuclear states: Iraqi decision-making under Saddam Hussein in confrontations with the United States; Egyptian leaders' thinking about the Israeli nuclear arsenal during wars in 1969–70 and 1973; Chinese confrontations with the United States in 1950, 1954, and 1958; and a dispute that never escalated to war, the Soviet–United States tensions between 1946 and 1948 that culminated in the Berlin Blockade. Those strategies include limiting the scope of the conflict, holding chemical and biological weapons in reserve, seeking outside support, and leveraging international non-use norms. Counterintuitively, conventionally weak nonnuclear states are better positioned to pursue these strategies than strong ones, so that wars are unlikely when the nonnuclear state is powerful relative to its nuclear opponent. The book demonstrates clearly that nuclear weapons cast a definite but limited shadow, and while the world continues to face various nuclear challenges, understanding conflict in nuclear monopoly will remain a pressing concern for analysts and policymakers.
F. Bermúdez-Rattoni
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198523475
- eISBN:
- 9780191712678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523475.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by ...
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Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by transplantation were less successful, probably because less HRP labelled cells regenerated in the Am than in the IC transplants. Recovery of CTA was absent after 15 days, poor after 30–45 days, and normal after 60 days following transplantation. Positive results were due to improved connectivity and to a higher content of trophic factors (NGF) and of acetyltransferase. In contrast, cholinergic blockade by scopolamine delayed the transplantation induced CTA recovery. Grafting fetal homotopic IC tissue allowed for a full recovery of the already learned CTA and learning CTA to novel taste. Grafting fetal occipital cortex into the lesioned IC allowed for recovery of the already established CTA but not any learning of new CTAs. This evidence indicates that the ‘reversibility’ of the ablation procedure is valid only when access to critical input and output centers remains preserved.Less
Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by transplantation were less successful, probably because less HRP labelled cells regenerated in the Am than in the IC transplants. Recovery of CTA was absent after 15 days, poor after 30–45 days, and normal after 60 days following transplantation. Positive results were due to improved connectivity and to a higher content of trophic factors (NGF) and of acetyltransferase. In contrast, cholinergic blockade by scopolamine delayed the transplantation induced CTA recovery. Grafting fetal homotopic IC tissue allowed for a full recovery of the already learned CTA and learning CTA to novel taste. Grafting fetal occipital cortex into the lesioned IC allowed for recovery of the already established CTA but not any learning of new CTAs. This evidence indicates that the ‘reversibility’ of the ablation procedure is valid only when access to critical input and output centers remains preserved.
Emily Van Buskirk
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691166797
- eISBN:
- 9781400873777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166797.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter treats Notes of a Blockade Person, a heterogeneous narrative in multiple parts that is not only Ginzburg's most important and famous “single” work, but also her most misinterpreted in ...
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This chapter treats Notes of a Blockade Person, a heterogeneous narrative in multiple parts that is not only Ginzburg's most important and famous “single” work, but also her most misinterpreted in terms of its genre—it is often taken for a diary or memoir. It conducts a detailed exploration of the layers of this palimpsest in order to identify more precisely the genre of Notes, an undertaking that crystallizes the central features of Ginzburg's writings as investigated throughout this book. Her techniques of self-distancing create a third-person narrative about a slightly generalized other, in a well-defined historical situation.Less
This chapter treats Notes of a Blockade Person, a heterogeneous narrative in multiple parts that is not only Ginzburg's most important and famous “single” work, but also her most misinterpreted in terms of its genre—it is often taken for a diary or memoir. It conducts a detailed exploration of the layers of this palimpsest in order to identify more precisely the genre of Notes, an undertaking that crystallizes the central features of Ginzburg's writings as investigated throughout this book. Her techniques of self-distancing create a third-person narrative about a slightly generalized other, in a well-defined historical situation.
