Asifa Hussain and William Miller
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199280711
- eISBN:
- 9780191604102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280711.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
One-third of English immigrants and two-thirds of Pakistanis want to change Scottish culture, preferring to add to the variety of Scottish customs and traditions rather than attempt to ‘adapt and ...
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One-third of English immigrants and two-thirds of Pakistanis want to change Scottish culture, preferring to add to the variety of Scottish customs and traditions rather than attempt to ‘adapt and blend’. Scottish Pakistanis value diversity, wanting a Scotland that is different from its past and different from their own past. They reject a ghetto mentality in favour of a multicultural society, in which they would be integrated but not assimilated. Pakistanis who lack friends outside their community, speak Asian languages at home, read Asian papers, or do not have occupations outside the home or the family business have a particular concern about special ethnic history classes for their children. Few English immigrants want special history classes, but those who have spent longer time in Scotland or have greater links to Scotland and weaker continuing links to England are more inclined to advocate ‘adapting and blending’. There is also behavioural evidence that English immigrants are willing even to adapt their religion.Less
One-third of English immigrants and two-thirds of Pakistanis want to change Scottish culture, preferring to add to the variety of Scottish customs and traditions rather than attempt to ‘adapt and blend’. Scottish Pakistanis value diversity, wanting a Scotland that is different from its past and different from their own past. They reject a ghetto mentality in favour of a multicultural society, in which they would be integrated but not assimilated. Pakistanis who lack friends outside their community, speak Asian languages at home, read Asian papers, or do not have occupations outside the home or the family business have a particular concern about special ethnic history classes for their children. Few English immigrants want special history classes, but those who have spent longer time in Scotland or have greater links to Scotland and weaker continuing links to England are more inclined to advocate ‘adapting and blending’. There is also behavioural evidence that English immigrants are willing even to adapt their religion.
John R. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199290802
- eISBN:
- 9780191741388
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290802.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This book argues that knowledge of a language can be thought of as a mental corpus, that is, as a repository of memories of previous linguistic encounters with the language. Features of incoming ...
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This book argues that knowledge of a language can be thought of as a mental corpus, that is, as a repository of memories of previous linguistic encounters with the language. Features of incoming language resonate with items already stored. Similarities between stored items give rise to generalizations of varying degrees of certainty and precision, which in turn are able to sanction new and innovative expressions. The thesis is argued on the basis of both psycholinguistic and language-internal evidence. The former shows that speakers have implicit knowledge of distributional and statistical properties of encountered language, while language data testifies to speakers’ precise knowledge of idiosyncratic facts of usage.Less
This book argues that knowledge of a language can be thought of as a mental corpus, that is, as a repository of memories of previous linguistic encounters with the language. Features of incoming language resonate with items already stored. Similarities between stored items give rise to generalizations of varying degrees of certainty and precision, which in turn are able to sanction new and innovative expressions. The thesis is argued on the basis of both psycholinguistic and language-internal evidence. The former shows that speakers have implicit knowledge of distributional and statistical properties of encountered language, while language data testifies to speakers’ precise knowledge of idiosyncratic facts of usage.
Cynthia Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195373820
- eISBN:
- 9780199872046
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373820.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter examines the process of reframing and identifies blended frames as a third kind of frame lamination. It does so by investigating how language from children's storybooks is repeatedly ...
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This chapter examines the process of reframing and identifies blended frames as a third kind of frame lamination. It does so by investigating how language from children's storybooks is repeatedly recontextualized in one extended interaction between one mother and her four‐year‐old daughter. The participants use patterns of repetition to (re)define their interaction and to undertake different activities, including to play in various ways and to display knowledge. The mother also uses repetition as a means of blending play frames and task‐based frames. The chapter compares and contrasts the different laminations identified in chapters 4 and 5. It also discusses how these laminations relate to the cognitive theory of conceptual blending.Less
This chapter examines the process of reframing and identifies blended frames as a third kind of frame lamination. It does so by investigating how language from children's storybooks is repeatedly recontextualized in one extended interaction between one mother and her four‐year‐old daughter. The participants use patterns of repetition to (re)define their interaction and to undertake different activities, including to play in various ways and to display knowledge. The mother also uses repetition as a means of blending play frames and task‐based frames. The chapter compares and contrasts the different laminations identified in chapters 4 and 5. It also discusses how these laminations relate to the cognitive theory of conceptual blending.
