Michael Camasso
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195179057
- eISBN:
- 9780199864546
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179057.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Children and Families
Fifteen years ago, New Jersey became the first of over twenty states to introduce the family cap, a welfare reform policy that reduces or eliminates cash benefits for unmarried women on public ...
More
Fifteen years ago, New Jersey became the first of over twenty states to introduce the family cap, a welfare reform policy that reduces or eliminates cash benefits for unmarried women on public assistance who become pregnant. The caps have lowered extra-marital birth rates, as intended but as this book shows they did so in a manner that few of the policy’s architects are willing to acknowledge publicly, namely by increasing the abortion rate disproportionately among black and Hispanic women. This book presents the caps history from inception through implementation to the investigation and the dramatic attempts to squelch the author’s unpleasant findings. The book contains clear-cut evidence and data analyses, yet also plays close attention to the reactions the author’s findings provoked in policymakers, both conservative and liberal, who were unprepared for the effects of their crude social engineering and did not want their success scrutinized too closely. The book argues that absent of any successful rehabilitation or marriage strategies, abortion provides a viable third way for policymakers to help black and Hispanic women accumulate the social and human capital they need to escape welfare, while simultaneously appealing to liberals passion for reproductive freedom and the neoconservatives sense of social pragmatism.Less
Fifteen years ago, New Jersey became the first of over twenty states to introduce the family cap, a welfare reform policy that reduces or eliminates cash benefits for unmarried women on public assistance who become pregnant. The caps have lowered extra-marital birth rates, as intended but as this book shows they did so in a manner that few of the policy’s architects are willing to acknowledge publicly, namely by increasing the abortion rate disproportionately among black and Hispanic women. This book presents the caps history from inception through implementation to the investigation and the dramatic attempts to squelch the author’s unpleasant findings. The book contains clear-cut evidence and data analyses, yet also plays close attention to the reactions the author’s findings provoked in policymakers, both conservative and liberal, who were unprepared for the effects of their crude social engineering and did not want their success scrutinized too closely. The book argues that absent of any successful rehabilitation or marriage strategies, abortion provides a viable third way for policymakers to help black and Hispanic women accumulate the social and human capital they need to escape welfare, while simultaneously appealing to liberals passion for reproductive freedom and the neoconservatives sense of social pragmatism.
Lev Ginzburg and Mark Colyvan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168167
- eISBN:
- 9780199790159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168167.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter argues for a two-dimensional, energetically-based view of population equilibrium, and this view is supported by two large-scale observations. It suggests that thinking about equilibrium ...
More
This chapter argues for a two-dimensional, energetically-based view of population equilibrium, and this view is supported by two large-scale observations. It suggests that thinking about equilibrium simply as a balance between births and deaths is too simplistic. Rather, equilibrium is a balance between rates of energy use and rates of consumption, with both birth and death rates a consequence of these more fundamental metabolic considerations.Less
This chapter argues for a two-dimensional, energetically-based view of population equilibrium, and this view is supported by two large-scale observations. It suggests that thinking about equilibrium simply as a balance between births and deaths is too simplistic. Rather, equilibrium is a balance between rates of energy use and rates of consumption, with both birth and death rates a consequence of these more fundamental metabolic considerations.
Jan‐Erik Lane, David McKay, and Kenneth Newton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198280538
- eISBN:
- 9780191601934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828053X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This section presents population data on OECD countries. It features tables on mid-year estimates, population growth, population density, age structure, birth rate, life expectancy, infant mortality ...
More
This section presents population data on OECD countries. It features tables on mid-year estimates, population growth, population density, age structure, birth rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and urban concentration.Less
This section presents population data on OECD countries. It features tables on mid-year estimates, population growth, population density, age structure, birth rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and urban concentration.
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780814794845
- eISBN:
- 9780814784655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814794845.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
Chapter five moves from ethnography at the village level to examine the demographics of declining fertility and rural depopulation plaguing many affluent nations. A failure of generational renewal ...
