Search Results

Freshwater ecosystems worldwide are highly threatened. As a consequence, many dragonfly species are also threatened. The threats to them are many and varied, including invasive alien plants and habitat loss. Global climate change is also beginning to affect them, with some species changing their geographical ranges. Worldwide assessments are being made of dragonfly conservation status. They are one of the highest profile invertebrates in conservation awareness, planning, and action. One reason for this is that they are highly valued, being iconic, aesthetic, and sensitive bioindicators of landscape change. They are both important subjects in their own right as well as important role players in overall biodiversity conservation.

The chapter explains the concept, measurement and utility of bio-diversity as a resource and its intricate relationship with forest. It discusses the issues of economics of choice and economic valuation of biodiversity at conceptual level. It describes also the empirical situation in respect of biodiversity outlining both the global and the Indian scenario. In this context it explains the extent, causes and impact of the biodiversity loss in India due to the limit of eco-capacity. It further discusses the biodiversity conservation policy of India including India’s heritage of biodiversity conservation and traditional knowledge system associated with the bio-diversity resource of forest. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion on how the anthropogenic stress on ecosystem is captured by the loss of bio-diversity which is represented by indicators like living planet index among other measures.

This book explores Costa Rica's biodiversity and conservation focused in the tropical dry forest. This concluding chapter presents general lessons for future projections on ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation. It also describes the socioeconomic and political contexts that have developed around protected areas and the future of biodiversity conservation. It also presents recommendations for improvements in conserving biodiversity in Costa Rica and other regions of Mesoamerica.

This chapter compares laws for the protection of biodiversity in four sites (US, Germany, European Union, Bolivia) so as to highlight the divergent historical provenance and cultural framing of legal engagements with endangered species. The 1973 Endangered Species Act of the United States focuses on the protection of species at risk and on "critical habitat" as a way of preserving species. In Germany, where environmentalism since the late-nineteenth century has foregrounded the conservation of cultural landscapes, the current law protects biodiversity rather than endangered species, and subordinates the conservation of animal and plant species to the maintenance of historical and cultural landscapes. The European Union protects both species and habitats, adopting a largely scientific vocabulary to create a common language and concern for a shared heritage among its diverse member states. In Bolivia, the new constitution passed in 2009 and subsequent laws combine science and indigenous traditions so as to integrate biodiversity protection into a broader vision of "Buen Vivir," the just and good society. Assessing the performance of these laws is difficult without taking into account the cultural and political frameworks that make biodiversity conservation part of national or regional identity.

This chapter chronicles the history of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) environmental funding, focusing on the expansion of its biodiversity conservation program, which grew from five million dollars in fiscal year (FY) 1987 to an estimated 184 million in FY 2012. It argues that the rising prominence of biodiversity with USAID's environmental portfolio was made possible by the neoliberal reduction of the state—a development that opened up room for nonprofit and private actors to influence state policy. As USAID turned to nonprofit and private actors for assistance in policy making, program design and implementation, evaluation, and enforcement, these actors also became key advocates for USAID's environmental program on Capitol Hill, and the agency's environmental program narrowed to mirror the priorities of its political champions.

This chapter analyzes the interplay of science and culture in narratives about species loss. Scientific assessments of biodiversity are constrained by uncertainties that reach from the definition of "biodiversity" to appropriate ways of measuring it. In the scientific and public realms, arguments about biodiversity loss typically follow a narrative “proxy logic,” whereby charismatic megafauna stand in for species at large, species for biodiversity, and biodiversity for what humans value about nature. This value attribution, as the cases of the dodo, the Honshu wolf, the ivory-billed woodpecker, the huia, and the thylacine show in works such as David Quammen's Song of the Dodo, Lee Hyla's Wilson's Ivory-Bill, Sally McIntyre's Huia Transcriptions, and Julia Leigh's The Hunter, are associated with narratives about modernization and colonization. Endangered or extinct animals typically feature in elegiac or tragic stories that highlight what was lost in such historical processes. Conservation, therefore, is primarily a political and cultural rather than a scientific issue, and should be approached through the study of narrative and culture. Comedies such as Douglas Adams’s Last Chance To See offer an alternative perspective on conservation that focuses on contingency and the present rather than on the past.

