Johzen Takeuchi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and ...
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This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and bicycles. Although the modern factories that made these products played significant roles in the early stages of industrialization, they eventually went into decline. The combination of modern technology and traditional skills formed another route to industrialization in modern Japan.Less
This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and bicycles. Although the modern factories that made these products played significant roles in the early stages of industrialization, they eventually went into decline. The combination of modern technology and traditional skills formed another route to industrialization in modern Japan.
Peter Cox and Till Koglin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345152
- eISBN:
- 9781447345640
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Academic texts on cycling research are expanding rapidly. A dominant theme among these is the use of infrastructure measures to assist promotion of cycling as part of a movement towards sustainable ...
More
Academic texts on cycling research are expanding rapidly. A dominant theme among these is the use of infrastructure measures to assist promotion of cycling as part of a movement towards sustainable mobility. Physical infrastructure is currently posited as the primary key to unlock cycling’s potential as a primary mode of sustainable transport. Individual studies rarely stand together to be read back to back, in order to allow comparison between them. The privilege of academic conferences is that they allow the attendee to compare and contrast different academic agendas and concerns of researchers, and to engage in conversation between them. This volume provides a comparative assessment of existing and historic struggles over cycling infrastructure. The aim of this volume is to bring a selection of those parallel voices together and to initiate that dialogue for a wider audience. It is argued that planning is one element of the operation, but what results is often very different from even the most comprehensive strategic imagination. Underlying this chaos however, is a lurking sense that the broader lessons of infrastructure provision for cycling needs to be connected with the political analyses of infrastructuring that derive from wider studies. The book concludes that infrastructures are in constantly in flux, contentious and contended. Furthermore, it concludes that politics is also embodied; lived out in the spaces of mundane and everyday travel.Less
Academic texts on cycling research are expanding rapidly. A dominant theme among these is the use of infrastructure measures to assist promotion of cycling as part of a movement towards sustainable mobility. Physical infrastructure is currently posited as the primary key to unlock cycling’s potential as a primary mode of sustainable transport. Individual studies rarely stand together to be read back to back, in order to allow comparison between them. The privilege of academic conferences is that they allow the attendee to compare and contrast different academic agendas and concerns of researchers, and to engage in conversation between them. This volume provides a comparative assessment of existing and historic struggles over cycling infrastructure. The aim of this volume is to bring a selection of those parallel voices together and to initiate that dialogue for a wider audience. It is argued that planning is one element of the operation, but what results is often very different from even the most comprehensive strategic imagination. Underlying this chaos however, is a lurking sense that the broader lessons of infrastructure provision for cycling needs to be connected with the political analyses of infrastructuring that derive from wider studies. The book concludes that infrastructures are in constantly in flux, contentious and contended. Furthermore, it concludes that politics is also embodied; lived out in the spaces of mundane and everyday travel.
Ellen Gruber Garvey
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195108224
- eISBN:
- 9780199855070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195108224.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
This chapter takes up the question of how advertising and fiction interacted in relation to a single commodity. When the safety bicycle in the 1890s made bicycling accessible to women, wheelwomen ...
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This chapter takes up the question of how advertising and fiction interacted in relation to a single commodity. When the safety bicycle in the 1890s made bicycling accessible to women, wheelwomen found themselves riding through contested terrain. The new mobility that bicycles offered was both attractive to feminists and the target of attack by conservative forces. By working together within the larger framework of the magazine, advertising and fiction made a seemingly threatening new product attractive to potential users. While ads could address a specific manifestation of the threat by promoting a new product like the “hygienic” saddle, the larger issues raised by women's increased mobility couldn't be headed off as easily. Magazine stories took on those issues by rewriting the product's apparent threat to traditional roles. They subsumed the potential conflict within a discourse of consumption.Less
This chapter takes up the question of how advertising and fiction interacted in relation to a single commodity. When the safety bicycle in the 1890s made bicycling accessible to women, wheelwomen found themselves riding through contested terrain. The new mobility that bicycles offered was both attractive to feminists and the target of attack by conservative forces. By working together within the larger framework of the magazine, advertising and fiction made a seemingly threatening new product attractive to potential users. While ads could address a specific manifestation of the threat by promoting a new product like the “hygienic” saddle, the larger issues raised by women's increased mobility couldn't be headed off as easily. Magazine stories took on those issues by rewriting the product's apparent threat to traditional roles. They subsumed the potential conflict within a discourse of consumption.