More
Chapter five moves from ethnography at the village level to examine the demographics of declining fertility and rural depopulation plaguing many affluent nations. A failure of generational renewal threatens the well-being of individuals, communities and societies. With the story of a child who is the last child in his remote Italian village, the author illustrates the critical importance of children to each other and to their communities. After introducing demographic concepts such as birth rate and replacement rate, total fertility rate and replacement rate fertility, the book discusses the low birth rate crisis in Italy where the population is declining at an unsustainable rate. It examines factors affecting birth rates, including adolescent fertility rate, mother’s marital status, percentage of women in the workforce, and gendered division of domestic labour. In comparison with Italy, US birth rates have been relatively robust; however, after the Great Recession US birth rates declined steadily and are now well below replacement rate. The chapter closes with discussion of the interplay between politics and demographics, including rules on birth right citizenship, the role of immigration in rejuvenating populations, and the misuse of demographic data to fuel anti-immigrant, sectarian, and racial conflict.Less
Chapter five moves from ethnography at the village level to examine the demographics of declining fertility and rural depopulation plaguing many affluent nations. A failure of generational renewal threatens the well-being of individuals, communities and societies. With the story of a child who is the last child in his remote Italian village, the author illustrates the critical importance of children to each other and to their communities. After introducing demographic concepts such as birth rate and replacement rate, total fertility rate and replacement rate fertility, the book discusses the low birth rate crisis in Italy where the population is declining at an unsustainable rate. It examines factors affecting birth rates, including adolescent fertility rate, mother’s marital status, percentage of women in the workforce, and gendered division of domestic labour. In comparison with Italy, US birth rates have been relatively robust; however, after the Great Recession US birth rates declined steadily and are now well below replacement rate. The chapter closes with discussion of the interplay between politics and demographics, including rules on birth right citizenship, the role of immigration in rejuvenating populations, and the misuse of demographic data to fuel anti-immigrant, sectarian, and racial conflict.
Xun Gu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199213269
- eISBN:
- 9780191594762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213269.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
Whole-genome analysis, e.g., the presence or absence of gene families over multiple genomes, is becoming an attractive approach for extracting the bulk phylogenetic signals and exploring the pattern ...
More
Whole-genome analysis, e.g., the presence or absence of gene families over multiple genomes, is becoming an attractive approach for extracting the bulk phylogenetic signals and exploring the pattern of genome evolution. This chapter introduces several statistical models for this purpose. These include the likelihood function, the birth-death model with lateral gene transfer, the blocks model, the equal birth-death rate model; and the constant-birth, proportional-death model.Less
Whole-genome analysis, e.g., the presence or absence of gene families over multiple genomes, is becoming an attractive approach for extracting the bulk phylogenetic signals and exploring the pattern of genome evolution. This chapter introduces several statistical models for this purpose. These include the likelihood function, the birth-death model with lateral gene transfer, the blocks model, the equal birth-death rate model; and the constant-birth, proportional-death model.
Robert L. Perlman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199661718
- eISBN:
- 9780191774720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661718.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Evolution is intimately connected with demography. Differences in the fitness of organisms of different genotypes are due to differences in their age-specific survival or fertility rates. This ...