Neville Wylie
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206903
- eISBN:
- 9780191717338
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206903.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, European Modern History
This is the first comprehensive study of British policy towards Switzerland during the Second World War. Switzerland occupied an ambiguous place in British belligerency. While epitomizing the kind of ...
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This is the first comprehensive study of British policy towards Switzerland during the Second World War. Switzerland occupied an ambiguous place in British belligerency. While epitomizing the kind of political values Britain claimed to uphold in declaring war against Nazi Germany in 1939, its inexorable drift into the Axis orbit after mid-1940 inevitably prevented British officials from isolating Anglo-Swiss relations from Britain's broader diplomatic and strategic objectives. The book situates British policy towards Switzerland within the history of the British blockade and financial warfare campaign, the Holocaust, Anglo-American relations, and the Allied strategic bombing offensive. It argues that Britain was more successful in benefiting from Swiss neutrality than has hitherto been assumed, especially in the acquisition of manufactured goods, secret intelligence and humanitarian services. London retained a stake in the maintenance of Swiss neutrality long after the severance of direct communications in June 1940. At base, however, British policy was shaped by a set of entrenched beliefs about Switzerland and Swiss neutrality that proved resistant to change, despite the growing evidence of Swiss-German economic and financial collaboration. British policy towards Switzerland rested on a view of Swiss neutrality that was forged as much from the preconceptions of British officials as from a dispassionate reading of Switzerland's place in the war.Less
This is the first comprehensive study of British policy towards Switzerland during the Second World War. Switzerland occupied an ambiguous place in British belligerency. While epitomizing the kind of political values Britain claimed to uphold in declaring war against Nazi Germany in 1939, its inexorable drift into the Axis orbit after mid-1940 inevitably prevented British officials from isolating Anglo-Swiss relations from Britain's broader diplomatic and strategic objectives. The book situates British policy towards Switzerland within the history of the British blockade and financial warfare campaign, the Holocaust, Anglo-American relations, and the Allied strategic bombing offensive. It argues that Britain was more successful in benefiting from Swiss neutrality than has hitherto been assumed, especially in the acquisition of manufactured goods, secret intelligence and humanitarian services. London retained a stake in the maintenance of Swiss neutrality long after the severance of direct communications in June 1940. At base, however, British policy was shaped by a set of entrenched beliefs about Switzerland and Swiss neutrality that proved resistant to change, despite the growing evidence of Swiss-German economic and financial collaboration. British policy towards Switzerland rested on a view of Swiss neutrality that was forged as much from the preconceptions of British officials as from a dispassionate reading of Switzerland's place in the war.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
This conclusion concludes that Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory exceeds and is much serious than his popular doctrines of ‘indirect approach’ and the ‘British way in warfare’. It is ...
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This conclusion concludes that Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory exceeds and is much serious than his popular doctrines of ‘indirect approach’ and the ‘British way in warfare’. It is concluded that his substantial contribution and claim for originality should be examined and understood in their historical context. As fundamental changes and paradigmatic shifts occur, new and significant intellectual constructions usually emerge when the prevailing ways of interpreting and coping with reality no longer suffice. In the West's most liberal and the increasing democratic societies such as the Britain and the United States, the growing negative reaction against the First World War is seen as a paradigmatic break. In these societies, leading sectors of public opinion and political elite see the major war which resulted to major loss of life and wealth as an increasingly unacceptable means. Instead, they called for a different set of strategic ideas wherein the force is applied in terms of economic sanctions, blockade and limited ‘surgical’ operations by highly mobile and technologically superior striking forces.Less
This conclusion concludes that Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory exceeds and is much serious than his popular doctrines of ‘indirect approach’ and the ‘British way in warfare’. It is concluded that his substantial contribution and claim for originality should be examined and understood in their historical context. As fundamental changes and paradigmatic shifts occur, new and significant intellectual constructions usually emerge when the prevailing ways of interpreting and coping with reality no longer suffice. In the West's most liberal and the increasing democratic societies such as the Britain and the United States, the growing negative reaction against the First World War is seen as a paradigmatic break. In these societies, leading sectors of public opinion and political elite see the major war which resulted to major loss of life and wealth as an increasingly unacceptable means. Instead, they called for a different set of strategic ideas wherein the force is applied in terms of economic sanctions, blockade and limited ‘surgical’ operations by highly mobile and technologically superior striking forces.