This chapter examines the coffee crisis between agriculture, rural development, and biodiversity conservation in El Salvador with the aim of understanding the association between biodiversity friendly coffee plantation management and socio-ecological relationships. It documents household survey research which reveals that shade trees are an alternative income source for cooperatives, and highlights the importance of integrating family livelihood strategies with shade trees. Three cooperatives with similar biophysical characteristics but different land holdings and management strategies are employed to show how different characteristics of the cooperatives affect the benefits they reap from the cultivation of shade trees.

Humans have been harnessing the natural properties of marine organisms for millennia—initially in their unprocessed form for sustenance, and more recently via extracted products as biomaterials, functional food ingredients, and medicines. As accelerating scientific and technological advances open up the deep ocean, potential avenues to exploit components and characteristics of marine biodiversity are revealed. To keep pace with such innovations and to promote equitable and sustainable activities, the international legal framework has evolved over recent decades to address the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, together with the sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources. Gaps remain, however, particularly for the deep, remote and technologically demanding ocean areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) that account for more than 60 per cent of the global ocean. The question of how to share benefits from marine genetic resources is one of the most contentious issues in ongoing negotiations for the development of a new international legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). In this chapter, the potential exploitation of deep-sea biodiversity is considered, and the governance challenges associated with the sharing of benefits are discussed. Associated opportunities and challenges for the conservation and sustainable use of deep-sea biodiversity are discussed. The development of a new legal instrument under UNCLOS provides a central focus for the discussion in this chapter.

This chapter focuses on the changes introduced in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP). It examines the changing approach to biodiversity conservation in the country and explores the extent of such approaches to reflexivity in the plan. The chapter adopts an empirical approach to surveying the existing conditions by analyzing documents and interviewing key entities from governmental and non-governmental organizations. The UK has responded to the Convention on Biological Diversity by implementing the UKBAP between 1994 and 1996. The original UKBAP proposed fifty-nine steps demonstrating a more holistic approach to conserving the biodiversity of the country. The UKBAP is a document, partnership, and process depending on three main activities to achieve its objectives, and has also undergone significant changes from its original form in terms of structure and process.

This chapter focuses on environmental conservation, a relatively new branch of biology that has one foot firmly set in science and the other firmly set in economics and politics. It discusses the technical aspects about anaconda management that can be used for conservation of anacondas and conservation of biodiversity in general. The most common methods of extractive wildlife management are farming, harvesting, or a combination of both. In a farming model, animals are kept in captivity, with all their needs provided by the keepers. Farming anacondas in a closed system is unlikely to be successful. However, the possibility of an open farm system exists; this has more potential of being used as a conservation tool as it requires a natural environment where the animals live. On the other end of the spectrum is harvesting or cropping. In a cropping system, animals are harvested from the wild; thus, a direct link exists between the economic activity and the conservation of the species and its habitats. The economic incentives the locals receive are directly linked to the habitat, producing clear reasons for them to protect and not overexploit natural areas. Thus, cropping has real potential to be used as a conservation tool, but like open farming, it is not conservation by itself. The author then addresses holistically the problem of conservation in Latin America and beyond.

This chapter focuses on research strategies for wildlife biology and the approaches used to identify conservation priorities. It discusses the application of integrated, multidisciplinary research and building capacity to address challenges to biodiversity conservation.

This chapter focuses on analyzing the pros and cons of producing certified organic coffee in the context of social justice and biodiversity conservation, as revealed in the case study in Chiapas, Mexico. The importance of developing strategies that focus on consumer consciousness and coffee certification are discussed; the advantages of organic coffee production are explored in terms of costs and subsidies and environment and social benefits. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products for better biodiversity conservation and shade-tree organic coffee marketing. The chapter states that sustainable agricultural production in Mexico and organic coffee purchase for habitat conservation are equally important. The importance of understanding the limitations of organic coffee cultivation is also explored.