More
Evolution is intimately connected with demography. Differences in the fitness of organisms of different genotypes are due to differences in their age-specific survival or fertility rates. This chapter introduces these demographic parameters. It emphasizes fertility rates, since survival (or mortality) rates will be discussed later, in the context of life histories and aging. It also reviews the demographic and disease history of the human population to give readers a context in which to think about the current burden of disease. Population growth can be understood in terms of birth rates and death rates, or in terms of women’s fertility rates. Population growth rates are decreasing around the world, as women are choosing to postpone and limit their childbearing. The demographic transition is a model that describes how societies go from a regime of high birth and death rates, and low population growth rates, through a period in which death rates decline more rapidly than birth rates and population growth increases, to a state in which birth rates decline and population growth slows. The demographic transition has been accompanied by an epidemiologic transition, in which the burden of nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases have decreased while degenerative and man-made diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and stroke have become more important causes of disability and death. The chapter ends with a discussion of the future of the human population.Less
Evolution is intimately connected with demography. Differences in the fitness of organisms of different genotypes are due to differences in their age-specific survival or fertility rates. This chapter introduces these demographic parameters. It emphasizes fertility rates, since survival (or mortality) rates will be discussed later, in the context of life histories and aging. It also reviews the demographic and disease history of the human population to give readers a context in which to think about the current burden of disease. Population growth can be understood in terms of birth rates and death rates, or in terms of women’s fertility rates. Population growth rates are decreasing around the world, as women are choosing to postpone and limit their childbearing. The demographic transition is a model that describes how societies go from a regime of high birth and death rates, and low population growth rates, through a period in which death rates decline more rapidly than birth rates and population growth increases, to a state in which birth rates decline and population growth slows. The demographic transition has been accompanied by an epidemiologic transition, in which the burden of nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases have decreased while degenerative and man-made diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and stroke have become more important causes of disability and death. The chapter ends with a discussion of the future of the human population.
Theodore Zeldin
- Published in print:
- 1977
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198221258
- eISBN:
- 9780191678424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221258.003.0019
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The demographic history of France is very revealing not only about the attitudes of individuals towards the most basic facts of life and the status of the family, but also about the clash between ...
More
The demographic history of France is very revealing not only about the attitudes of individuals towards the most basic facts of life and the status of the family, but also about the clash between their interests and the nationalist aspirations of the politicians. This conflict and the contrast between the ambitions of different sections of the community, and the way they could ignore each other, makes the problems of population much more than an exercise in statistics. The reasons why Frenchmen had small families but also deplored them are worth investigating. This chapter shows that the relationship between attitudes to death and behaviour in life, if it is ever worked out with greater precision, is unlikely to be a simple one, which can be stated by reference to a single, or even a few, social variables. It suggests, as do also the statistics on population and family, that several fundamentally opposed forms of behaviour coexisted. France was not all one in the way it tackled birth, death, or anything else.Less
The demographic history of France is very revealing not only about the attitudes of individuals towards the most basic facts of life and the status of the family, but also about the clash between their interests and the nationalist aspirations of the politicians. This conflict and the contrast between the ambitions of different sections of the community, and the way they could ignore each other, makes the problems of population much more than an exercise in statistics. The reasons why Frenchmen had small families but also deplored them are worth investigating. This chapter shows that the relationship between attitudes to death and behaviour in life, if it is ever worked out with greater precision, is unlikely to be a simple one, which can be stated by reference to a single, or even a few, social variables. It suggests, as do also the statistics on population and family, that several fundamentally opposed forms of behaviour coexisted. France was not all one in the way it tackled birth, death, or anything else.
Hans‐Peter Kohler
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244591
- eISBN:
- 9780191596544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244596.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Shows that the relevance of social interaction is not restricted to developing countries with relatively high levels of fertility. In particular, fluctuations in birth rates in developed countries ...
More
Shows that the relevance of social interaction is not restricted to developing countries with relatively high levels of fertility. In particular, fluctuations in birth rates in developed countries have been considerably less regular than many explanatory theories suggest. This chapter argues that social interaction is relevant even in developed countries, where increased individualism has been associated with changing demographic behaviour. The analysis shows that social interaction can emerge in both market and non‐market situations, ranging from the evolution of social norms and values to imperfections in the labour market. A formal model for investigating the dynamic consequences of social interaction in developed countries is developed, and its aggregate implications are tested using a Markov switching regression model applied to net reproduction rates since 1930. The findings show that social interaction can lead to fluctuations in birth rates that are swift and difficult to foresee, and that these fluctuations are likely to be asymmetric: spells of low fertility have a considerably higher persistence than spells of high fertility.Less
Shows that the relevance of social interaction is not restricted to developing countries with relatively high levels of fertility. In particular, fluctuations in birth rates in developed countries have been considerably less regular than many explanatory theories suggest. This chapter argues that social interaction is relevant even in developed countries, where increased individualism has been associated with changing demographic behaviour. The analysis shows that social interaction can emerge in both market and non‐market situations, ranging from the evolution of social norms and values to imperfections in the labour market. A formal model for investigating the dynamic consequences of social interaction in developed countries is developed, and its aggregate implications are tested using a Markov switching regression model applied to net reproduction rates since 1930. The findings show that social interaction can lead to fluctuations in birth rates that are swift and difficult to foresee, and that these fluctuations are likely to be asymmetric: spells of low fertility have a considerably higher persistence than spells of high fertility.
Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter argues that from the 1930s to the 1950s, it is probable that birth rates rose due to rising rates of coitus. Some aspects of the English experience are compared with American and ...
More
This chapter argues that from the 1930s to the 1950s, it is probable that birth rates rose due to rising rates of coitus. Some aspects of the English experience are compared with American and Australian experiences regarding the use of contraception to reinforce the evidence for low rates of coitus in the first third of the 20th century.Less
This chapter argues that from the 1930s to the 1950s, it is probable that birth rates rose due to rising rates of coitus. Some aspects of the English experience are compared with American and Australian experiences regarding the use of contraception to reinforce the evidence for low rates of coitus in the first third of the 20th century.
Robert A. LeVine, Sarah LeVine, Beatrice Schnell-Anzola, Meredith L. Rowe, and Emily Dexter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195309829
- eISBN:
- 9780199932733
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309829.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Decades of research have shown that women’s school attainment is correlated with reduced child mortality and fertility in developing countries – without clarifying the processes involved. This book ...
More
Decades of research have shown that women’s school attainment is correlated with reduced child mortality and fertility in developing countries – without clarifying the processes involved. This book proposes that literate communication skills acquired in Western-type schools constitute a causal link between schooling and maternal behavior in bureaucratic health care settings, contributing to the decline in birth and death rates. The book reviews the history of mass schooling and its diffusion, the evidence on women’s schooling in demographic transition, and the re-conceptualization of literacy in educational research. Then it presents data on the literacy skills and maternal behavior of mothers in four countries – Mexico, Nepal, Venezuela and Zambia – finding that literacy and language skills acquired in school were retained into a woman’s child-bearing years, that literacy mediates the effect of schooling on a mother’s comprehension of health messages in print and broadcast media and on her health navigation skill – with other socioeconomic factors (urban or rural residence, income, husband’s education, parents’ education) controlled. Literacy also influences mothers’ tendencies to talk and read to their young children. The theory of communicative socialization emerging from this research indicates that girls acquire from teacher-pupil interaction the tendencies to act like pupils in health care settings and like teachers with their own children, thus using their literacy skills in ways standardized by classroom experience. This new account of maternal health literacy and health navigation skills is empirically supported by the evidence presented in the book but needs further validation from longitudinal research.Less
Decades of research have shown that women’s school attainment is correlated with reduced child mortality and fertility in developing countries – without clarifying the processes involved. This book proposes that literate communication skills acquired in Western-type schools constitute a causal link between schooling and maternal behavior in bureaucratic health care settings, contributing to the decline in birth and death rates. The book reviews the history of mass schooling and its diffusion, the evidence on women’s schooling in demographic transition, and the re-conceptualization of literacy in educational research. Then it presents data on the literacy skills and maternal behavior of mothers in four countries – Mexico, Nepal, Venezuela and Zambia – finding that literacy and language skills acquired in school were retained into a woman’s child-bearing years, that literacy mediates the effect of schooling on a mother’s comprehension of health messages in print and broadcast media and on her health navigation skill – with other socioeconomic factors (urban or rural residence, income, husband’s education, parents’ education) controlled. Literacy also influences mothers’ tendencies to talk and read to their young children. The theory of communicative socialization emerging from this research indicates that girls acquire from teacher-pupil interaction the tendencies to act like pupils in health care settings and like teachers with their own children, thus using their literacy skills in ways standardized by classroom experience. This new account of maternal health literacy and health navigation skills is empirically supported by the evidence presented in the book but needs further validation from longitudinal research.
