Joanna Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195332919
- eISBN:
- 9780199851263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332919.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature
This chapter focuses on Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, members of Philadelphia's Prince Hall Masonic Lodge and founders of the African Methodist Episcopal church. Philadelphia's civic leaders ...
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This chapter focuses on Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, members of Philadelphia's Prince Hall Masonic Lodge and founders of the African Methodist Episcopal church. Philadelphia's civic leaders impressed African Americans, who were erroneously thought immune to yellow fever, into hazardous service as nurses and gravediggers during the epidemic. Jones and Allen narrate their community's travails and disprove allegations of criminality against them in A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People, During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia (1794). The Narrative counters the lethal falsehoods of racialist science with a spiritual conception of the black community and their survival of the epidemic.Less
This chapter focuses on Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, members of Philadelphia's Prince Hall Masonic Lodge and founders of the African Methodist Episcopal church. Philadelphia's civic leaders impressed African Americans, who were erroneously thought immune to yellow fever, into hazardous service as nurses and gravediggers during the epidemic. Jones and Allen narrate their community's travails and disprove allegations of criminality against them in A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People, During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia (1794). The Narrative counters the lethal falsehoods of racialist science with a spiritual conception of the black community and their survival of the epidemic.
Vanessa Northington Gamble
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078893
- eISBN:
- 9780199853762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078893.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The demonstration that occurred on July 3, 1923, on the streets of Tuskegee, Alabama, would turn out to be one of the most explosive events of the black hospital movement. This battle over control of ...
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The demonstration that occurred on July 3, 1923, on the streets of Tuskegee, Alabama, would turn out to be one of the most explosive events of the black hospital movement. This battle over control of the Tuskegee Veterans Hospital struck a passionate chord in the black community. This chapter explores the factors underlying the decision of the federal government to establish a national black veterans hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama, and analyzes the successful struggle of the black community to place black physicians and nurses at the facility. Several initial issues and challenges were faced in establishing a national black veterans hospital. In particular, the appropriate location for such institution was one such challenge and this is explored here. The chapter looks at the actions undertaken by Moton and his colleagues that initiated the employment of black staff at the hospital.Less
The demonstration that occurred on July 3, 1923, on the streets of Tuskegee, Alabama, would turn out to be one of the most explosive events of the black hospital movement. This battle over control of the Tuskegee Veterans Hospital struck a passionate chord in the black community. This chapter explores the factors underlying the decision of the federal government to establish a national black veterans hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama, and analyzes the successful struggle of the black community to place black physicians and nurses at the facility. Several initial issues and challenges were faced in establishing a national black veterans hospital. In particular, the appropriate location for such institution was one such challenge and this is explored here. The chapter looks at the actions undertaken by Moton and his colleagues that initiated the employment of black staff at the hospital.
Helena Michie
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195073874
- eISBN:
- 9780199855223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195073874.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
History and literature have been known to ascribe a blanket of sameness in the study of black communities and their issues. The chapter approaches the concept of dissimilarity within communities of ...
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History and literature have been known to ascribe a blanket of sameness in the study of black communities and their issues. The chapter approaches the concept of dissimilarity within communities of colored folk, specifically among its women, which focus on differences pertaining to social status, color, race, and gender. The chapter presents the reader with three novels of Afro-American female authors and their exploration of colored female “otherness” in their works. The novels of Nella Larsen, Quicksand and Passing, are tackled first, with her treatment and reinvention of the mulatto with influences from 19th-century literature from both black and white authors. Toni Morrison's Sula also examines the concept of difference, but without the mulatto figure highlighted in the previous books discussed. The three literary works reveal that differences in these Afro-American sub-societies are rooted deeply in sexuality and community building.Less
History and literature have been known to ascribe a blanket of sameness in the study of black communities and their issues. The chapter approaches the concept of dissimilarity within communities of colored folk, specifically among its women, which focus on differences pertaining to social status, color, race, and gender. The chapter presents the reader with three novels of Afro-American female authors and their exploration of colored female “otherness” in their works. The novels of Nella Larsen, Quicksand and Passing, are tackled first, with her treatment and reinvention of the mulatto with influences from 19th-century literature from both black and white authors. Toni Morrison's Sula also examines the concept of difference, but without the mulatto figure highlighted in the previous books discussed. The three literary works reveal that differences in these Afro-American sub-societies are rooted deeply in sexuality and community building.
