Jason Ralph
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199214310
- eISBN:
- 9780191706615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214310.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In stark contrast to American policy, European states have embraced the ICC. This chapter examines what this tells us about Europe as an actor on the global state. Drawing on Andrew Linklater's ...
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In stark contrast to American policy, European states have embraced the ICC. This chapter examines what this tells us about Europe as an actor on the global state. Drawing on Andrew Linklater's conception of a post‐Westphalian political association, the chapter examines how the European Union and its member governments have interacted with Westphalian states like the US on matters relating to the ICC. In particular the chapter focuses on the political dilemmas created by US attempts to exempt its citizens from the ICC's jurisdiction and it uses these as case studies to illustrate how support for the Court impacts on our understanding of good international citizenship. The chapter offers detailed accounts of the debate on bilateral non‐surrender or bilateral immunity agreements, the debate at the Security Council on exemptions for peacekeepers, and the Security Council's decision to refer the situation in Darfur to the ICC.Less
In stark contrast to American policy, European states have embraced the ICC. This chapter examines what this tells us about Europe as an actor on the global state. Drawing on Andrew Linklater's conception of a post‐Westphalian political association, the chapter examines how the European Union and its member governments have interacted with Westphalian states like the US on matters relating to the ICC. In particular the chapter focuses on the political dilemmas created by US attempts to exempt its citizens from the ICC's jurisdiction and it uses these as case studies to illustrate how support for the Court impacts on our understanding of good international citizenship. The chapter offers detailed accounts of the debate on bilateral non‐surrender or bilateral immunity agreements, the debate at the Security Council on exemptions for peacekeepers, and the Security Council's decision to refer the situation in Darfur to the ICC.
Stephen M. Schwebel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199571345
- eISBN:
- 9780191705472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571345.003.0027
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Private International Law
In 2004, the United States government adopted and published a Model Bilateral Investment Treaty that substantially revised the Model Bilateral Investment Treaty previously employed by it in ...
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In 2004, the United States government adopted and published a Model Bilateral Investment Treaty that substantially revised the Model Bilateral Investment Treaty previously employed by it in negotiations with other governments over the conclusion of bilateral investment agreements. It has subsequently used the 2004 Model BIT in negotiating bilateral investment treaties, and investment chapters of free trade agreements, with other governments. This chapter focuses on a single provision stating that the ‘fair and equitable treatment includes the obligation not to deny justice’. The result of this specification is that the standard of fair and equitable treatment that is a paramount standard of bilateral investment treaties the world over is reduced in the US Model BIT to (i) ‘the customary international law minimum standard of treatment’ and (ii) ‘the obligation not to deny justice’.Less
In 2004, the United States government adopted and published a Model Bilateral Investment Treaty that substantially revised the Model Bilateral Investment Treaty previously employed by it in negotiations with other governments over the conclusion of bilateral investment agreements. It has subsequently used the 2004 Model BIT in negotiating bilateral investment treaties, and investment chapters of free trade agreements, with other governments. This chapter focuses on a single provision stating that the ‘fair and equitable treatment includes the obligation not to deny justice’. The result of this specification is that the standard of fair and equitable treatment that is a paramount standard of bilateral investment treaties the world over is reduced in the US Model BIT to (i) ‘the customary international law minimum standard of treatment’ and (ii) ‘the obligation not to deny justice’.
Jill Edwards
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198228714
- eISBN:
- 9780191678813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198228714.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The particular circumstances of the Cold War that swiftly succeeded World War II highlighted the problem of an unpalatable regime in a country with a desirable attribute, in this case, Spain's ...
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The particular circumstances of the Cold War that swiftly succeeded World War II highlighted the problem of an unpalatable regime in a country with a desirable attribute, in this case, Spain's geostrategic importance. Dean Acheson's assertion that in relation to foreign policy towards Spain, Britain had become the ‘tail of the kite’, was not entirely accurate. Britain held firm convictions on the matter which, backed by strong political feeling in France, Belgium, and Norway, were sufficient to prevent the inclusion of Spain in the Marshall Plan or NATO. Thus, the bilateral agreements between the United States and Spain were largely a reflection of the implacable opposition of those governments towards a regime aptly described by one Spaniard as ‘a country occupied by its own army’. Spain's role in Anglo-American relations in the post-war period illustrates the far wider problems which still lie behind United Nations efforts to deal with pariah regimes and which, more than fifty years on, neither the international community nor its leading powers have been able to resolve.Less
The particular circumstances of the Cold War that swiftly succeeded World War II highlighted the problem of an unpalatable regime in a country with a desirable attribute, in this case, Spain's geostrategic importance. Dean Acheson's assertion that in relation to foreign policy towards Spain, Britain had become the ‘tail of the kite’, was not entirely accurate. Britain held firm convictions on the matter which, backed by strong political feeling in France, Belgium, and Norway, were sufficient to prevent the inclusion of Spain in the Marshall Plan or NATO. Thus, the bilateral agreements between the United States and Spain were largely a reflection of the implacable opposition of those governments towards a regime aptly described by one Spaniard as ‘a country occupied by its own army’. Spain's role in Anglo-American relations in the post-war period illustrates the far wider problems which still lie behind United Nations efforts to deal with pariah regimes and which, more than fifty years on, neither the international community nor its leading powers have been able to resolve.