Tirthankar Roy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198074175
- eISBN:
- 9780199082148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074175.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
There are three sets of factors that determine population growth: the economic rationality of having large or small families, the sociocultural contexts influencing preferences for large or small ...
More
There are three sets of factors that determine population growth: the economic rationality of having large or small families, the sociocultural contexts influencing preferences for large or small families, and health care systems and nutritional status. These relationships are explained by the ‘demographic transition’ theory. After years of having either a stagnant or slow population growth, India began to experience rapid growth from the 1920s. This chapter assesses the impact of demographic transition on the labour force, focusing first on the statistics on population growth and then turning to the structure of occupations. It also considers the causes of the increase and eventual decline in mortality rates in India as well as birth rates, migration (internal and international), and famines.Less
There are three sets of factors that determine population growth: the economic rationality of having large or small families, the sociocultural contexts influencing preferences for large or small families, and health care systems and nutritional status. These relationships are explained by the ‘demographic transition’ theory. After years of having either a stagnant or slow population growth, India began to experience rapid growth from the 1920s. This chapter assesses the impact of demographic transition on the labour force, focusing first on the statistics on population growth and then turning to the structure of occupations. It also considers the causes of the increase and eventual decline in mortality rates in India as well as birth rates, migration (internal and international), and famines.
Masaaki Shirakawa
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780300258974
- eISBN:
- 9780300263008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300258974.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter describes the debates on and challenges of the Japanese economy. The Japanese debate on deflation became noisier as the days passed. In the National Diet, there was increasing political ...
More
This chapter describes the debates on and challenges of the Japanese economy. The Japanese debate on deflation became noisier as the days passed. In the National Diet, there was increasing political pressure on the Bank of Japan for more aggressive monetary easing. The louder the voices became, however, the more the author came to think that the frustration most people expressed with the word “deflation” was not with the fall in prices itself but rather with the gradually declining growth potential of the economy and the country's deflating prospects. The author also thought that there would be no end to calls for aggressive monetary easing until the underlying challenges confronting the Japanese economy were recognized and addressed. From 2010 onward, the author increasingly spoke out about the issues of aging and falling birth rates, and also of productivity and the declining competitiveness of the Japanese industry.Less
This chapter describes the debates on and challenges of the Japanese economy. The Japanese debate on deflation became noisier as the days passed. In the National Diet, there was increasing political pressure on the Bank of Japan for more aggressive monetary easing. The louder the voices became, however, the more the author came to think that the frustration most people expressed with the word “deflation” was not with the fall in prices itself but rather with the gradually declining growth potential of the economy and the country's deflating prospects. The author also thought that there would be no end to calls for aggressive monetary easing until the underlying challenges confronting the Japanese economy were recognized and addressed. From 2010 onward, the author increasingly spoke out about the issues of aging and falling birth rates, and also of productivity and the declining competitiveness of the Japanese industry.
Christine Carter McLaughlin and Kristin Luker
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346780
- eISBN:
- 9781447304272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346780.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter discusses the emergence of teenage pregnancy as a social problem in the US, paradoxically at a time when teenage pregnancy is declining. It presents statistical data on adolescent birth ...