Joanna Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195332919
- eISBN:
- 9780199851263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332919.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature
This chapter follows African American evangelist John Marrant (1755–90) during his three-year mission to Birchtown, Nova Scotia, where thousands of exiled black Loyalists had formed North America's ...
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This chapter follows African American evangelist John Marrant (1755–90) during his three-year mission to Birchtown, Nova Scotia, where thousands of exiled black Loyalists had formed North America's largest all-black settlement. Marrant's published missionary Journal (1790) establishes a covenant theology specific to this black Atlantic community and promulgates a collective narrative of gathering, exodus, and Zionistic fulfillment. Many Birchtowners made an exodus to Sierra Leone in 1791. Marrant, however, continued his ministry as chaplain to the first African Lodge of Freemasons in Boston, Massachusetts.Less
This chapter follows African American evangelist John Marrant (1755–90) during his three-year mission to Birchtown, Nova Scotia, where thousands of exiled black Loyalists had formed North America's largest all-black settlement. Marrant's published missionary Journal (1790) establishes a covenant theology specific to this black Atlantic community and promulgates a collective narrative of gathering, exodus, and Zionistic fulfillment. Many Birchtowners made an exodus to Sierra Leone in 1791. Marrant, however, continued his ministry as chaplain to the first African Lodge of Freemasons in Boston, Massachusetts.
Martin Ruef
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162775
- eISBN:
- 9781400852642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162775.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines how Southern blacks and whites confronted categorical—as well as classical—uncertainty, as the maintenance of plantation agriculture proved increasingly untenable. Social ...
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This chapter examines how Southern blacks and whites confronted categorical—as well as classical—uncertainty, as the maintenance of plantation agriculture proved increasingly untenable. Social networks among emancipated slaves served as a key impetus to mobilization toward alternative organizational arrangements. The plantation had been developed on the assumption that its workforce was geographically immobile unless moved or sold by plantation owners and that kinship ties among slaves could be largely ignored in allocating and exchanging slave labor. When these assumptions were challenged by emancipation, large numbers of former slaves migrated in search of family members, guided by bits of news from kin or other members of the black community. The new agricultural forms created to replace the wage plantation also tended to have a foundation in familial networks, as black sharecroppers and rental farmers largely recruited labor on the basis of kinship ties.Less
This chapter examines how Southern blacks and whites confronted categorical—as well as classical—uncertainty, as the maintenance of plantation agriculture proved increasingly untenable. Social networks among emancipated slaves served as a key impetus to mobilization toward alternative organizational arrangements. The plantation had been developed on the assumption that its workforce was geographically immobile unless moved or sold by plantation owners and that kinship ties among slaves could be largely ignored in allocating and exchanging slave labor. When these assumptions were challenged by emancipation, large numbers of former slaves migrated in search of family members, guided by bits of news from kin or other members of the black community. The new agricultural forms created to replace the wage plantation also tended to have a foundation in familial networks, as black sharecroppers and rental farmers largely recruited labor on the basis of kinship ties.
Geoff K. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226873169
- eISBN:
- 9780226873190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226873190.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter examines the changing racial politics of juvenile justice in the postintegration period (1954–70) to assess whether the main agenda was realized. It compares and contrasts developments ...