Jeffrey Kahn
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246991
- eISBN:
- 9780191599606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246998.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
The fourth stage of Russia's federal transition—the ‘parade of treaties’—is the focus of this chapter. The legacy of Boris Yeltsin's presidency was the growth of institutional asymmetry, most notably ...
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The fourth stage of Russia's federal transition—the ‘parade of treaties’—is the focus of this chapter. The legacy of Boris Yeltsin's presidency was the growth of institutional asymmetry, most notably in the form of bilateral treaties he negotiated with regional executives. These ad hoc, extra‐constitutional political deals simultaneously held the struggling Federation together in the short term while undercutting its prospects for long‐term stability, particularly with regard to fiscal and legal relationships between federal and regional governments. The politics of their negotiation often undercut the crucially needed federal political culture that was already in very low supply in Yeltsin's Russian Federation. The negotiation and effects of bilateral treaties are examined in detail, especially in the republics of Bashkortostan, Sakha‐Yakutia, and Tatarstan.Less
The fourth stage of Russia's federal transition—the ‘parade of treaties’—is the focus of this chapter. The legacy of Boris Yeltsin's presidency was the growth of institutional asymmetry, most notably in the form of bilateral treaties he negotiated with regional executives. These ad hoc, extra‐constitutional political deals simultaneously held the struggling Federation together in the short term while undercutting its prospects for long‐term stability, particularly with regard to fiscal and legal relationships between federal and regional governments. The politics of their negotiation often undercut the crucially needed federal political culture that was already in very low supply in Yeltsin's Russian Federation. The negotiation and effects of bilateral treaties are examined in detail, especially in the republics of Bashkortostan, Sakha‐Yakutia, and Tatarstan.
Jeffrey Kahn
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246991
- eISBN:
- 9780191599606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246998.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
The first year of Putin's presidency resulted in the most concerted and fundamental shake‐up of federal relations since 1993. Putin ended the bilateral treaty process and vowed to create a ...
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The first year of Putin's presidency resulted in the most concerted and fundamental shake‐up of federal relations since 1993. Putin ended the bilateral treaty process and vowed to create a ‘Dictatorship of Law’. Putin's reforms are examined in detail, including the creation of presidential envoys (polpredy) and federal districts, the quasi‐judicial use of presidential decrees (ukazy), reform of the Council of the Federation, growing federal influence of regional executives and legislatures, and local self‐government. These dramatic changes led to the reform of republican constitutions and a new stage in federal‐regional relations.Less
The first year of Putin's presidency resulted in the most concerted and fundamental shake‐up of federal relations since 1993. Putin ended the bilateral treaty process and vowed to create a ‘Dictatorship of Law’. Putin's reforms are examined in detail, including the creation of presidential envoys (polpredy) and federal districts, the quasi‐judicial use of presidential decrees (ukazy), reform of the Council of the Federation, growing federal influence of regional executives and legislatures, and local self‐government. These dramatic changes led to the reform of republican constitutions and a new stage in federal‐regional relations.
Leah F. Vosko
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574810
- eISBN:
- 9780191722080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574810.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, HRM / IR
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral ...