Steven Huebner
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189544
- eISBN:
- 9780199868476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189544.003.0023
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter focuses on Ernest Chausson's opera, Le Roi Arthus. Nineteenth-century musical works invite biographical readings to varying degrees, depending on professional and critical context, ...
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This chapter focuses on Ernest Chausson's opera, Le Roi Arthus. Nineteenth-century musical works invite biographical readings to varying degrees, depending on professional and critical context, and/or whatever traces of compositional intent are discernible. It is argued that the tone of Le Roi Arthus has triggered such connections partly because of its première on 30 November 1903 in Brussels, four years after Chausson's premature death in a freak bicycle accident at age 44.Less
This chapter focuses on Ernest Chausson's opera, Le Roi Arthus. Nineteenth-century musical works invite biographical readings to varying degrees, depending on professional and critical context, and/or whatever traces of compositional intent are discernible. It is argued that the tone of Le Roi Arthus has triggered such connections partly because of its première on 30 November 1903 in Brussels, four years after Chausson's premature death in a freak bicycle accident at age 44.
Evan Friss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226210919
- eISBN:
- 9780226211077
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226211077.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book explores the American cycling city of the 1890s. It is a city lost in history, but one in which bicycles and their champions influenced urban design and city life. Paved roads, bicycle ...
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This book explores the American cycling city of the 1890s. It is a city lost in history, but one in which bicycles and their champions influenced urban design and city life. Paved roads, bicycle paths, and reconceived traffic laws signaled what many believed to be was the beginning of a new era. The millions of people who called themselves cyclists envisioned that the bicycle would usher in a city that was cleaner, easier to navigate and would give residents shorter commutes, new recreational outlets, and improved health, both mental and physical. What they did not anticipate was that bicycles would fall out of favor so suddenly. Ultimately, the cycling city crashed, and along with it, the future of cycling in the United States.Less
This book explores the American cycling city of the 1890s. It is a city lost in history, but one in which bicycles and their champions influenced urban design and city life. Paved roads, bicycle paths, and reconceived traffic laws signaled what many believed to be was the beginning of a new era. The millions of people who called themselves cyclists envisioned that the bicycle would usher in a city that was cleaner, easier to navigate and would give residents shorter commutes, new recreational outlets, and improved health, both mental and physical. What they did not anticipate was that bicycles would fall out of favor so suddenly. Ultimately, the cycling city crashed, and along with it, the future of cycling in the United States.
John Whitelegg
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345152
- eISBN:
- 9781447345640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter reviews survey data on perceptions of road traffic danger and how this compares with standard statistical sources on death and injury amongst cyclists. Objective reality is, however, not ...
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This chapter reviews survey data on perceptions of road traffic danger and how this compares with standard statistical sources on death and injury amongst cyclists. Objective reality is, however, not enough to convert potential cyclists into actual cyclists. Perception is the reality and if potential cyclists are frightened we must take clear, practical, effective steps to reduce road traffic danger. The chapter reviews the role of the Swedish Vision Zero road safety policy in dealing with fear and road traffic danger reduction. Such a policy has the potential to change mindsets and create a positive environment for the kind of behavioural change that will increase cycling rates. It is argued that there cannot be increases in cycling until we have eliminated the dominance of the car and the truck. This will require a major transformational change in the way that politicians, urban designers, planners, etc. think about the world they are shaping. The chapter concludes by summarising the debate about transformational approaches to sustainability and changing mindsets.Less
This chapter reviews survey data on perceptions of road traffic danger and how this compares with standard statistical sources on death and injury amongst cyclists. Objective reality is, however, not enough to convert potential cyclists into actual cyclists. Perception is the reality and if potential cyclists are frightened we must take clear, practical, effective steps to reduce road traffic danger. The chapter reviews the role of the Swedish Vision Zero road safety policy in dealing with fear and road traffic danger reduction. Such a policy has the potential to change mindsets and create a positive environment for the kind of behavioural change that will increase cycling rates. It is argued that there cannot be increases in cycling until we have eliminated the dominance of the car and the truck. This will require a major transformational change in the way that politicians, urban designers, planners, etc. think about the world they are shaping. The chapter concludes by summarising the debate about transformational approaches to sustainability and changing mindsets.