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This chapter examines the changing racial politics of juvenile justice in the postintegration period (1954–70) to assess whether the main agenda was realized. It compares and contrasts developments in the American South, where opposition to racial integration still raged, with the unique black urban metropolis of Harlem, where black child-saving attained its most robust expression, to gauge the variable impact of court-ordered integration. In the 1950s and 1960s, sporadic signs appeared of increasing liberal experimentation with racialized social control, especially where earlier progress in establishing equal protection and representation enabled the development of a more cooperative, multiracial parental state. This chapter also shows that, despite important signs of progress early in the civil rights era, integrated juvenile justice systems ultimately showed strain and buckled under the weight of somewhat unreasonable expectations that they would institutionalize racial justice.Less
This chapter examines the changing racial politics of juvenile justice in the postintegration period (1954–70) to assess whether the main agenda was realized. It compares and contrasts developments in the American South, where opposition to racial integration still raged, with the unique black urban metropolis of Harlem, where black child-saving attained its most robust expression, to gauge the variable impact of court-ordered integration. In the 1950s and 1960s, sporadic signs appeared of increasing liberal experimentation with racialized social control, especially where earlier progress in establishing equal protection and representation enabled the development of a more cooperative, multiracial parental state. This chapter also shows that, despite important signs of progress early in the civil rights era, integrated juvenile justice systems ultimately showed strain and buckled under the weight of somewhat unreasonable expectations that they would institutionalize racial justice.
Joseph F. West and Charlene J. Gamboa
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199731190
- eISBN:
- 9780199866465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731190.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
North Lawndale in the city of Chicago is a community that is predominantly Black, poor, and dilapidated. Smoking is a pervasive public health issue for North Lawndale compounded by the deeply rooted ...
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North Lawndale in the city of Chicago is a community that is predominantly Black, poor, and dilapidated. Smoking is a pervasive public health issue for North Lawndale compounded by the deeply rooted issues of race and class. This chapter begins with an introduction to the data on smoking prevalence for North Lawndale gathered from a comprehensive community survey. It then discusses a community-based intervention illustrating all of the features of its multi-faceted design. The intervention features a collaboration that started with a few community partners and the state public health department and grew into substantial partnerships with local community groups, schools, churches, and outreach organizations — all focused on eliminating tobacco use in North Lawndale. Finally, the chapter discusses some key outcomes and lessons learned from the intervention.Less
North Lawndale in the city of Chicago is a community that is predominantly Black, poor, and dilapidated. Smoking is a pervasive public health issue for North Lawndale compounded by the deeply rooted issues of race and class. This chapter begins with an introduction to the data on smoking prevalence for North Lawndale gathered from a comprehensive community survey. It then discusses a community-based intervention illustrating all of the features of its multi-faceted design. The intervention features a collaboration that started with a few community partners and the state public health department and grew into substantial partnerships with local community groups, schools, churches, and outreach organizations — all focused on eliminating tobacco use in North Lawndale. Finally, the chapter discusses some key outcomes and lessons learned from the intervention.
Andrew Billingsley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195161793
- eISBN:
- 9780199849512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161793.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The black churches in Savannah responded in two distinct ways to the collapse of the Confederacy and the crisis of emancipation. They expanded their churches, and established an institutional ...
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The black churches in Savannah responded in two distinct ways to the collapse of the Confederacy and the crisis of emancipation. They expanded their churches, and established an institutional hegemony in the black community that would last for more than a century and a half. These churches were functioning as social institutions as defined by Du Bois, Frazier, and C. Eric Lincoln. In addition, the church also moved resolutely into community action, thus executing the “communal” dimension of its mission as set forth by Lincoln and Mamiya. Education, business and economic development, and political action are among the areas of social reform in which churches were preeminent in the black community. After working hard and successfully to influence the state Legislature to establish the first college for blacks in Georgia, Emanuel King Love convinced the state authorities that Richard R. Wright Sr. should become this fledgling college's first president.Less
The black churches in Savannah responded in two distinct ways to the collapse of the Confederacy and the crisis of emancipation. They expanded their churches, and established an institutional hegemony in the black community that would last for more than a century and a half. These churches were functioning as social institutions as defined by Du Bois, Frazier, and C. Eric Lincoln. In addition, the church also moved resolutely into community action, thus executing the “communal” dimension of its mission as set forth by Lincoln and Mamiya. Education, business and economic development, and political action are among the areas of social reform in which churches were preeminent in the black community. After working hard and successfully to influence the state Legislature to establish the first college for blacks in Georgia, Emanuel King Love convinced the state authorities that Richard R. Wright Sr. should become this fledgling college's first president.
Geoff K. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226873169
- eISBN:
- 9780226873190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226873190.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
In the Progressive Era South, Reconstruction gave way to the rise of white supremacist redemption, subjecting black youths and communities to more explicitly neglectful, exploitative, and violent ...