Meredith Baldwin Weddle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131383
- eISBN:
- 9780199834839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019513138X.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
When open hostilities began near Plymouth and the Plymouth governor requested help from Rhode Island, the Quaker government agreed to blockade a peninsula and trap Philip's troops. This openly ...
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When open hostilities began near Plymouth and the Plymouth governor requested help from Rhode Island, the Quaker government agreed to blockade a peninsula and trap Philip's troops. This openly partisan military action was only the first of many ways in which Rhode Island participated in the war notwithstanding the sizable Quaker presence in the government. Rhode Island housed and provisioned Massachusetts and Plymouth troops; their troops fought at Nipsachuck; they bought arms from Boston and stored ammunition for Plymouth; and the government transported Massachusetts and Plymouth troops to the largest battle of the war, the Great Swamp Fight, and sheltered English casualties. But participation remained local: no colony‐wide commander was appointed, no colony‐wide army formed.Less
When open hostilities began near Plymouth and the Plymouth governor requested help from Rhode Island, the Quaker government agreed to blockade a peninsula and trap Philip's troops. This openly partisan military action was only the first of many ways in which Rhode Island participated in the war notwithstanding the sizable Quaker presence in the government. Rhode Island housed and provisioned Massachusetts and Plymouth troops; their troops fought at Nipsachuck; they bought arms from Boston and stored ammunition for Plymouth; and the government transported Massachusetts and Plymouth troops to the largest battle of the war, the Great Swamp Fight, and sheltered English casualties. But participation remained local: no colony‐wide commander was appointed, no colony‐wide army formed.
NEVILLE WYLIE
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206903
- eISBN:
- 9780191717338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206903.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, European Modern History
This chapter summarises the principal findings of the book, and shows how British policy towards Switzerland evolved over the course of the war. London's success in extracting economic and ...
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This chapter summarises the principal findings of the book, and shows how British policy towards Switzerland evolved over the course of the war. London's success in extracting economic and intelligence advantages from Switzerland after the fall of France was used to justify treating Switzerland as a ‘special case’ in the blockade and reigning in those in the Air Ministry and Special Operations Executive, who were intent on overriding Swiss interests in pursuit of Britain's military objectives. The dominance of political interests over British policy continued until the end of the war, being only briefly eclipsed in late 1943. Appreciation of Berne's ‘protecting power’ work on behalf of British prisoners of war, and the desire to secure Swiss support for Britain's post-war objectives, encouraged London to overlook Switzerland's gold purchases from Germany and resist U.S. attempts to impose draconian economic and financial demands on the Swiss government.Less
This chapter summarises the principal findings of the book, and shows how British policy towards Switzerland evolved over the course of the war. London's success in extracting economic and intelligence advantages from Switzerland after the fall of France was used to justify treating Switzerland as a ‘special case’ in the blockade and reigning in those in the Air Ministry and Special Operations Executive, who were intent on overriding Swiss interests in pursuit of Britain's military objectives. The dominance of political interests over British policy continued until the end of the war, being only briefly eclipsed in late 1943. Appreciation of Berne's ‘protecting power’ work on behalf of British prisoners of war, and the desire to secure Swiss support for Britain's post-war objectives, encouraged London to overlook Switzerland's gold purchases from Germany and resist U.S. attempts to impose draconian economic and financial demands on the Swiss government.
NEVILLE WYLIE
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206903
- eISBN:
- 9780191717338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206903.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, European Modern History
This chapter charts British efforts to limit Swiss–German economic collaboration. It explores how the Ministry of Economic Warfare tried to compel Berne into reducing its exports to Germany through a ...