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This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral employment relationship, standardized working time, and continuous employment—and analyses their construction in ILO regulations. This discussion highlights the significance of exclusions in the creation of this employment norm. It also shows how even as the SER materialized for many working‐class men, the gender contract with which it was intertwined began to deteriorate. Regulations adopted in response to this crumbling gender contract starting in the 1950s sought to strip the SER of its formal exclusions. With the notable exception of those based on nationality, formal equality was the objective of interventions, but, by neglecting processes of social reproduction, ILO regulations retained an employment norm geared to male citizens as a baseline.Less
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral employment relationship, standardized working time, and continuous employment—and analyses their construction in ILO regulations. This discussion highlights the significance of exclusions in the creation of this employment norm. It also shows how even as the SER materialized for many working‐class men, the gender contract with which it was intertwined began to deteriorate. Regulations adopted in response to this crumbling gender contract starting in the 1950s sought to strip the SER of its formal exclusions. With the notable exception of those based on nationality, formal equality was the objective of interventions, but, by neglecting processes of social reproduction, ILO regulations retained an employment norm geared to male citizens as a baseline.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the creation of new independent regulatory agencies and signing of thousands of bilateral investment treaties during the era of liberalization. This was another massive ...
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This chapter focuses on the creation of new independent regulatory agencies and signing of thousands of bilateral investment treaties during the era of liberalization. This was another massive experiment with the logic of discipline. But the experiment did not always produce the expected results. Governments sometimes escaped the constraints they had promised to honor. And where constraints continued to bind, troubling questions about the corrosion of democratic governance were raised.Less
This chapter focuses on the creation of new independent regulatory agencies and signing of thousands of bilateral investment treaties during the era of liberalization. This was another massive experiment with the logic of discipline. But the experiment did not always produce the expected results. Governments sometimes escaped the constraints they had promised to honor. And where constraints continued to bind, troubling questions about the corrosion of democratic governance were raised.
Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities ...
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This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities and FDI as process. The initial section explains why so little progress has been made in establishing meaningful international rules covering these international business phenomena. Next is an abbreviated survey of the major bilateral agreements and voluntary codes of conduct that seek to regulate FDI-related activities to serve the common good. The conflicting attitudes towards the appropriate kinds and extent of multilateral regulations are explained in depth by examining two major loci of contention: the would-be Multilateral Agreement on Investment, and the existing Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The increasing significance of activist non-government organizations as unofficial regulators of MNC behavior is examined in the concluding section.Less
This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities and FDI as process. The initial section explains why so little progress has been made in establishing meaningful international rules covering these international business phenomena. Next is an abbreviated survey of the major bilateral agreements and voluntary codes of conduct that seek to regulate FDI-related activities to serve the common good. The conflicting attitudes towards the appropriate kinds and extent of multilateral regulations are explained in depth by examining two major loci of contention: the would-be Multilateral Agreement on Investment, and the existing Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The increasing significance of activist non-government organizations as unofficial regulators of MNC behavior is examined in the concluding section.
Yung Chul Park and Inkyo Cheong
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235889
- eISBN:
- 9780191717109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235889.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter analyzes the causes and possible consequences of proliferation of bilateral FTAs, focusing on the case of East Asia. It attempts to find clues as to whether the bilateral FTAs in East ...
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This chapter analyzes the causes and possible consequences of proliferation of bilateral FTAs, focusing on the case of East Asia. It attempts to find clues as to whether the bilateral FTAs in East Asia that are completed or under discussion could be building or stumbling blocks for regional as well as global trade integration. Section 4.2 discusses some of the factors behind the increase in bilateral FTAs. Section 4.3 is devoted to an analysis of economic effects of the proliferation of FTAs. Section 4.4 examines the quality of East Asia's FTAs in terms of the coverage of tariff elimination and rules of origin. Section 4.5 discusses consequences of the proliferation of FTAs in East Asia. It is argued that for a number of institutional constraints, the proliferation is not likely to lead to the creation of a single East Asian FTA.Less
This chapter analyzes the causes and possible consequences of proliferation of bilateral FTAs, focusing on the case of East Asia. It attempts to find clues as to whether the bilateral FTAs in East Asia that are completed or under discussion could be building or stumbling blocks for regional as well as global trade integration. Section 4.2 discusses some of the factors behind the increase in bilateral FTAs. Section 4.3 is devoted to an analysis of economic effects of the proliferation of FTAs. Section 4.4 examines the quality of East Asia's FTAs in terms of the coverage of tariff elimination and rules of origin. Section 4.5 discusses consequences of the proliferation of FTAs in East Asia. It is argued that for a number of institutional constraints, the proliferation is not likely to lead to the creation of a single East Asian FTA.
Yung Chul Park
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199276776
- eISBN:
- 9780191603051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276773.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The push towards a regional free trade arrangement has been replaced by a push for a series of bilateral agreements, notably by Japan and China. Their merits will be based on their contributions to ...