More
This chapter discusses the emergence of teenage pregnancy as a social problem in the US, paradoxically at a time when teenage pregnancy is declining. It presents statistical data on adolescent birth rate, teenage pregnancy rate and abortion rate; these sets of data indicate that the fall in teenage pregnancy is most likely due to improved contraceptive use rather than a corresponding decrease in the frequency of intercourse among sexually experienced teenagers. This chapter also discusses the sociological explanations of teenage pregnancy, as well as the current policy initiatives that have been put in place to help adolescent mothers. The discussions in this chapter further indicate that the ideology of welfare dependency has prevented the development of comprehensive policy responses to teenage pregnancy.Less
This chapter discusses the emergence of teenage pregnancy as a social problem in the US, paradoxically at a time when teenage pregnancy is declining. It presents statistical data on adolescent birth rate, teenage pregnancy rate and abortion rate; these sets of data indicate that the fall in teenage pregnancy is most likely due to improved contraceptive use rather than a corresponding decrease in the frequency of intercourse among sexually experienced teenagers. This chapter also discusses the sociological explanations of teenage pregnancy, as well as the current policy initiatives that have been put in place to help adolescent mothers. The discussions in this chapter further indicate that the ideology of welfare dependency has prevented the development of comprehensive policy responses to teenage pregnancy.
Jonathan Bradshaw
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428370
- eISBN:
- 9781447304005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428370.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter presents a review of recent developments in the demography of childhood in the UK and children's changing social relationships within the family. It also discusses the demographic ...
More
This chapter presents a review of recent developments in the demography of childhood in the UK and children's changing social relationships within the family. It also discusses the demographic characteristics of children — their numbers, gender, age, ethnicity, geographical location and family composition. Comparisons of UK children with those of other countries are then presented. It also reports the evidence of the impact of family structure on child well-being. The fluctuations in the number and age composition of children reflect changes in fertility and birth rates. The fertility rate is influenced by changes in the number of children women will have, the timing of births and migration patterns. Recent demographic changes challenge the well-being of children in the UK, and the outcomes depend on children's and their family's ability to develop strategies that help successfully to adapt to changing circumstances.Less
This chapter presents a review of recent developments in the demography of childhood in the UK and children's changing social relationships within the family. It also discusses the demographic characteristics of children — their numbers, gender, age, ethnicity, geographical location and family composition. Comparisons of UK children with those of other countries are then presented. It also reports the evidence of the impact of family structure on child well-being. The fluctuations in the number and age composition of children reflect changes in fertility and birth rates. The fertility rate is influenced by changes in the number of children women will have, the timing of births and migration patterns. Recent demographic changes challenge the well-being of children in the UK, and the outcomes depend on children's and their family's ability to develop strategies that help successfully to adapt to changing circumstances.
Leonore Davidoff
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199546480
- eISBN:
- 9780191730993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546480.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History, Family History
A high birth rate among most people meant offspring were spread over a wide age range creating an ‘intermediate generation’ between parents and younger children. Life in middle-class households could ...
More
A high birth rate among most people meant offspring were spread over a wide age range creating an ‘intermediate generation’ between parents and younger children. Life in middle-class households could be crowded, added to by residential servants, pupils, apprentices, and visitors. Children and young people were expected to share space and possessions. Parents and others used a variety of routines and punishments to manage these large broods. Elder children, particularly girls, helped with and taught the younger. Given the high incidence of serious illness, and high infant and child mortality, religious beliefs were an important source of guidance and solace. Adults favoured some children over others. Youngsters were expected to conform to accepted forms of feminine and masculine behaviour. In the late nineteenth century, middle-class family size gradually declined, fuelling eugenicist fears. By the 1920s large families were looked down on, an attitude that fed class tensions.Less
A high birth rate among most people meant offspring were spread over a wide age range creating an ‘intermediate generation’ between parents and younger children. Life in middle-class households could be crowded, added to by residential servants, pupils, apprentices, and visitors. Children and young people were expected to share space and possessions. Parents and others used a variety of routines and punishments to manage these large broods. Elder children, particularly girls, helped with and taught the younger. Given the high incidence of serious illness, and high infant and child mortality, religious beliefs were an important source of guidance and solace. Adults favoured some children over others. Youngsters were expected to conform to accepted forms of feminine and masculine behaviour. In the late nineteenth century, middle-class family size gradually declined, fuelling eugenicist fears. By the 1920s large families were looked down on, an attitude that fed class tensions.