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In the Progressive Era South, Reconstruction gave way to the rise of white supremacist redemption, subjecting black youths and communities to more explicitly neglectful, exploitative, and violent forms of Jim Crow juvenile justice. North and South, growing juvenile court communities embraced the racial project of white citizen and state building, prioritizing white youth opportunity and community interests in their pursuit of rehabilitative ideals. The institutionalization of separate and unequal juvenile justice throughout the United States, not a new multiracial democracy, was the Progressive Era legacy of juvenile justice reform in the African American experience. This chapter examines how Progressive Era black youths and communities experienced the emergence of the juvenile court, an encounter dramatized by mass black migration to urban centers where modern juvenile courts emerged.Less
In the Progressive Era South, Reconstruction gave way to the rise of white supremacist redemption, subjecting black youths and communities to more explicitly neglectful, exploitative, and violent forms of Jim Crow juvenile justice. North and South, growing juvenile court communities embraced the racial project of white citizen and state building, prioritizing white youth opportunity and community interests in their pursuit of rehabilitative ideals. The institutionalization of separate and unequal juvenile justice throughout the United States, not a new multiracial democracy, was the Progressive Era legacy of juvenile justice reform in the African American experience. This chapter examines how Progressive Era black youths and communities experienced the emergence of the juvenile court, an encounter dramatized by mass black migration to urban centers where modern juvenile courts emerged.
Shannon King
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479811274
- eISBN:
- 9781479866915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479811274.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter presents the “real estate race war” and blacks' search for housing in Harlem in the aftermath of the 1900 race riot. Over the course of roughly two decades, a network of black realtors, ...
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This chapter presents the “real estate race war” and blacks' search for housing in Harlem in the aftermath of the 1900 race riot. Over the course of roughly two decades, a network of black realtors, black churches, and black tenants took advantage of market conditions and intraracial tensions among white homeowners and renters to claim residential space in Harlem. This campaign for housing, waged from San Juan Hill and Harlem, was the first grassroots battle in Harlem. As blacks settled into Harlem, they began building secular and spiritual institutions to satisfy the needs of the burgeoning community. Throughout the community-building process, black leaders asserted that black entrepreneurialism and racial consumer loyalty were the fulcra of the black community.Less
This chapter presents the “real estate race war” and blacks' search for housing in Harlem in the aftermath of the 1900 race riot. Over the course of roughly two decades, a network of black realtors, black churches, and black tenants took advantage of market conditions and intraracial tensions among white homeowners and renters to claim residential space in Harlem. This campaign for housing, waged from San Juan Hill and Harlem, was the first grassroots battle in Harlem. As blacks settled into Harlem, they began building secular and spiritual institutions to satisfy the needs of the burgeoning community. Throughout the community-building process, black leaders asserted that black entrepreneurialism and racial consumer loyalty were the fulcra of the black community.
Darrel E. Bigham
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813123660
- eISBN:
- 9780813134741
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813123660.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
The story of the Ohio River and its settlements are an integral part of American history, particularly during the country's westward expansion. The vibrant African American communities along the ...