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The push towards a regional free trade arrangement has been replaced by a push for a series of bilateral agreements, notably by Japan and China. Their merits will be based on their contributions to regional and global trade liberalization.Less
The push towards a regional free trade arrangement has been replaced by a push for a series of bilateral agreements, notably by Japan and China. Their merits will be based on their contributions to regional and global trade liberalization.
Scott Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199286096
- eISBN:
- 9780191602832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286094.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter tells the story of how the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) was nearly hunted to extinction, and how the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 not only reversed this situation, ...
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This chapter tells the story of how the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) was nearly hunted to extinction, and how the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 not only reversed this situation, but probably sustained the efficient harvest of this resource. The case study illustrates that treaties can change behavior, but only by strategically manipulating the incentives that countries face in exploiting environmental resources. The text of the treaty is included in an appendix.Less
This chapter tells the story of how the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) was nearly hunted to extinction, and how the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 not only reversed this situation, but probably sustained the efficient harvest of this resource. The case study illustrates that treaties can change behavior, but only by strategically manipulating the incentives that countries face in exploiting environmental resources. The text of the treaty is included in an appendix.
Clark C. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278855
- eISBN:
- 9780191602863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278857.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines two development assistance projects undertaken by Sida in India. These case studies demonstrate the use of institutional analysis as a diagnostic tool, and illustrate how ...
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This chapter examines two development assistance projects undertaken by Sida in India. These case studies demonstrate the use of institutional analysis as a diagnostic tool, and illustrate how problems of motivation and asymmetric information arise within the complex mix of actors involved in a project, presenting distinct challenges for sustainable development.Less
This chapter examines two development assistance projects undertaken by Sida in India. These case studies demonstrate the use of institutional analysis as a diagnostic tool, and illustrate how problems of motivation and asymmetric information arise within the complex mix of actors involved in a project, presenting distinct challenges for sustainable development.
Richard E. Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235889
- eISBN:
- 9780191717109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235889.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter argues that bilateral agreements between countries like Japan and Korea are likely to have domino effects — they will encourage additional bilateral agreements. The result will be less ...
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This chapter argues that bilateral agreements between countries like Japan and Korea are likely to have domino effects — they will encourage additional bilateral agreements. The result will be less an efficient network of trade than a pair of inefficient hub-and-spoke arrangements, where China and Japan serve as hubs and the other Asian countries (the ‘spokes’) trade disproportionately with the two centre countries. But the emergence of a two-hub or ‘bicycle’ system is not inevitable. Some strategies are presented to resist its development: creating a union of East Asian nations that extend duty-free treatment to one another's industrial exports; and agreement by Japan and Korea — the countries responsible for initiating this dynamic — to coordinate their subsequent trade negotiations with other Asian countries.Less
This chapter argues that bilateral agreements between countries like Japan and Korea are likely to have domino effects — they will encourage additional bilateral agreements. The result will be less an efficient network of trade than a pair of inefficient hub-and-spoke arrangements, where China and Japan serve as hubs and the other Asian countries (the ‘spokes’) trade disproportionately with the two centre countries. But the emergence of a two-hub or ‘bicycle’ system is not inevitable. Some strategies are presented to resist its development: creating a union of East Asian nations that extend duty-free treatment to one another's industrial exports; and agreement by Japan and Korea — the countries responsible for initiating this dynamic — to coordinate their subsequent trade negotiations with other Asian countries.
Robert Z. Lawrence
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235889
- eISBN:
- 9780191717109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235889.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the implications of China's emergence for the global trading system. It asks whether China's bilateral and regional initiatives might undermine the multilateral trading order ...
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This chapter examines the implications of China's emergence for the global trading system. It asks whether China's bilateral and regional initiatives might undermine the multilateral trading order and whether China is seeking to establish an East Asian trading bloc that discriminates against nonparticipating countries. It is argued that concerns about a Fortress East Asia are misplaced. Both directly and through the induced reaction of other countries, China's bilateral agreements with regional partners could provide a powerful impetus to the process of competitive liberalization. Moreover, countries implementing agreements with China should find it relatively easy to open their markets to other developing countries.Less
This chapter examines the implications of China's emergence for the global trading system. It asks whether China's bilateral and regional initiatives might undermine the multilateral trading order and whether China is seeking to establish an East Asian trading bloc that discriminates against nonparticipating countries. It is argued that concerns about a Fortress East Asia are misplaced. Both directly and through the induced reaction of other countries, China's bilateral agreements with regional partners could provide a powerful impetus to the process of competitive liberalization. Moreover, countries implementing agreements with China should find it relatively easy to open their markets to other developing countries.