Leonardo Morlino
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198829911
- eISBN:
- 9780191868368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0044
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The demographic trends of the past 150 years have been sustainably influenced by two demographic transitions. Demographic transformations represent periods of interruption in the constant course of ...
More
The demographic trends of the past 150 years have been sustainably influenced by two demographic transitions. Demographic transformations represent periods of interruption in the constant course of demographic development, during which time the way the reproduction of the population takes place changes significantly. Two periods of demographic transformation can be established that came about around 1900 (first demographic transition) and after the Second World War (Europe’s second demographic transition). The first demographic transformation was marked by the transition from a pre-industrial to an industrial society. The second transition was primarily based on a profound cultural change. Both periods of transformation show a considerable decline in birth rates, but also have specific characteristics. One of the striking features of the second demographic transition is that it is exclusively marked by a sharp decline in the birth rate. The first decline in the birth rate showed both a drop in birth and mortality levels. Other examples of demographic change are the changes in population reproduction experienced in the former socialist countries as a direct consequence of the transformation of society.Less
The demographic trends of the past 150 years have been sustainably influenced by two demographic transitions. Demographic transformations represent periods of interruption in the constant course of demographic development, during which time the way the reproduction of the population takes place changes significantly. Two periods of demographic transformation can be established that came about around 1900 (first demographic transition) and after the Second World War (Europe’s second demographic transition). The first demographic transformation was marked by the transition from a pre-industrial to an industrial society. The second transition was primarily based on a profound cultural change. Both periods of transformation show a considerable decline in birth rates, but also have specific characteristics. One of the striking features of the second demographic transition is that it is exclusively marked by a sharp decline in the birth rate. The first decline in the birth rate showed both a drop in birth and mortality levels. Other examples of demographic change are the changes in population reproduction experienced in the former socialist countries as a direct consequence of the transformation of society.
Elena Ivanova
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346780
- eISBN:
- 9781447304272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346780.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter first analyses the statistical trends in young people's reproductive behaviour since 1965. It points out that the interest in the phenomenon of adolescent motherhood in Russia appeared ...
More
This chapter first analyses the statistical trends in young people's reproductive behaviour since 1965. It points out that the interest in the phenomenon of adolescent motherhood in Russia appeared in the early 1990s, at a time of considerable increase in teenage birth rates. However, by the early 2000s young people's fertility rates dropped to the level observed in the 1970s. This chapter identifies and discusses the reasons for these changes in teenage reproductive behaviour. It also analyses the role of various political actors in the emergence of competing policy discourses in relation to teenage sex and sexual health. The chapter provides an assessment of the various initiatives relating to young people's sexual and reproductive rights. In the concluding parts of this chapter, current and future directions in the politics of teenage reproductive behaviour in Russia are discussed.Less
This chapter first analyses the statistical trends in young people's reproductive behaviour since 1965. It points out that the interest in the phenomenon of adolescent motherhood in Russia appeared in the early 1990s, at a time of considerable increase in teenage birth rates. However, by the early 2000s young people's fertility rates dropped to the level observed in the 1970s. This chapter identifies and discusses the reasons for these changes in teenage reproductive behaviour. It also analyses the role of various political actors in the emergence of competing policy discourses in relation to teenage sex and sexual health. The chapter provides an assessment of the various initiatives relating to young people's sexual and reproductive rights. In the concluding parts of this chapter, current and future directions in the politics of teenage reproductive behaviour in Russia are discussed.
Jonathan M. Chase and Mathew A. Leibold
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226101798
- eISBN:
- 9780226101811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226101811.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter proposes a quantitative definition of niche that includes a species' requirements from and impacts on a factor. Requirements refer to the conditions where an organism's birth rates ...