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The story of the Ohio River and its settlements are an integral part of American history, particularly during the country's westward expansion. The vibrant African American communities along the Ohio's banks, however, have rarely been studied in depth. Blacks have lived in the Ohio River Valley since the late eighteenth century, and since the river divided the free labor North and the slave labor South, black communities faced unique challenges. This book examines the lives of African Americans in the counties along the northern and southern banks of the Ohio River both before and in the years directly following the Civil War. Gleaning material from biographies and primary sources written as early as the 1860s, as well as public records, the book separates historical truth from the legends that grew up surrounding these communities. The Ohio River may have separated freedom and slavery, but it was not a barrier to the racial prejudice in the region. The book compares early black communities on the northern shore with their southern counterparts, noting that many similarities existed despite the fact that the Roebling Suspension Bridge, constructed in 1866 at Cincinnati, was the first bridge to join the shores. Free blacks in the lower Midwest had difficulty finding employment and adequate housing. Education for their children was severely restricted if not completely forbidden, and blacks could neither vote nor testify against whites in court. Indiana and Illinois passed laws to prevent black migrants from settling within their borders, and blacks already living in those states were pressured to leave. Despite these challenges, black river communities continued to thrive during slavery, after emancipation, and throughout the Jim Crow era. Families were established despite forced separations and the lack of legally recognized marriages. Blacks were subjected to intimidation and violence on both shores and were denied even the most basic state-supported services. As a result, communities were left to devise their own strategies for preventing homelessness, disease, and unemployment.Less
The story of the Ohio River and its settlements are an integral part of American history, particularly during the country's westward expansion. The vibrant African American communities along the Ohio's banks, however, have rarely been studied in depth. Blacks have lived in the Ohio River Valley since the late eighteenth century, and since the river divided the free labor North and the slave labor South, black communities faced unique challenges. This book examines the lives of African Americans in the counties along the northern and southern banks of the Ohio River both before and in the years directly following the Civil War. Gleaning material from biographies and primary sources written as early as the 1860s, as well as public records, the book separates historical truth from the legends that grew up surrounding these communities. The Ohio River may have separated freedom and slavery, but it was not a barrier to the racial prejudice in the region. The book compares early black communities on the northern shore with their southern counterparts, noting that many similarities existed despite the fact that the Roebling Suspension Bridge, constructed in 1866 at Cincinnati, was the first bridge to join the shores. Free blacks in the lower Midwest had difficulty finding employment and adequate housing. Education for their children was severely restricted if not completely forbidden, and blacks could neither vote nor testify against whites in court. Indiana and Illinois passed laws to prevent black migrants from settling within their borders, and blacks already living in those states were pressured to leave. Despite these challenges, black river communities continued to thrive during slavery, after emancipation, and throughout the Jim Crow era. Families were established despite forced separations and the lack of legally recognized marriages. Blacks were subjected to intimidation and violence on both shores and were denied even the most basic state-supported services. As a result, communities were left to devise their own strategies for preventing homelessness, disease, and unemployment.
Monica M. White
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643694
- eISBN:
- 9781469643717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643694.003.0081
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Whereas previous chapters discussed strategies employed by those who stayed in the South, this chapter tells the stories of the descendants of those who migrated north, focusing on Detroit. While far ...
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Whereas previous chapters discussed strategies employed by those who stayed in the South, this chapter tells the stories of the descendants of those who migrated north, focusing on Detroit. While far in time and space from the other examples of Black agricultural resistance discussed in this book, contemporary communities in Detroit are similarly turning to agriculture as a strategy of survival and resistance. The Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN) formed in 2006, setting goals of improving education, food access, and collective buying. DBCFSN is rooted in a pan-African philosophy of pride and solidarity and draws from founders’ experiences in Detroit’s Black Power era and in city government. Central to DBCFSN’s approach to community food sovereignty are antiracist and anticapitalist principles that guide cooperative efforts, political education, and organizing designed to dismantle systems of white supremacy embedded in the food system. DBCFSN’s most well-known projects – the Detroit Food Policy Council, D-Town Farm, and the Ujamaa Food Buying Club – enact the strategies of prefigurative politics, economic autonomy, and commons as praxis to build collective agency and community resilience.Less
Whereas previous chapters discussed strategies employed by those who stayed in the South, this chapter tells the stories of the descendants of those who migrated north, focusing on Detroit. While far in time and space from the other examples of Black agricultural resistance discussed in this book, contemporary communities in Detroit are similarly turning to agriculture as a strategy of survival and resistance. The Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN) formed in 2006, setting goals of improving education, food access, and collective buying. DBCFSN is rooted in a pan-African philosophy of pride and solidarity and draws from founders’ experiences in Detroit’s Black Power era and in city government. Central to DBCFSN’s approach to community food sovereignty are antiracist and anticapitalist principles that guide cooperative efforts, political education, and organizing designed to dismantle systems of white supremacy embedded in the food system. DBCFSN’s most well-known projects – the Detroit Food Policy Council, D-Town Farm, and the Ujamaa Food Buying Club – enact the strategies of prefigurative politics, economic autonomy, and commons as praxis to build collective agency and community resilience.