Richard Pomfret
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182216
- eISBN:
- 9780691185408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182216.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter examines bilateral relations with external economic powers and private foreign investors. External interest in Central Asia during the 1990s centered on pipeline politics. Russia ...
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This chapter examines bilateral relations with external economic powers and private foreign investors. External interest in Central Asia during the 1990s centered on pipeline politics. Russia continued to be the dominant economic and political partner, but the government was focused on domestic issues. The USA opened embassies in all the new independent states, but Central Asia was a low foreign policy priority. Meanwhile, the EU became a major trading partner, but relations were characterized by lack of clear strategic goals, and EU technical assistance had limited impact. China and Central Asia, amidst mutual suspicion, focused on border demarcation and demilitarization. The twenty-first century saw dramatic changes in external relations. Indeed, in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the EU was Central Asia's largest trade partner and China was the fastest growing.Less
This chapter examines bilateral relations with external economic powers and private foreign investors. External interest in Central Asia during the 1990s centered on pipeline politics. Russia continued to be the dominant economic and political partner, but the government was focused on domestic issues. The USA opened embassies in all the new independent states, but Central Asia was a low foreign policy priority. Meanwhile, the EU became a major trading partner, but relations were characterized by lack of clear strategic goals, and EU technical assistance had limited impact. China and Central Asia, amidst mutual suspicion, focused on border demarcation and demilitarization. The twenty-first century saw dramatic changes in external relations. Indeed, in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the EU was Central Asia's largest trade partner and China was the fastest growing.
Robert L. Hicks, Bradley C. Parks, J. Timmons Roberts, and Michael J. Tierney
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213948
- eISBN:
- 9780191707476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213948.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter documents the broad trends in bilateral aid for environmental protection. Utilizing the PLAID dataset, it reports which donors are greenest and where they target their assistance ...
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This chapter documents the broad trends in bilateral aid for environmental protection. Utilizing the PLAID dataset, it reports which donors are greenest and where they target their assistance (sectorally and crossnationally). Five case studies of bilateral donors are used to understand why national aid agencies sometimes appear so different in their approaches to environment and development issues. It begins with two consistently green donors: Denmark and Germany; it then examine two countries that have increased their spending on environmental aid, but still spend less than average donors in per capita terms: the UK and the US. Finally, the case of Japan — a donor that has substantially increased its environmental aid commitments over the course of a decade to rise from one of the smallest to one of the largest environmental aid donors — is analyzed.Less
This chapter documents the broad trends in bilateral aid for environmental protection. Utilizing the PLAID dataset, it reports which donors are greenest and where they target their assistance (sectorally and crossnationally). Five case studies of bilateral donors are used to understand why national aid agencies sometimes appear so different in their approaches to environment and development issues. It begins with two consistently green donors: Denmark and Germany; it then examine two countries that have increased their spending on environmental aid, but still spend less than average donors in per capita terms: the UK and the US. Finally, the case of Japan — a donor that has substantially increased its environmental aid commitments over the course of a decade to rise from one of the smallest to one of the largest environmental aid donors — is analyzed.
Robert L. Hicks, Bradley C. Parks, J. Timmons Roberts, and Michael J. Tierney
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213948
- eISBN:
- 9780191707476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213948.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter tests four sets of possible explanations for why countries give bilateral environmental aid, and for why they give relatively less aid with likely environmentally harmful impacts ...
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This chapter tests four sets of possible explanations for why countries give bilateral environmental aid, and for why they give relatively less aid with likely environmentally harmful impacts (‘dirty’ aid). First, it tests whether environmental aid as a proportion of donor portfolios reflects their broader environmental preferences, as revealed in domestic environmental policy, ratification of international environmental treaties, and their compliance with these treaties. Second, it tests theories claiming that people change their values when they have satisfied their basic human needs. Third, it explores a political economy approach to aid allocation that suggests the relative strength of environmental NGO and industry lobbies in shaping the environmental profile of aid portfolios. Fourth, it tests propositions from new institutionalist theory by examining whether environmental aid is influenced by the number of checks and balances in government and whether there is a corporatist or pluralist decision-making structure within a donor polity.Less
This chapter tests four sets of possible explanations for why countries give bilateral environmental aid, and for why they give relatively less aid with likely environmentally harmful impacts (‘dirty’ aid). First, it tests whether environmental aid as a proportion of donor portfolios reflects their broader environmental preferences, as revealed in domestic environmental policy, ratification of international environmental treaties, and their compliance with these treaties. Second, it tests theories claiming that people change their values when they have satisfied their basic human needs. Third, it explores a political economy approach to aid allocation that suggests the relative strength of environmental NGO and industry lobbies in shaping the environmental profile of aid portfolios. Fourth, it tests propositions from new institutionalist theory by examining whether environmental aid is influenced by the number of checks and balances in government and whether there is a corporatist or pluralist decision-making structure within a donor polity.