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This chapter charts British efforts to limit Swiss–German economic collaboration. It explores how the Ministry of Economic Warfare tried to compel Berne into reducing its exports to Germany through a mixture of blockade quotas, pre-emptive purchasing, and the use of statutory and black list mechanisms, but how these efforts were always limited by an appreciation of the importance of ‘danegeld’ — Swiss manufactured goods — to the British war effort and the priority given to Britain's political relations with the Swiss government. The substantial concessions, granted by Berne following the listing of the Hans Sulzer engineering firm in late 1943, effectively met London's principal desiderata and for the remainder of the war London assumed the role of honest-broker between the Swiss and the Allied governments, and sought to use to position to temper U.S. efforts to impose the Allied ‘Safehaven’ programme on the Swiss authorities in the final months of the war.Less
This chapter charts British efforts to limit Swiss–German economic collaboration. It explores how the Ministry of Economic Warfare tried to compel Berne into reducing its exports to Germany through a mixture of blockade quotas, pre-emptive purchasing, and the use of statutory and black list mechanisms, but how these efforts were always limited by an appreciation of the importance of ‘danegeld’ — Swiss manufactured goods — to the British war effort and the priority given to Britain's political relations with the Swiss government. The substantial concessions, granted by Berne following the listing of the Hans Sulzer engineering firm in late 1943, effectively met London's principal desiderata and for the remainder of the war London assumed the role of honest-broker between the Swiss and the Allied governments, and sought to use to position to temper U.S. efforts to impose the Allied ‘Safehaven’ programme on the Swiss authorities in the final months of the war.
David R. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151311
- eISBN:
- 9781400842438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151311.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter focuses on discussions about the initial U.S. response to the discovery of Soviet missiles. It argues that the choice of the blockade was only possible once a particular objection to ...
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This chapter focuses on discussions about the initial U.S. response to the discovery of Soviet missiles. It argues that the choice of the blockade was only possible once a particular objection to that very plan was suppressed, namely that it would give the Soviets a chance to complete work on at least some of the missiles, as a result of which the United States might subsequently find itself attacking operational missiles that could be launched (perhaps without authorization) against U.S. cities. This suppression took time, however, time that the ExComm had because it was able to postpone a decision so long as its deliberations were kept secret.Less
This chapter focuses on discussions about the initial U.S. response to the discovery of Soviet missiles. It argues that the choice of the blockade was only possible once a particular objection to that very plan was suppressed, namely that it would give the Soviets a chance to complete work on at least some of the missiles, as a result of which the United States might subsequently find itself attacking operational missiles that could be launched (perhaps without authorization) against U.S. cities. This suppression took time, however, time that the ExComm had because it was able to postpone a decision so long as its deliberations were kept secret.
David R. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151311
- eISBN:
- 9781400842438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151311.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines talk about how to enforce the blockade, in terms of which ships to stop and which to allow through. Because the blockade was, from the start, ill suited for the purpose of ...
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This chapter examines talk about how to enforce the blockade, in terms of which ships to stop and which to allow through. Because the blockade was, from the start, ill suited for the purpose of forcing the Soviets to withdraw their missiles, storytelling about the consequences of stopping various ships rarely connected those actions to the larger objective. Furthermore, stories about the future were largely supplanted by elaborate justifications for not acting, one peculiarity of which was that the ExComm sometimes seemed to lose sight of whom it primarily had to convince. Moreover, the ExComm did not so much decide not to intercept the Bucharest, a tanker which was Kennedy's best chance to set an early example, as it failed to decide anything at all, but this indecision was transformed into a decision by the course of events.Less
This chapter examines talk about how to enforce the blockade, in terms of which ships to stop and which to allow through. Because the blockade was, from the start, ill suited for the purpose of forcing the Soviets to withdraw their missiles, storytelling about the consequences of stopping various ships rarely connected those actions to the larger objective. Furthermore, stories about the future were largely supplanted by elaborate justifications for not acting, one peculiarity of which was that the ExComm sometimes seemed to lose sight of whom it primarily had to convince. Moreover, the ExComm did not so much decide not to intercept the Bucharest, a tanker which was Kennedy's best chance to set an early example, as it failed to decide anything at all, but this indecision was transformed into a decision by the course of events.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Until the fall of the empire, the Kingdom of Naples was the Mediterranean frontier of Napoleon's continental enterprise, but its primary function was to supply men, materials, and taxes to the ...