More
This chapter proposes a quantitative definition of niche that includes a species' requirements from and impacts on a factor. Requirements refer to the conditions where an organism's birth rates exceed its death rates on a particular factor, whereas impact refers to the effect that species has on the factor. The explicit recognition of both requirement and impact components of the niche provides a general framework for understanding the problems of species interaction and coexistence, which form the basis of much ecological inquiry.Less
This chapter proposes a quantitative definition of niche that includes a species' requirements from and impacts on a factor. Requirements refer to the conditions where an organism's birth rates exceed its death rates on a particular factor, whereas impact refers to the effect that species has on the factor. The explicit recognition of both requirement and impact components of the niche provides a general framework for understanding the problems of species interaction and coexistence, which form the basis of much ecological inquiry.
Ruth-Arlene W. Howe
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198268208
- eISBN:
- 9780191683442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268208.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
During the turbulent years preceding World War II, the American family was ‘vital to the nation’s survival, both as a symbol of democracy and as a counterpoint to the autocratic families of the Third ...
More
During the turbulent years preceding World War II, the American family was ‘vital to the nation’s survival, both as a symbol of democracy and as a counterpoint to the autocratic families of the Third Reich’. After the United States entered the war, social scientists agreed ‘that the traditional family, with its homebound mother and wage-earning father, would best maintain the domestic stability needed to win the war’. This chapter examines changing conceptions and presumptions regarding parenthood in the United States during the last half of the twentieth century in response to changing lifestyles, social attitudes, and new reproductive technologies. It also considers whether these developments mandate redefining legal parenthood. Parental legal rights and obligations are also discussed, along with demographic trends such as fertility and birth rates, whether parenting is a private or a public responsibility, and the legal rights of foster parents and grandparents.Less
During the turbulent years preceding World War II, the American family was ‘vital to the nation’s survival, both as a symbol of democracy and as a counterpoint to the autocratic families of the Third Reich’. After the United States entered the war, social scientists agreed ‘that the traditional family, with its homebound mother and wage-earning father, would best maintain the domestic stability needed to win the war’. This chapter examines changing conceptions and presumptions regarding parenthood in the United States during the last half of the twentieth century in response to changing lifestyles, social attitudes, and new reproductive technologies. It also considers whether these developments mandate redefining legal parenthood. Parental legal rights and obligations are also discussed, along with demographic trends such as fertility and birth rates, whether parenting is a private or a public responsibility, and the legal rights of foster parents and grandparents.
Michael Anderson and Corinne Roughley
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198805830
- eISBN:
- 9780191843747
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Scotland and England had broadly similar fertility and mortality trends, but Scotland’s net emigration far exceeded England’s at all periods, and in most decades was the highest in western Europe ...
More
Scotland and England had broadly similar fertility and mortality trends, but Scotland’s net emigration far exceeded England’s at all periods, and in most decades was the highest in western Europe after Ireland. Analysis at local authority level shows net out-migration from almost every county in every decade until at least the 1990s, with high net outflows not just from highland and island areas but spread across most of rural Scotland and, much earlier than in England, even from the cities and largest towns. From the 1950s, Scotland had no local authorities which shared the significant net inflows found across large areas of the English south and the midlands. Graphical analysis shows major differences in crude birth and death rates in different parts of Scotland, with birth rates persistently high in the manufacturing areas of the Central Belt and low in the crofting and textile manufacturing counties.Less
Scotland and England had broadly similar fertility and mortality trends, but Scotland’s net emigration far exceeded England’s at all periods, and in most decades was the highest in western Europe after Ireland. Analysis at local authority level shows net out-migration from almost every county in every decade until at least the 1990s, with high net outflows not just from highland and island areas but spread across most of rural Scotland and, much earlier than in England, even from the cities and largest towns. From the 1950s, Scotland had no local authorities which shared the significant net inflows found across large areas of the English south and the midlands. Graphical analysis shows major differences in crude birth and death rates in different parts of Scotland, with birth rates persistently high in the manufacturing areas of the Central Belt and low in the crofting and textile manufacturing counties.