Robert L. Hicks, Bradley C. Parks, J. Timmons Roberts, and Michael J. Tierney
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213948
- eISBN:
- 9780191707476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213948.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters analyzed how and why billions of dollars flow every year from rich countries to poor countries for ...
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This chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters analyzed how and why billions of dollars flow every year from rich countries to poor countries for the purpose of addressing environmental problems. They explored several potential motivations of donors (both bilateral and multilateral) and recipients through descriptive case studies and statistical analysis of their actual behaviour. The limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.Less
This chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters analyzed how and why billions of dollars flow every year from rich countries to poor countries for the purpose of addressing environmental problems. They explored several potential motivations of donors (both bilateral and multilateral) and recipients through descriptive case studies and statistical analysis of their actual behaviour. The limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Maher M. Dabbah
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195387704
- eISBN:
- 9780199866762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387704.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
There is always a particular challenge to any discussion of bilateral cooperation in the field of competition law. This challenge is heightened when the aim is to consider the topic from a policy ...
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There is always a particular challenge to any discussion of bilateral cooperation in the field of competition law. This challenge is heightened when the aim is to consider the topic from a policy perspective. This chapter addresses the question of how the mechanism of bilateral cooperation can fulfill its great potential. The chapter is structured as follows: Part II considers briefly the meaning of the term bilateral cooperation, especially how it is intended in the context of the present chapter. Part III highlights the different types of bilateral cooperation. Part IV offers a number of examples from practice on the bilateral cooperation between the European Union (EU) and US competition authorities. Part V reflects on the status quo of bilateral cooperation. Finally, part VI looks to the future.Less
There is always a particular challenge to any discussion of bilateral cooperation in the field of competition law. This challenge is heightened when the aim is to consider the topic from a policy perspective. This chapter addresses the question of how the mechanism of bilateral cooperation can fulfill its great potential. The chapter is structured as follows: Part II considers briefly the meaning of the term bilateral cooperation, especially how it is intended in the context of the present chapter. Part III highlights the different types of bilateral cooperation. Part IV offers a number of examples from practice on the bilateral cooperation between the European Union (EU) and US competition authorities. Part V reflects on the status quo of bilateral cooperation. Finally, part VI looks to the future.
William J. Talbott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195173482
- eISBN:
- 9780199872176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173482.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This author shows how the main principle would endorse a new ground-level principle of weak legal paternalism, the most reliable judgment standard, and compares this standard with the most ...
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This author shows how the main principle would endorse a new ground-level principle of weak legal paternalism, the most reliable judgment standard, and compares this standard with the most influential nonconsequentialist standard, Joel Feinberg’s voluntariness standard. The most reliable judgment standard will permit legal paternalism if it is reasonable to believe that the subject (or a majority of those who are subjected to the paternalism) will or would come to unequivocally endorse it. The chapter illustrates the difference between his and Feinberg’s standards with hypothetical examples of drug and suicide prohibitions. The chapter explains his consequentialist account of autonomy and shows how that account fits the legal standard of autonomy. However, it does not fit the standard statement of the insanity defense. The chapter explains why the insanity defense should be revised.Less
This author shows how the main principle would endorse a new ground-level principle of weak legal paternalism, the most reliable judgment standard, and compares this standard with the most influential nonconsequentialist standard, Joel Feinberg’s voluntariness standard. The most reliable judgment standard will permit legal paternalism if it is reasonable to believe that the subject (or a majority of those who are subjected to the paternalism) will or would come to unequivocally endorse it. The chapter illustrates the difference between his and Feinberg’s standards with hypothetical examples of drug and suicide prohibitions. The chapter explains his consequentialist account of autonomy and shows how that account fits the legal standard of autonomy. However, it does not fit the standard statement of the insanity defense. The chapter explains why the insanity defense should be revised.