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Until the fall of the empire, the Kingdom of Naples was the Mediterranean frontier of Napoleon's continental enterprise, but its primary function was to supply men, materials, and taxes to the imperial armies and treasuries, and provide French manufacturers with raw materials and markets. Set out in the Treaty of Bayonne that governed Joachim Murat's accession in 1808, these terms defined the Kingdom's place in the imperial project. This chapter shows how the Kingdom's colonial subordination to France exposed the contradictions on which the imperial project was founded while being the main cause of the conflicts between Naples and Paris, which in 1811 nearly cost Murat his throne. It concludes with an audit of the costs of empire for Naples.Less
Until the fall of the empire, the Kingdom of Naples was the Mediterranean frontier of Napoleon's continental enterprise, but its primary function was to supply men, materials, and taxes to the imperial armies and treasuries, and provide French manufacturers with raw materials and markets. Set out in the Treaty of Bayonne that governed Joachim Murat's accession in 1808, these terms defined the Kingdom's place in the imperial project. This chapter shows how the Kingdom's colonial subordination to France exposed the contradictions on which the imperial project was founded while being the main cause of the conflicts between Naples and Paris, which in 1811 nearly cost Murat his throne. It concludes with an audit of the costs of empire for Naples.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on opposition to the French regime, starting with the most widespread forms of disorder (smuggling, contraband and banditry) which as in much of the rest of Napoleonic Europe ...
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This chapter focuses on opposition to the French regime, starting with the most widespread forms of disorder (smuggling, contraband and banditry) which as in much of the rest of Napoleonic Europe were direct consequences of the emperor's incessant wars; the commercial recession in the Mediterranean that dated back to the start of the revolutionary wars; and the attempts to enforce the Continental Blockade. It examines the many faces of brigandage, highlighting the ways in which powerful landowners used brigandage as a source of profit but also to protect their own interests. This was clearly understood by General Charles Antoine Manhès in 1810-11, whose savage repression of brigandage during that time was directed primarily against the brigands' powerful accomplices, which explains why his measures attracted unusual notoriety and protest.Less
This chapter focuses on opposition to the French regime, starting with the most widespread forms of disorder (smuggling, contraband and banditry) which as in much of the rest of Napoleonic Europe were direct consequences of the emperor's incessant wars; the commercial recession in the Mediterranean that dated back to the start of the revolutionary wars; and the attempts to enforce the Continental Blockade. It examines the many faces of brigandage, highlighting the ways in which powerful landowners used brigandage as a source of profit but also to protect their own interests. This was clearly understood by General Charles Antoine Manhès in 1810-11, whose savage repression of brigandage during that time was directed primarily against the brigands' powerful accomplices, which explains why his measures attracted unusual notoriety and protest.
V.F. Gantmakher
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567561
- eISBN:
- 9780191718267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567561.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter demonstrates approaches to the treatment of macroscopically inhomogeneous materials. The conception and criteria of granularity are introduced and experimental examples of ...