Geoff K. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226873169
- eISBN:
- 9780226873190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226873190.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
The second wave of black child-saving initiatives was a duality of structure and agency rooted within and shaping a changing racial terrain. This chapter emphasizes the evolution of a distinct sense ...
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The second wave of black child-saving initiatives was a duality of structure and agency rooted within and shaping a changing racial terrain. This chapter emphasizes the evolution of a distinct sense of self and society among black women and men after World War I, especially in the urban North. This played a role in the changing outlook and organization of black child-saving initiatives. A new self-concept and social consciousness blended gender, race, and class identities to shape more assertive, professional, and eclectic icons of the modern race man and woman. These identities intermixed notions such as the modern woman, the New Negro, and the race expert. This catalyzed, divided, and, eventually, isolated black civic leaders and organizations. This chapter also focuses on the resources mobilized during the second wave. Vanguard efforts had relied almost exclusively on the social networks and resources of black clubwomen's associations. The more robust organizational and resource base of the growing civil rights establishment supported the new leadership of black professional race experts.Less
The second wave of black child-saving initiatives was a duality of structure and agency rooted within and shaping a changing racial terrain. This chapter emphasizes the evolution of a distinct sense of self and society among black women and men after World War I, especially in the urban North. This played a role in the changing outlook and organization of black child-saving initiatives. A new self-concept and social consciousness blended gender, race, and class identities to shape more assertive, professional, and eclectic icons of the modern race man and woman. These identities intermixed notions such as the modern woman, the New Negro, and the race expert. This catalyzed, divided, and, eventually, isolated black civic leaders and organizations. This chapter also focuses on the resources mobilized during the second wave. Vanguard efforts had relied almost exclusively on the social networks and resources of black clubwomen's associations. The more robust organizational and resource base of the growing civil rights establishment supported the new leadership of black professional race experts.
Geoff K. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226873169
- eISBN:
- 9780226873190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226873190.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter provides an account of this paradoxical and tragic reformulation of racial oppression and domination in the post-civil rights period. Formal integration reconfigured black youth ...
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This chapter provides an account of this paradoxical and tragic reformulation of racial oppression and domination in the post-civil rights period. Formal integration reconfigured black youth opportunity and community influence in American juvenile justice, but it failed to institutionalize racially democratic control. Instead, subsequent cultural and institutional changes related to a more general late-twentieth-century retraction of the liberal welfare state drained the progressive utility of integration, reducing black youth and community incorporation to more symbolic forms of inclusion. In contemporary juvenile justice, the “accountability movement” reconfigured the social contractual terms of juvenile justice and the organization of decision-making in juvenile justice in ways that undermined the potential for racially democratic control.Less
This chapter provides an account of this paradoxical and tragic reformulation of racial oppression and domination in the post-civil rights period. Formal integration reconfigured black youth opportunity and community influence in American juvenile justice, but it failed to institutionalize racially democratic control. Instead, subsequent cultural and institutional changes related to a more general late-twentieth-century retraction of the liberal welfare state drained the progressive utility of integration, reducing black youth and community incorporation to more symbolic forms of inclusion. In contemporary juvenile justice, the “accountability movement” reconfigured the social contractual terms of juvenile justice and the organization of decision-making in juvenile justice in ways that undermined the potential for racially democratic control.
Michelle A. Purdy
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643496
- eISBN:
- 9781469643519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643496.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter chronicles how early decisions by Dr. William Pressly, founding president of Westminster, and other private school leaders began to blur the boundaries between public and private. ...
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This chapter chronicles how early decisions by Dr. William Pressly, founding president of Westminster, and other private school leaders began to blur the boundaries between public and private. Westminster, established in 1951, became a popular private school among white middle- and upper-class Atlantans. As Pressly became a leader of the National Council of Independent Schools, he began to negotiate multiple contexts, including that of the city of Atlanta, the state of Georgia, and independent schools nationally. Westminster’s early school culture reflected “Old South” sentiments and racist traditions, while at the same time the first black students to desegregate the school were being born. They would be raised in the segregated black communities and schools developed because of and in spite of Jim Crow. What they gained as young boys and girls would help equip them for experiences that they did not know lay ahead—desegregating and attending Westminster.Less
This chapter chronicles how early decisions by Dr. William Pressly, founding president of Westminster, and other private school leaders began to blur the boundaries between public and private. Westminster, established in 1951, became a popular private school among white middle- and upper-class Atlantans. As Pressly became a leader of the National Council of Independent Schools, he began to negotiate multiple contexts, including that of the city of Atlanta, the state of Georgia, and independent schools nationally. Westminster’s early school culture reflected “Old South” sentiments and racist traditions, while at the same time the first black students to desegregate the school were being born. They would be raised in the segregated black communities and schools developed because of and in spite of Jim Crow. What they gained as young boys and girls would help equip them for experiences that they did not know lay ahead—desegregating and attending Westminster.