MARK TURNER
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264195
- eISBN:
- 9780191734540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264195.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on the engine of human imagination —the conceptual integration in which conceptual arrays are blended to form compressed, memorable conceptual packets, agreeable to human ...
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This chapter focuses on the engine of human imagination —the conceptual integration in which conceptual arrays are blended to form compressed, memorable conceptual packets, agreeable to human thought. The highest form of conceptual integration is the ‘double-scope’ integration. Double scope integration is the hallmark that distinguishes modern human imagination from its ancestors. The double-scope integration network consists of input conceptual arrays with different organizing frames and creates a blend with organizing frame that receives projections from each of those organizing frames. In this network, the organizing frames give contributions to the blend, and their sharp divergences offer the possibility for rich clashes. These clashes offer conceptual challenges and the resulting blends can turn out to be imaginative.Less
This chapter focuses on the engine of human imagination —the conceptual integration in which conceptual arrays are blended to form compressed, memorable conceptual packets, agreeable to human thought. The highest form of conceptual integration is the ‘double-scope’ integration. Double scope integration is the hallmark that distinguishes modern human imagination from its ancestors. The double-scope integration network consists of input conceptual arrays with different organizing frames and creates a blend with organizing frame that receives projections from each of those organizing frames. In this network, the organizing frames give contributions to the blend, and their sharp divergences offer the possibility for rich clashes. These clashes offer conceptual challenges and the resulting blends can turn out to be imaginative.
Richard Sorabji
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199256600
- eISBN:
- 9780191712609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256600.003.0018
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The idea that the body's chemical blend is the soul is rejected by Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine, but held by Galen for the mortal soul. Among Aristotelians, Andronicus thinks soul is rather a ...
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The idea that the body's chemical blend is the soul is rejected by Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine, but held by Galen for the mortal soul. Among Aristotelians, Andronicus thinks soul is rather a capacity that ‘follows’ the blend, Alexander a capacity that ‘supervenes on’ it. The idea that psychological capacities ‘follow’ the blend is favoured by Lucretius and Galen, who so interprets Plato and Posidonius. Galen concludes that diet must come first, and that this affects even rational capacities. Others too offer non-cognitive therapies, but Galen also accepts cognitive therapy. The Neoplatonist Proclus (5th century CE) denies that psychological capacities follow the bodily blend, though admitting that the body can disturb psychological activities. Philoponus, the Christian Neoplatonist (6th century CE), denies that psychological capacities follow or result from the blend, else philosophy could not counteract. But they do supervene on the blend and act in turn on the body.Less
The idea that the body's chemical blend is the soul is rejected by Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine, but held by Galen for the mortal soul. Among Aristotelians, Andronicus thinks soul is rather a capacity that ‘follows’ the blend, Alexander a capacity that ‘supervenes on’ it. The idea that psychological capacities ‘follow’ the blend is favoured by Lucretius and Galen, who so interprets Plato and Posidonius. Galen concludes that diet must come first, and that this affects even rational capacities. Others too offer non-cognitive therapies, but Galen also accepts cognitive therapy. The Neoplatonist Proclus (5th century CE) denies that psychological capacities follow the bodily blend, though admitting that the body can disturb psychological activities. Philoponus, the Christian Neoplatonist (6th century CE), denies that psychological capacities follow or result from the blend, else philosophy could not counteract. But they do supervene on the blend and act in turn on the body.
John R Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199290802
- eISBN:
- 9780191741388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290802.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
Mechanisms of creativity and innovation are addressed by applying Fauconnier and Turner's theory of conceptual blending to the structural elements of a language. While some blends are transitory ...