Letícia Lindenberg Lemos
Peter Cox and Till Koglin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345152
- eISBN:
- 9781447345640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter seeks to contribute to the debate about cycling policies by examining the struggles that help bring cycling to the political agenda in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Advocaty for cycling ...
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This chapter seeks to contribute to the debate about cycling policies by examining the struggles that help bring cycling to the political agenda in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Advocaty for cycling infrastructure in São Paulo started in a context in which the urban form was already dominated by automotive-oriented transportation infrastructure. The initial political mobilisation for bicycling also occurred at a moment of political instability in the 1980s during the re-democratisation of the country, with the cycling agenda reaching the higher level of institutionalisation after one of the most massive protest movements in the history of Brazil. This chapter explores the physical infrastructure not only through a policy and planning perspective but also by considering the social infrastructure in civil society that made these changes possible. The fragility of the physical infrastructure, given its subsequent decommissioning after a turnover in political administration, raises our awareness of the vulnerability of many infrastructure transitions and the need to think through a lens of spatial justice when considering the linkages between physical and social infrastructures. It is colcluded that the implementation of hard infrastructure as part of the city’s provisioning is an outcome of complex and longstanding manoeuvring.Less
This chapter seeks to contribute to the debate about cycling policies by examining the struggles that help bring cycling to the political agenda in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Advocaty for cycling infrastructure in São Paulo started in a context in which the urban form was already dominated by automotive-oriented transportation infrastructure. The initial political mobilisation for bicycling also occurred at a moment of political instability in the 1980s during the re-democratisation of the country, with the cycling agenda reaching the higher level of institutionalisation after one of the most massive protest movements in the history of Brazil. This chapter explores the physical infrastructure not only through a policy and planning perspective but also by considering the social infrastructure in civil society that made these changes possible. The fragility of the physical infrastructure, given its subsequent decommissioning after a turnover in political administration, raises our awareness of the vulnerability of many infrastructure transitions and the need to think through a lens of spatial justice when considering the linkages between physical and social infrastructures. It is colcluded that the implementation of hard infrastructure as part of the city’s provisioning is an outcome of complex and longstanding manoeuvring.
Evan Friss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226210919
- eISBN:
- 9780226211077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226211077.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter charts the development of bicycle paths. Special attention is given to the Coney Island Cycle Path, an early example that set a model for others, and the California Cycle-Way, an ...
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This chapter charts the development of bicycle paths. Special attention is given to the Coney Island Cycle Path, an early example that set a model for others, and the California Cycle-Way, an elevated cycle path that epitomized some of the bolder plans to create a cycling network. Finally, the chapter explores the ways in which bicycle paths fragmented the emergent bicycle coalition, some of whom saw the paths as the greatest achievement of cyclists, others of whom thought the paths would detract from the good roads movement and undermine the bicycle's status as a legitimate vehicle.Less
This chapter charts the development of bicycle paths. Special attention is given to the Coney Island Cycle Path, an early example that set a model for others, and the California Cycle-Way, an elevated cycle path that epitomized some of the bolder plans to create a cycling network. Finally, the chapter explores the ways in which bicycle paths fragmented the emergent bicycle coalition, some of whom saw the paths as the greatest achievement of cyclists, others of whom thought the paths would detract from the good roads movement and undermine the bicycle's status as a legitimate vehicle.