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This chapter demonstrates approaches to the treatment of macroscopically inhomogeneous materials. The conception and criteria of granularity are introduced and experimental examples of metal-insulator transition are presented. The nature of the transition is tightly connected to the phenomenon of Coulomb blockade: electron tunneling between the grains is blocked because charging of small grains requires Coulomb energy larger than the temperature. The concept of a granular material is not restricted to cermets — a mixture of metallic and insulating grains of different sizes but quasi-spherical in shape. It can be extended to materials with fractal grains where the insulating volume resembles a loose glomus of thin insulating sheets.Less
This chapter demonstrates approaches to the treatment of macroscopically inhomogeneous materials. The conception and criteria of granularity are introduced and experimental examples of metal-insulator transition are presented. The nature of the transition is tightly connected to the phenomenon of Coulomb blockade: electron tunneling between the grains is blocked because charging of small grains requires Coulomb energy larger than the temperature. The concept of a granular material is not restricted to cermets — a mixture of metallic and insulating grains of different sizes but quasi-spherical in shape. It can be extended to materials with fractal grains where the insulating volume resembles a loose glomus of thin insulating sheets.
S. Tarucha, M. Stopa, S. Sasaki, and K. Ono
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568216
- eISBN:
- 9780191718212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568216.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Probing and manipulating spin effects in quantum dots are described in this chapter. Electronic configuration in quantum dots is tunable with various parameters such as number of electrons, magnetic ...
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Probing and manipulating spin effects in quantum dots are described in this chapter. Electronic configuration in quantum dots is tunable with various parameters such as number of electrons, magnetic field, and inter-dot coupling. This is particularly true for the spin states, and the related spin effects manifest themselves in the electronic properties. Singlet-triplet and doublet-doublet crossings in single dots and exchange-coupled two electron states in double dots are described as the typical examples. Special emphasis is placed on the exchange coupling in the scheme of quantum computing. Then long spin relaxation in quantum dots is referred to state that spin is a robust quantum number in quantum dots. This allow for observation of novel phenomena including Pauli spin blockade and the Kondo effect, which are major topics described here.Less
Probing and manipulating spin effects in quantum dots are described in this chapter. Electronic configuration in quantum dots is tunable with various parameters such as number of electrons, magnetic field, and inter-dot coupling. This is particularly true for the spin states, and the related spin effects manifest themselves in the electronic properties. Singlet-triplet and doublet-doublet crossings in single dots and exchange-coupled two electron states in double dots are described as the typical examples. Special emphasis is placed on the exchange coupling in the scheme of quantum computing. Then long spin relaxation in quantum dots is referred to state that spin is a robust quantum number in quantum dots. This allow for observation of novel phenomena including Pauli spin blockade and the Kondo effect, which are major topics described here.
Daniel C. Ralph and Robert A. Buhrman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568216
- eISBN:
- 9780191718212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568216.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents simple ideas for understanding how spin-polarized currents can be used to exert spin-transfer torques in magnetic devices. The chapter reviews recent progress for measuring the ...
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This chapter presents simple ideas for understanding how spin-polarized currents can be used to exert spin-transfer torques in magnetic devices. The chapter reviews recent progress for measuring the magnetic dynamics that result from spin-transfer torques in 100-nm-scale metallic spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions. The chapter also discusses how the transport of spin and charge in magnetic devices changes when the structures are made even smaller, extending from magnetic particles a micron in diameter, to a few nanometers, and down to a single molecule. As the size of the magnet shrinks, effects such as Coulomb blockade and energy-level quantization can become dominant, and it becomes necessary to move beyond simple independent-electron models to consider the true correlated many-electron quantum states at the root of ferromagnetism.Less
This chapter presents simple ideas for understanding how spin-polarized currents can be used to exert spin-transfer torques in magnetic devices. The chapter reviews recent progress for measuring the magnetic dynamics that result from spin-transfer torques in 100-nm-scale metallic spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions. The chapter also discusses how the transport of spin and charge in magnetic devices changes when the structures are made even smaller, extending from magnetic particles a micron in diameter, to a few nanometers, and down to a single molecule. As the size of the magnet shrinks, effects such as Coulomb blockade and energy-level quantization can become dominant, and it becomes necessary to move beyond simple independent-electron models to consider the true correlated many-electron quantum states at the root of ferromagnetism.