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Mechanisms of creativity and innovation are addressed by applying Fauconnier and Turner's theory of conceptual blending to the structural elements of a language. While some blends are transitory slips, others give rise to new lexical and phrasal resources. The insertion of words into constructions may also be seen as a case of blending.Less
Mechanisms of creativity and innovation are addressed by applying Fauconnier and Turner's theory of conceptual blending to the structural elements of a language. While some blends are transitory slips, others give rise to new lexical and phrasal resources. The insertion of words into constructions may also be seen as a case of blending.
Lawrence M. Zbikowski
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195140231
- eISBN:
- 9780199871278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140231.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter explores further the nature of song and also the process of conceptual blending. As noted in Chapter 2, conceptual blending is a pervasive and often transparent process in which elements ...
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This chapter explores further the nature of song and also the process of conceptual blending. As noted in Chapter 2, conceptual blending is a pervasive and often transparent process in which elements from two correlated mental spaces combine in a third. The mental spaces basic to conceptual blends can be set up by music as well as by language. This idea is discussed based on the assumption that music can set up complete discourse structures, which can be correlated with the discourse structure of a text to give rise to a unique domain for the imagination.Less
This chapter explores further the nature of song and also the process of conceptual blending. As noted in Chapter 2, conceptual blending is a pervasive and often transparent process in which elements from two correlated mental spaces combine in a third. The mental spaces basic to conceptual blends can be set up by music as well as by language. This idea is discussed based on the assumption that music can set up complete discourse structures, which can be correlated with the discourse structure of a text to give rise to a unique domain for the imagination.
Mark Turner
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195126679
- eISBN:
- 9780199853007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195126679.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The chapter discusses meaning, which is posited to originate from connections across various mental spaces. It is dynamic and involves complex operations such as projection, integration, linking, and ...
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The chapter discusses meaning, which is posited to originate from connections across various mental spaces. It is dynamic and involves complex operations such as projection, integration, linking, and blending. Blending is a general and central parabolic activity of the everyday mind which generates blended spaces from which central inferences are constructed. The blended space consists of input spaces which provide projections to the blend and also receives projections back from the projected blend. Thus a model of projection arises that is dynamic, as opposed to the direct, one-way, and positive model presented in the previous chapters. In parabolic blending, input spaces to the blend do not have to be related as source and target and are often rhetorically unequal. Projecting influences from the blend to an input space also involves selection and translation in order to fit the latter. The remaining section summarizes the principles of parabolic blending and discusses the concepts of completion, composition, and elaboration.Less
The chapter discusses meaning, which is posited to originate from connections across various mental spaces. It is dynamic and involves complex operations such as projection, integration, linking, and blending. Blending is a general and central parabolic activity of the everyday mind which generates blended spaces from which central inferences are constructed. The blended space consists of input spaces which provide projections to the blend and also receives projections back from the projected blend. Thus a model of projection arises that is dynamic, as opposed to the direct, one-way, and positive model presented in the previous chapters. In parabolic blending, input spaces to the blend do not have to be related as source and target and are often rhetorically unequal. Projecting influences from the blend to an input space also involves selection and translation in order to fit the latter. The remaining section summarizes the principles of parabolic blending and discusses the concepts of completion, composition, and elaboration.
Mark Turner
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195126679
- eISBN:
- 9780199853007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195126679.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The chapter discusses the concepts of focus, viewpoint, role, and character and their role in providing connections between mental spaces and enabling people to transcend singularities. The ...