Katja Leyendecker
Peter Cox and Till Koglin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345152
- eISBN:
- 9781447345640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Concerning cycling, Newcastle (UK) and Bremen (Germany) are very different cities. The former having less than 1% of trips cycled, the latter nearly 25% with hundreds of miles of cycle infrastructure ...
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Concerning cycling, Newcastle (UK) and Bremen (Germany) are very different cities. The former having less than 1% of trips cycled, the latter nearly 25% with hundreds of miles of cycle infrastructure in place. Stemming from that difference, are there lessons to be learnt? What makes a cycle city? This chapter is critically dissecting the transport policies for the two cities. Through that is the story and strength of institutional automobility slowly but relentlessly emerges – in both cities is shown. However, in Bremen democratic processes are more intact. Whilst in Newcastle change will have to overcome two obstacles: a paradigmatic step change in technical transport planning as well as an emancipation of local politics.Less
Concerning cycling, Newcastle (UK) and Bremen (Germany) are very different cities. The former having less than 1% of trips cycled, the latter nearly 25% with hundreds of miles of cycle infrastructure in place. Stemming from that difference, are there lessons to be learnt? What makes a cycle city? This chapter is critically dissecting the transport policies for the two cities. Through that is the story and strength of institutional automobility slowly but relentlessly emerges – in both cities is shown. However, in Bremen democratic processes are more intact. Whilst in Newcastle change will have to overcome two obstacles: a paradigmatic step change in technical transport planning as well as an emancipation of local politics.
Fred Feddes, Marjolein de Lange, and Marco te Brömmelstroet
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345152
- eISBN:
- 9781447345640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter, drawing on a broader body of research into the history of cycle activism and its role in shaping Amsterdam as a cycling city (Feddes and de Lange, 2019), four important contributory ...
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This chapter, drawing on a broader body of research into the history of cycle activism and its role in shaping Amsterdam as a cycling city (Feddes and de Lange, 2019), four important contributory elements are examine. First, favourable qualities of the urban structure, some dating from long before the existence of the bicycle. Second, there is a wider social and political context of the 1960s and 1970s when cycling found new impetus despite severe external threat. Third is the subsequent construction of a systemic cycling city in which the relation between bicycle activism, (local) government, and the broader ‘bicycle culture’ is examined. Finally, the chapter discusses the roles played by cycling activists organized in Fietsersbond, and the city government of Amsterdam. It concludes that there motorised modes of transport play a dominate role in urban and transport planning in Amsterdam. If Amsterdam is widely regarded as a cyclists’ paradise, the city has obtained this honorary title on the cheap. Much of the indispensable observational, analytical and conceptual expertise on which the bike city’s success is built was delivered for free by devoted citizens working towards a more liveable city.Less
This chapter, drawing on a broader body of research into the history of cycle activism and its role in shaping Amsterdam as a cycling city (Feddes and de Lange, 2019), four important contributory elements are examine. First, favourable qualities of the urban structure, some dating from long before the existence of the bicycle. Second, there is a wider social and political context of the 1960s and 1970s when cycling found new impetus despite severe external threat. Third is the subsequent construction of a systemic cycling city in which the relation between bicycle activism, (local) government, and the broader ‘bicycle culture’ is examined. Finally, the chapter discusses the roles played by cycling activists organized in Fietsersbond, and the city government of Amsterdam. It concludes that there motorised modes of transport play a dominate role in urban and transport planning in Amsterdam. If Amsterdam is widely regarded as a cyclists’ paradise, the city has obtained this honorary title on the cheap. Much of the indispensable observational, analytical and conceptual expertise on which the bike city’s success is built was delivered for free by devoted citizens working towards a more liveable city.
Martin Emanuel
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345152
- eISBN:
- 9781447345640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Different motives to engage in bicycle lobbying may often be mutually strengthening. However, sometimes they clash. The case of the Øresund Bridge between Malmö and Copenhagen is one such example. ...