Andrew Billingsley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195161793
- eISBN:
- 9780199849512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161793.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter discusses the contribution of General William T. Sherman to the black church. Gen. Sherman's brilliant and bloody march through Georgia and the Carolinas during the fall and winter of ...
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This chapter discusses the contribution of General William T. Sherman to the black church. Gen. Sherman's brilliant and bloody march through Georgia and the Carolinas during the fall and winter of 1864–65 profoundly affected the black community and the black church. Just as profoundly did the black people and their church affect the success of Sherman's mission. After Sherman's conquest, the Zion Baptist Church would become separate and free, and Brother Ephraim would lead this independent church into the early years of freedom. The quest of Gen. Sherman from Atlanta to Savannah is described. Twenty black religious leaders were the special guests of the general. They were summoned to help the general and President Lincoln on how to implement the Emancipation Proclamation. After six weeks in Savannah, Sherman left the city for his campaign through the Carolinas.Less
This chapter discusses the contribution of General William T. Sherman to the black church. Gen. Sherman's brilliant and bloody march through Georgia and the Carolinas during the fall and winter of 1864–65 profoundly affected the black community and the black church. Just as profoundly did the black people and their church affect the success of Sherman's mission. After Sherman's conquest, the Zion Baptist Church would become separate and free, and Brother Ephraim would lead this independent church into the early years of freedom. The quest of Gen. Sherman from Atlanta to Savannah is described. Twenty black religious leaders were the special guests of the general. They were summoned to help the general and President Lincoln on how to implement the Emancipation Proclamation. After six weeks in Savannah, Sherman left the city for his campaign through the Carolinas.
Mara Casey Tieken
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781469618487
- eISBN:
- 9781469618500
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469618487.003.0007
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
This chapter explains how a school defines a community. A school pulls together a particular group of individuals into a community within a boundary and with a certain identity. In Delight, the ...
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This chapter explains how a school defines a community. A school pulls together a particular group of individuals into a community within a boundary and with a certain identity. In Delight, the school constructs a cross-racial community, while Earle's schools re-create a black community. Although different, both Delight and Earle tell a rural narrative about the definition, construction, and survival of a community. These communities matter both to their residents and to outsiders. They shape daily life, patterning and explaining interactions and events.Less
This chapter explains how a school defines a community. A school pulls together a particular group of individuals into a community within a boundary and with a certain identity. In Delight, the school constructs a cross-racial community, while Earle's schools re-create a black community. Although different, both Delight and Earle tell a rural narrative about the definition, construction, and survival of a community. These communities matter both to their residents and to outsiders. They shape daily life, patterning and explaining interactions and events.
Geoff K. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226873169
- eISBN:
- 9780226873190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226873190.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter focuses on the societal mechanisms and implications of Jim Crow juvenile justice. This sociological interpretation helps account for the formation and endurance of this peculiar ...