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The chapter discusses the concepts of focus, viewpoint, role, and character and their role in providing connections between mental spaces and enabling people to transcend singularities. The singularity of human life and its impact on perception and understanding is discussed. Despite this singularity, humans are able to have multiple spatial and temporal viewpoints, as well as focus. A person's ability to assume multiple roles and characters throughout his life is also tackled. These concepts allow the construction of constancy across variation. However, humans and their lives present inconstancies and variations. The concept of blended spaces addresses this dilemma by their inherent ability to absorb incompatibilities. The notion of blended characters is then introduced, which involves identity and metaphoric projection. The last section discusses the GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR which is a model for projecting conceptual structures across the many levels of the Great Chain — the hierarchy of attributes by types.Less
The chapter discusses the concepts of focus, viewpoint, role, and character and their role in providing connections between mental spaces and enabling people to transcend singularities. The singularity of human life and its impact on perception and understanding is discussed. Despite this singularity, humans are able to have multiple spatial and temporal viewpoints, as well as focus. A person's ability to assume multiple roles and characters throughout his life is also tackled. These concepts allow the construction of constancy across variation. However, humans and their lives present inconstancies and variations. The concept of blended spaces addresses this dilemma by their inherent ability to absorb incompatibilities. The notion of blended characters is then introduced, which involves identity and metaphoric projection. The last section discusses the GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR which is a model for projecting conceptual structures across the many levels of the Great Chain — the hierarchy of attributes by types.
P. Bochev, R. Lehoucq, M. Parks, S. Badia, and M. Gunzburger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199233854
- eISBN:
- 9780191715532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233854.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
We review some recent developments in the coupling of atomistic and continuum models based on the blending of the two models in an overlap, or bridge, subdomain. These coupling schemes resemble ...
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We review some recent developments in the coupling of atomistic and continuum models based on the blending of the two models in an overlap, or bridge, subdomain. These coupling schemes resemble overlapping domain decomposition methods. However, their analysis and development is complicated by the non-local force model employed by the atomistic model. We present an abstract framework for atomistic-to-continuum (AtC) coupling methods and formulate precise mathematical notions of patch and consistency tests for the methods. The framework admits both force-based or energy-based coupling methods and allows us to identify four general classes of blending methods. We subject each class to patch and consistency tests and discuss important implementation issues such as: the enforcement of displacement continuity constraints in the bridge region; internal vs. external blending; the role of ghost forces, or forces that arise from coupling nonlocal and local models of force, and how they can be mitigated by blending methods.Less
We review some recent developments in the coupling of atomistic and continuum models based on the blending of the two models in an overlap, or bridge, subdomain. These coupling schemes resemble overlapping domain decomposition methods. However, their analysis and development is complicated by the non-local force model employed by the atomistic model. We present an abstract framework for atomistic-to-continuum (AtC) coupling methods and formulate precise mathematical notions of patch and consistency tests for the methods. The framework admits both force-based or energy-based coupling methods and allows us to identify four general classes of blending methods. We subject each class to patch and consistency tests and discuss important implementation issues such as: the enforcement of displacement continuity constraints in the bridge region; internal vs. external blending; the role of ghost forces, or forces that arise from coupling nonlocal and local models of force, and how they can be mitigated by blending methods.
Eoin Carolan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199568673
- eISBN:
- 9780191721588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568673.003.007
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law
This chapter briefly considers the way in which the relationship between the administration and the other branches of government might operate. Because the institutions each represent a particular ...
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This chapter briefly considers the way in which the relationship between the administration and the other branches of government might operate. Because the institutions each represent a particular constituent social interest, their input into the governance process is both legitimate and provisional. This means that the institutions must co-operate with each other in exercising public powers. It is argued that they ought to engage in an inter-institutional dialogue which should produce outcomes whichthat take appropriate account of all relevant perspectives. The institutions must justify their actions to each other with a view to providing more reasoned and informed government outcomes. The particular skills of each institution make them more equipped to perform particular tasks, but these outcomes can be reviewed by other bodies.Less
This chapter briefly considers the way in which the relationship between the administration and the other branches of government might operate. Because the institutions each represent a particular constituent social interest, their input into the governance process is both legitimate and provisional. This means that the institutions must co-operate with each other in exercising public powers. It is argued that they ought to engage in an inter-institutional dialogue which should produce outcomes whichthat take appropriate account of all relevant perspectives. The institutions must justify their actions to each other with a view to providing more reasoned and informed government outcomes. The particular skills of each institution make them more equipped to perform particular tasks, but these outcomes can be reviewed by other bodies.