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Different motives to engage in bicycle lobbying may often be mutually strengthening. However, sometimes they clash. The case of the Øresund Bridge between Malmö and Copenhagen is one such example. Opened to traffic in 2000, the bridge was not equipped with bicycle lanes. This chapter traces the process that led to the building of the Øresund bridge, focussing in particular on how the cycling organisations on both sides (Sweden and Denmark) fought for bicycle lanes or not. Not only was the Danish organization considerably more active than the Swedish. The Danish Cyclists' Federation was divided in two fractions. One that based on environmental arguments thought the organisation should resist the bridge being built in the first place. The second considered that battle already lost and thought, from the perspective of equal rights to infrastructure, it made more sense to fight for bicycle lanes on the bridge rather than fighting the bridge as such. The case is thus an example in which different motives for bicycle promotion did not have a win-win-relationship but clashed. The chapter is also a reminder, or a warning against treating organisations such as lobby groups as monolithic with one single and easily defined goal.Less
Different motives to engage in bicycle lobbying may often be mutually strengthening. However, sometimes they clash. The case of the Øresund Bridge between Malmö and Copenhagen is one such example. Opened to traffic in 2000, the bridge was not equipped with bicycle lanes. This chapter traces the process that led to the building of the Øresund bridge, focussing in particular on how the cycling organisations on both sides (Sweden and Denmark) fought for bicycle lanes or not. Not only was the Danish organization considerably more active than the Swedish. The Danish Cyclists' Federation was divided in two fractions. One that based on environmental arguments thought the organisation should resist the bridge being built in the first place. The second considered that battle already lost and thought, from the perspective of equal rights to infrastructure, it made more sense to fight for bicycle lanes on the bridge rather than fighting the bridge as such. The case is thus an example in which different motives for bicycle promotion did not have a win-win-relationship but clashed. The chapter is also a reminder, or a warning against treating organisations such as lobby groups as monolithic with one single and easily defined goal.
Peter Cox and Till Koglin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345152
- eISBN:
- 9781447345640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter concludes the volume and explains the issues that have been touched upon by the authors of the chapters of this book. It explains that it would be easy to assume the superiority of ...
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This chapter concludes the volume and explains the issues that have been touched upon by the authors of the chapters of this book. It explains that it would be easy to assume the superiority of European cycle infrastructure provision and that generally, European cycle infrastructure has been presented as good or as much better than the infrastructure provided in countries like the United States of America, Canada or Australia. However, it is concluded that this volume has shown that also the bicycle infrastructure in countries like Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden or Austria also fails to fully recognise the bicyclists’ needs for active and daily mobility. Further, this opens a space for shared critique, rather than focusing on the search for a mythical universal best practice allows dialogue between perspectives. It also permits (and insists on) analysis of the backstage of infrastructure construction. The conclusions raises also questions like What processes and assumptions are behind the plans drawn up and the decisions made? Who are the people involved and what considerations drive them? How are these considerations justified? Furthermore, it is stated that this volume has begun a comparative assessment of existing and historic struggles.Less
This chapter concludes the volume and explains the issues that have been touched upon by the authors of the chapters of this book. It explains that it would be easy to assume the superiority of European cycle infrastructure provision and that generally, European cycle infrastructure has been presented as good or as much better than the infrastructure provided in countries like the United States of America, Canada or Australia. However, it is concluded that this volume has shown that also the bicycle infrastructure in countries like Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden or Austria also fails to fully recognise the bicyclists’ needs for active and daily mobility. Further, this opens a space for shared critique, rather than focusing on the search for a mythical universal best practice allows dialogue between perspectives. It also permits (and insists on) analysis of the backstage of infrastructure construction. The conclusions raises also questions like What processes and assumptions are behind the plans drawn up and the decisions made? Who are the people involved and what considerations drive them? How are these considerations justified? Furthermore, it is stated that this volume has begun a comparative assessment of existing and historic struggles.