Kristian Coates Ulrichsen
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197525593
- eISBN:
- 9780197536124
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197525593.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
Qatar and the Gulf Crisis examines the attempt by four states – Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt – to isolate and blockade Qatar. The book explores in detail the policy ...
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Qatar and the Gulf Crisis examines the attempt by four states – Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt – to isolate and blockade Qatar. The book explores in detail the policy responses taken in Qatar since early-2017 by a small state, cut off by its neighbors and subject to a regional power-play designed to appeal to the baser instincts of a U.S. presidency that had taken office lacking any real sense of a foreign policy and vulnerable, in its first months, to unprecedented attempts by foreign powers to influence American domestic and national security interests. The blockade of Qatar was launched fifty years to the day since Israel launched a surprise attack on the Egyptian Air Force at the start the Six-Day War. Just as that war came to define regional politics across the Middle East for a generation so the blockade of Qatar has developed into the most serious rupture in the Gulf since the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and has become a similarly era-defining event for the region. Qatar and the Gulf Crisis examines how and why Qatar was able to beat back a blockade that was supposed to split the country and force it into a position of submission to the would-be regional hegemony of Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi (in the UAE).Less
Qatar and the Gulf Crisis examines the attempt by four states – Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt – to isolate and blockade Qatar. The book explores in detail the policy responses taken in Qatar since early-2017 by a small state, cut off by its neighbors and subject to a regional power-play designed to appeal to the baser instincts of a U.S. presidency that had taken office lacking any real sense of a foreign policy and vulnerable, in its first months, to unprecedented attempts by foreign powers to influence American domestic and national security interests. The blockade of Qatar was launched fifty years to the day since Israel launched a surprise attack on the Egyptian Air Force at the start the Six-Day War. Just as that war came to define regional politics across the Middle East for a generation so the blockade of Qatar has developed into the most serious rupture in the Gulf since the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and has become a similarly era-defining event for the region. Qatar and the Gulf Crisis examines how and why Qatar was able to beat back a blockade that was supposed to split the country and force it into a position of submission to the would-be regional hegemony of Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi (in the UAE).
David F. Crew
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195053111
- eISBN:
- 9780199854479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195053111.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
During the Depression Germany experienced a decade long deterioration of nutrition. This was brought on by the wartime food shortages, the continuation of the Allied blockade after the armistice, ...
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During the Depression Germany experienced a decade long deterioration of nutrition. This was brought on by the wartime food shortages, the continuation of the Allied blockade after the armistice, postwar transportation problems, the dismantling of state rationing, and the effects of soaring inflation. Many Germans were forced to avail the “subsistence economy” for their food and other basic needs. Miners and their families had to grow their own food, some stole food while others relied on war kitchens. Doctors and nutritionists devoted a great deal of attention to the task of keeping people on welfare alive and healthy. Like food, clothing had symbolic as well as practical significance. Clothing was a sign of respectability. Welfare authorities were also concerned with the effects of homelessness on German families. Thus, critics of the Weimar welfare system saw the Depression as an opportunity to reverse social and cultural trends.Less
During the Depression Germany experienced a decade long deterioration of nutrition. This was brought on by the wartime food shortages, the continuation of the Allied blockade after the armistice, postwar transportation problems, the dismantling of state rationing, and the effects of soaring inflation. Many Germans were forced to avail the “subsistence economy” for their food and other basic needs. Miners and their families had to grow their own food, some stole food while others relied on war kitchens. Doctors and nutritionists devoted a great deal of attention to the task of keeping people on welfare alive and healthy. Like food, clothing had symbolic as well as practical significance. Clothing was a sign of respectability. Welfare authorities were also concerned with the effects of homelessness on German families. Thus, critics of the Weimar welfare system saw the Depression as an opportunity to reverse social and cultural trends.