This chapter analyzes how state and nonstate actors negotiated programmatic priorities during three phases of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP). It concentrates on how and why biodiversity conservation, achieved through the expansion of protected areas, came to dominate much of Madagascar's donor-funded environmental program, marginalizing initiatives like sustainable agriculture and rural development, Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), state environmental management capacity building, and green economic planning. The chapter argues that biodiversity conservation became, with strong backing from the United States, an avenue through the tensions and contradictions of trying to create an environmental agenda in a neoliberal political-economic context. It comprised a political pathway that ensured the environmental agenda did not impede rapid economic growth.

This chapter focuses on global biodiversity databases, Red Lists of endangered species, and works of literature and art that engage with species loss by way of a database aesthetic. Lydia Millet's novels How the Dead Dream and Maya Lin's website What Is Missing? exemplify an aesthetic approach to vanishing species by way of enumeration, so as to redirect the reader's attention from individual last specimens to biodiversity at large. Their species inventories resemble the global biodiversity databases that have been created over the last twenty years in response to the extinction crisis, especially Red lists that classify species by their risk. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the most prominent global Red List, incorporates elements of elegy into its basic categories, but subordinates them to an epic and encyclopedic narrative logic that at certain moments even levels the difference between humans and other species. This epic approach is also visible in the photography and film database ARKive.org, as well as in the paintings of Isabella Kirkland and the photographs of Joel Sartore, which desentimentalize species elegies and tragedies by shifting to a perception of the numerical sublime of mass extinction and the epic narrative of planet Earth.

This chapter focuses on the political tensions between biodiversity conservation and environmental justice over the last thirty years, which have centered on the privileging of nonhuman species over the welfare of disenfranchised human communities. Through the analysis of three fictional texts that stage this confrontation, Mayra Montero's Tú, la oscuridad (In the Palm of Darkness), the Stanford Graphic Novel Project's Virunga, and Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide, the chapter develops the notion of "multispecies justice." As a theoretical concept, multispecies justice draws on multispecies ethnography, studies of cosmopolitanism, critical animal studies, and Actor-Network-Theory to propose a model for combining justice for different human communities with justice for other species. It proposes that "the human" as a species category should not be assumed as a biological given, but assembled—in both the technical and the political senses of the word—from cultural differences. These differences will also inflect the parallel assembly of what justice means in particular contexts, especially in relation to the avoidable and unavoidable forms of violence that typically accompany encounters between different human communities and between species.

This chapter discusses the relationship and interconnections among changing the livelihoods of farmers, initiatives for sustainable coffee, and the production of shade-grown coffee. It examines the advantages and opportunities for farmers and producers engaged in coffee certification and diversification programs. The role of Fair Trade and organic networks in creating awareness of biodiversity conservation, the social and environment costs of coffee systems, and the need for supporting small farmers are also discussed. The methods to increase accountability and improve the efficiency of coffee cooperatives are presented in this chapter, as are the importance of understanding the sustainability initiatives and their implications for the regulators, along with the use of land patterns for coffee cultivation.

This chapter evaluates the debate on just conservation that has developed around the so-called Half-Earth proposal. The Half-Earth proposal was put forward most prominently to a non-expert audience by biologist Edward O. Wilson. Its central idea can be found in earlier work that observed that an average of 50 per cent of every region needs to be protected to conserve biodiversity, which is meant as a partial solution to the current mass extinction event on Earth. It is suggested that this crisis can be mitigated somewhat by 'setting aside' half of the Earth's land and half of sea spaces for nonhuman living beings. Based on the framework developed in the previous chapters, this chapter argues that the Half-Earth proposal can constitute a distributively just compromise between demands of ecological and environmental justice on the question of distribution of space in terms of habitat, but only if several conditions are fulfilled. Moreover, whether it can even constitute an all-things-considered demand of justice is, in turn, again dependent on a range of further considerations. In the end, the aim is not to have merely effective, but also just conservation practices.