C. M. Roland
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199571574
- eISBN:
- 9780191728976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571574.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Most polymer blends are phase-segregated, and among thermodynamically miscible blends, only a few have components that are both rubbers. Since the equilibrium morphology of miscible blends is ...
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Most polymer blends are phase-segregated, and among thermodynamically miscible blends, only a few have components that are both rubbers. Since the equilibrium morphology of miscible blends is homogeneous down to the segmental level, they can exhibit unusual properties. The focus of this chapter is the phenomena seen in miscible rubbery blends that have no counterpart in neat materials. These properties include dynamic heterogeneity, anomalous concentration dependences, and the emergence of new relaxation peaks. There are a number of models for the segmental dynamics of blends, and these are reviewed. Selected aspects of phase-separated blends are discussed briefly at the chapter’s end.Less
Most polymer blends are phase-segregated, and among thermodynamically miscible blends, only a few have components that are both rubbers. Since the equilibrium morphology of miscible blends is homogeneous down to the segmental level, they can exhibit unusual properties. The focus of this chapter is the phenomena seen in miscible rubbery blends that have no counterpart in neat materials. These properties include dynamic heterogeneity, anomalous concentration dependences, and the emergence of new relaxation peaks. There are a number of models for the segmental dynamics of blends, and these are reviewed. Selected aspects of phase-separated blends are discussed briefly at the chapter’s end.
Patrick Griffin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter describes the complex patchwork of jurisdictional age, transfer, and blended sentencing laws that determine where, in any given state, the juvenile justice system leaves off and the ...
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This chapter describes the complex patchwork of jurisdictional age, transfer, and blended sentencing laws that determine where, in any given state, the juvenile justice system leaves off and the adult criminal justice system begins.Less
This chapter describes the complex patchwork of jurisdictional age, transfer, and blended sentencing laws that determine where, in any given state, the juvenile justice system leaves off and the adult criminal justice system begins.
Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567295
- eISBN:
- 9780191717956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567295.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter discusses methods for converting the many body problem in interacting polymer fluids to a statistical field theory. Auxiliary field transforms are introduced, that decouple interactions ...
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This chapter discusses methods for converting the many body problem in interacting polymer fluids to a statistical field theory. Auxiliary field transforms are introduced, that decouple interactions among polymer species and reduce the problem to that of individual polymers interacting with one or more fluctuating fields — the subject of Chapter 3. Examples of models for a variety of systems are enumerated, including polymer solutions, blends, block and graft copolymers, polyelectrolytes, liquid crystalline polymers, and polymer brushes.Less
This chapter discusses methods for converting the many body problem in interacting polymer fluids to a statistical field theory. Auxiliary field transforms are introduced, that decouple interactions among polymer species and reduce the problem to that of individual polymers interacting with one or more fluctuating fields — the subject of Chapter 3. Examples of models for a variety of systems are enumerated, including polymer solutions, blends, block and graft copolymers, polyelectrolytes, liquid crystalline polymers, and polymer brushes.
Sawako Shirahase
- Published in print:
- 1953
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479889389
- eISBN:
- 9781479830893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479889389.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
Today Japan is undergoing a major demographic transformation marked by a decline in fertility and a rapidly aging population. What is a widening gap between the productive and postproductive ...
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Today Japan is undergoing a major demographic transformation marked by a decline in fertility and a rapidly aging population. What is a widening gap between the productive and postproductive generation is exacerbated by strains in the labor market and a welfare system premised on a familial structure that is also undergoing transformation. Looking at the rise of inequality and various consequences of the declining birthrate (and policies taken to counter this that, so far, have failed), the essay also considers implications of, and trends following, the rise of Japan’s aging population. As the population declines and immigration is not robustly considered, Japan faces “demography as destiny.” To avoid this, the country needs to adopt difference more radically as a cultural value, the author argues, allowing Japan to become more of a “blended society.”Less
Today Japan is undergoing a major demographic transformation marked by a decline in fertility and a rapidly aging population. What is a widening gap between the productive and postproductive generation is exacerbated by strains in the labor market and a welfare system premised on a familial structure that is also undergoing transformation. Looking at the rise of inequality and various consequences of the declining birthrate (and policies taken to counter this that, so far, have failed), the essay also considers implications of, and trends following, the rise of Japan’s aging population. As the population declines and immigration is not robustly considered, Japan faces “demography as destiny.” To avoid this, the country needs to adopt difference more radically as a cultural value, the author argues, allowing Japan to become more of a “blended society.”
Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241477
- eISBN:
- 9780191696947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241477.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
This chapter explores how information not only flows through, but is also grasped by people inside an organization, and how these two aspects are mixed. The boundaries of an organization (known as ...
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This chapter explores how information not only flows through, but is also grasped by people inside an organization, and how these two aspects are mixed. The boundaries of an organization (known as information regime) seal in internal information, and repel external information. Gatekeepers are necessary, for they are the ones who bring information from the wider environment for use within the organization. There may be ‘experts’ in the organization, but the value of their expertise is reduced by change. The more specialized the information is, the more difficult ‘experts’ will find it to blend this with other information. The information of which change is composed is different from that which is currently in use; furthermore, the more easily information is mixed, the smaller the change is that results — a trade-off occurs.Less
This chapter explores how information not only flows through, but is also grasped by people inside an organization, and how these two aspects are mixed. The boundaries of an organization (known as information regime) seal in internal information, and repel external information. Gatekeepers are necessary, for they are the ones who bring information from the wider environment for use within the organization. There may be ‘experts’ in the organization, but the value of their expertise is reduced by change. The more specialized the information is, the more difficult ‘experts’ will find it to blend this with other information. The information of which change is composed is different from that which is currently in use; furthermore, the more easily information is mixed, the smaller the change is that results — a trade-off occurs.
Mark Turner
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195126679
- eISBN:
- 9780199853007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195126679.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The chapter discusses the concept of generic space which houses the abstract structure shared by input spaces and indicates the counterpart connections between these input spaces. The author ...
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The chapter discusses the concept of generic space which houses the abstract structure shared by input spaces and indicates the counterpart connections between these input spaces. The author identifies a related projection model called GENERIC IS SPECIFIC, wherein generic information that is often image-schematic is projected from a specific space to give structure to a generic space. Blends are constructed when two stories share an abstract structure which is contained in the generic space that connects them. Generic space can be awakened by transforming it into a blended space through the application of specifics from both the source and target. The gradient of middle spaces is then introduced as the path along which a generic space travels to be transformed gradually into a richly blended space. The remaining sections summarize the characteristics of the parable and reasserts that literary processes like blending enable the everyday mind to function.Less
The chapter discusses the concept of generic space which houses the abstract structure shared by input spaces and indicates the counterpart connections between these input spaces. The author identifies a related projection model called GENERIC IS SPECIFIC, wherein generic information that is often image-schematic is projected from a specific space to give structure to a generic space. Blends are constructed when two stories share an abstract structure which is contained in the generic space that connects them. Generic space can be awakened by transforming it into a blended space through the application of specifics from both the source and target. The gradient of middle spaces is then introduced as the path along which a generic space travels to be transformed gradually into a richly blended space. The remaining sections summarize the characteristics of the parable and reasserts that literary processes like blending enable the everyday mind to function.
Lawrence M. Zbikowski
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195306361
- eISBN:
- 9780199851034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306361.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter focuses on the ways in which double-scope integration achieves conceptual compression, a hallmark of art. Cognitively modern human beings have art, language, science, religion, refined ...