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This chapter focuses on the societal mechanisms and implications of Jim Crow juvenile justice. This sociological interpretation helps account for the formation and endurance of this peculiar institution while also providing a context for the oppositional racial project it inspired—the black child-saving movement. The basic argument here is that Jim Crow juvenile justice was a racially oppressive social system that grew and flourished amid the racial group power imbalance created by denials of black representation. Black Americans showed tremendous concern for black youth protection, in the interest of youth and community welfare, yet white domination of the public sphere led to monopolization of child-welfare resources and authority. Thus, Jim Crow juvenile justice was defined by a dynamic of underdevelopment, a systematic attempt to deny black youth (and, therefore, community) development, or self-realization, through the racially selective provision of parental state resources. In the urban North, this oppression typically manifested as institutionalized neglect or subtle exploitation, while the oppression of black youths and communities in the South often took more explicit, violent, and politically expressive forms.Less
This chapter focuses on the societal mechanisms and implications of Jim Crow juvenile justice. This sociological interpretation helps account for the formation and endurance of this peculiar institution while also providing a context for the oppositional racial project it inspired—the black child-saving movement. The basic argument here is that Jim Crow juvenile justice was a racially oppressive social system that grew and flourished amid the racial group power imbalance created by denials of black representation. Black Americans showed tremendous concern for black youth protection, in the interest of youth and community welfare, yet white domination of the public sphere led to monopolization of child-welfare resources and authority. Thus, Jim Crow juvenile justice was defined by a dynamic of underdevelopment, a systematic attempt to deny black youth (and, therefore, community) development, or self-realization, through the racially selective provision of parental state resources. In the urban North, this oppression typically manifested as institutionalized neglect or subtle exploitation, while the oppression of black youths and communities in the South often took more explicit, violent, and politically expressive forms.
Geoff K. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226873169
- eISBN:
- 9780226873190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226873190.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Black opposition to Jim Crow juvenile justice systems went through waves of social action by the black child-saving movement. The movement's phases are distinguished by historical period as well as ...
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Black opposition to Jim Crow juvenile justice systems went through waves of social action by the black child-saving movement. The movement's phases are distinguished by historical period as well as by variations in black social status, oppositional politics, and social movement resources. This chapter covers the first wave of reform, which commenced in the late nineteenth century and peaked in the 1920s. This chapter surveys its logic and organization, including its background, ideology, and the way in which the resources of early reformers shaped and limited their collective efficacy and societal impact. Pragmatic and conservative strategies, extremely limited political capital, and a reliance on private resources moderated their advances. Yet this early effort to “uplift the race” through self-help set the stage for future civil rights challenges and the eventual legal demise of Jim Crow juvenile justice.Less
Black opposition to Jim Crow juvenile justice systems went through waves of social action by the black child-saving movement. The movement's phases are distinguished by historical period as well as by variations in black social status, oppositional politics, and social movement resources. This chapter covers the first wave of reform, which commenced in the late nineteenth century and peaked in the 1920s. This chapter surveys its logic and organization, including its background, ideology, and the way in which the resources of early reformers shaped and limited their collective efficacy and societal impact. Pragmatic and conservative strategies, extremely limited political capital, and a reliance on private resources moderated their advances. Yet this early effort to “uplift the race” through self-help set the stage for future civil rights challenges and the eventual legal demise of Jim Crow juvenile justice.
Shannon King
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479811274
- eISBN:
- 9781479866915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479811274.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter examines Harlemites' contestations over black leisure culture and vice activity in public and private spaces during the Prohibition era. Black-owned enterprises especially espoused a ...
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This chapter examines Harlemites' contestations over black leisure culture and vice activity in public and private spaces during the Prohibition era. Black-owned enterprises especially espoused a sense of belonging, self-determination, and autonomy among blacks. In Prohibition era New York, however, the flood of whites to Harlem's clubs narrowed blacks' options for adult recreation, either because these clubs wholly prohibited black patrons or wealthier white consumers priced them out at the night spots. In this sense, Prohibition meant the resegregation and privatization of black leisure spaces in Harlem. Thus, the expansion of white ownership of Harlem leisure institutions and the throng of slumming whites threatened the autonomy of the black community and their community rights.Less
This chapter examines Harlemites' contestations over black leisure culture and vice activity in public and private spaces during the Prohibition era. Black-owned enterprises especially espoused a sense of belonging, self-determination, and autonomy among blacks. In Prohibition era New York, however, the flood of whites to Harlem's clubs narrowed blacks' options for adult recreation, either because these clubs wholly prohibited black patrons or wealthier white consumers priced them out at the night spots. In this sense, Prohibition meant the resegregation and privatization of black leisure spaces in Harlem. Thus, the expansion of white ownership of Harlem leisure institutions and the throng of slumming whites threatened the autonomy of the black community and their community rights.