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This chapter focuses on the ways in which double-scope integration achieves conceptual compression, a hallmark of art. Cognitively modern human beings have art, language, science, religion, refined tool use, advanced music and dance, fashions of dress, and mathematics. Blue jays, border collies, dolphins, and bonobos do not. Only human beings have what we have. This conspicuous Grand Difference constitutes a puzzling discontinuity in the evolution of life. The Way We Think (2002), and earlier publications beginning in 1993, put forward the hypothesis that the Grand Difference arose in the following way. The basic mental operation of conceptual integration, also known as blending, has been present and evolving in various species for a long time, probably since early mammals, and there is no reason to doubt that many mammalian species aside from human beings have the ability to execute rudimentary forms of conceptual integration. Human beings evolved not an entirely different kind of mind, but instead the capacity for the strongest form of conceptual integration, known as double-scope blending.Less
This chapter focuses on the ways in which double-scope integration achieves conceptual compression, a hallmark of art. Cognitively modern human beings have art, language, science, religion, refined tool use, advanced music and dance, fashions of dress, and mathematics. Blue jays, border collies, dolphins, and bonobos do not. Only human beings have what we have. This conspicuous Grand Difference constitutes a puzzling discontinuity in the evolution of life. The Way We Think (2002), and earlier publications beginning in 1993, put forward the hypothesis that the Grand Difference arose in the following way. The basic mental operation of conceptual integration, also known as blending, has been present and evolving in various species for a long time, probably since early mammals, and there is no reason to doubt that many mammalian species aside from human beings have the ability to execute rudimentary forms of conceptual integration. Human beings evolved not an entirely different kind of mind, but instead the capacity for the strongest form of conceptual integration, known as double-scope blending.
May Bo Ching
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099180
- eISBN:
- 9789882206984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099180.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
To evaluate Hong Kong's positioning for its residents, past and present, a regional cultural context is essential. By the 1920s, established Guangdong merchants in Shanghai patronized their native ...
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To evaluate Hong Kong's positioning for its residents, past and present, a regional cultural context is essential. By the 1920s, established Guangdong merchants in Shanghai patronized their native place activities through their regional associations, martial arts and athletic societies, theaters, and department stores. It was under these circumstances in Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong, in a spirit of openness and adventure, that instrumental music, songs, and operas identified as Cantonese flourished. New artistic talents, supported by cosmopolitan mercantile interests, absorbed fresh nutrients from Western and other regional traditions. These cultural energies gave the region a competitive edge as China's window to the world. It allowed Hong Kong residents and business interests a hinterland far beyond Hong Kong's physical and administrative boundaries. Residents strategically used different cultural codes of conduct for economic survival and social advancement.Less
To evaluate Hong Kong's positioning for its residents, past and present, a regional cultural context is essential. By the 1920s, established Guangdong merchants in Shanghai patronized their native place activities through their regional associations, martial arts and athletic societies, theaters, and department stores. It was under these circumstances in Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong, in a spirit of openness and adventure, that instrumental music, songs, and operas identified as Cantonese flourished. New artistic talents, supported by cosmopolitan mercantile interests, absorbed fresh nutrients from Western and other regional traditions. These cultural energies gave the region a competitive edge as China's window to the world. It allowed Hong Kong residents and business interests a hinterland far beyond Hong Kong's physical and administrative boundaries. Residents strategically used different cultural codes of conduct for economic survival and social advancement.
GISBERT FANSELOW, CAROLINE FÉRY, RALF VOGEL, and MATTHIAS SCHLESEWSKY
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274796
- eISBN:
- 9780191705861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter begins by defining gradience in terms of an individual speaker's grammar. It also identifies gradient phenomena in various domains of grammar such as semantic ambiguities, syntactic ...
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This chapter begins by defining gradience in terms of an individual speaker's grammar. It also identifies gradient phenomena in various domains of grammar such as semantic ambiguities, syntactic blends, and in phonological entities including intensity and length, among others. It then discusses the theories of gradience in phonology and syntax.Less
This chapter begins by defining gradience in terms of an individual speaker's grammar. It also identifies gradient phenomena in various domains of grammar such as semantic ambiguities, syntactic blends, and in phonological entities including intensity and length, among others. It then discusses the theories of gradience in phonology and syntax.