Edward L. Ayers
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195086898
- eISBN:
- 9780199854226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195086898.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The chapter discusses the norms of life in the New South particularly concerning women. The standards of clothing and fashion changed and bicycles became all the rage for Southern women. The idea of ...
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The chapter discusses the norms of life in the New South particularly concerning women. The standards of clothing and fashion changed and bicycles became all the rage for Southern women. The idea of women's right of suffrage was first tackled during these times. It was also during this time that education became the center of discussion and was seen as the ticket of the Southern blacks to a life of better treatment by the whites. This chapter also touches on the events in the Chicago World's Fair and the Negro Building, the latter being the only place within the fair that the Negroes could actually enter and buy goods. The chapter also discusses Booker T. Washington and his viewpoint and speeches regarding the relationship of blacks and whites.Less
The chapter discusses the norms of life in the New South particularly concerning women. The standards of clothing and fashion changed and bicycles became all the rage for Southern women. The idea of women's right of suffrage was first tackled during these times. It was also during this time that education became the center of discussion and was seen as the ticket of the Southern blacks to a life of better treatment by the whites. This chapter also touches on the events in the Chicago World's Fair and the Negro Building, the latter being the only place within the fair that the Negroes could actually enter and buy goods. The chapter also discusses Booker T. Washington and his viewpoint and speeches regarding the relationship of blacks and whites.
Susan W. Brenner
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333480
- eISBN:
- 9780199855353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333480.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter traces the evolution of machine technologies. They replace human effort with artificial, machine effort and let humans accomplish things that were not possible before. It traces the ...
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This chapter traces the evolution of machine technologies. They replace human effort with artificial, machine effort and let humans accomplish things that were not possible before. It traces the utilization of “use” rules to control the defective implementation of these technologies; it uses bicycle technology to illustrate how societies simply relied on an ad hoc extrapolation of the approach they utilized for specialist technologies to control the defective implementation of a non-specialist technology. The chapter demonstrates how societies and lawmakers came to focus primarily on technology in devising rules that were intended to prevent harms that might ensue from the introduction of new technologies.Less
This chapter traces the evolution of machine technologies. They replace human effort with artificial, machine effort and let humans accomplish things that were not possible before. It traces the utilization of “use” rules to control the defective implementation of these technologies; it uses bicycle technology to illustrate how societies simply relied on an ad hoc extrapolation of the approach they utilized for specialist technologies to control the defective implementation of a non-specialist technology. The chapter demonstrates how societies and lawmakers came to focus primarily on technology in devising rules that were intended to prevent harms that might ensue from the introduction of new technologies.
Lena Wånggren
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474416269
- eISBN:
- 9781474434645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474416269.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This book examines late nineteenth-century feminism in relation to technologies of the time, marking the crucial role of technology in social and literary struggles for equality. The New Woman, the ...
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This book examines late nineteenth-century feminism in relation to technologies of the time, marking the crucial role of technology in social and literary struggles for equality. The New Woman, the fin de siècle cultural archetype of early feminism, became the focal figure for key nineteenth-century debates concerning issues such as gender and sexuality, evolution and degeneration, science, empire and modernity. While the New Woman is located in the debates concerning the ‘crisis in gender’ or ‘sexual anarchy’ of the time, the period also saw an upsurge of new technologies of communication, transport and medicine.
This book explores the interlinking of gender and technology in writings by overlooked authors such as Grant Allen, Tom Gallon, H. G. Wells, Margaret Todd and Mathias McDonnell Bodkin. As the book demonstrates, literature of the time is inevitably caught up in a technological modernity: technologies such as the typewriter, the bicycle, and medical technologies, through literary texts come to work as freedom machines, as harbingers of female emancipation.Less
This book examines late nineteenth-century feminism in relation to technologies of the time, marking the crucial role of technology in social and literary struggles for equality. The New Woman, the fin de siècle cultural archetype of early feminism, became the focal figure for key nineteenth-century debates concerning issues such as gender and sexuality, evolution and degeneration, science, empire and modernity. While the New Woman is located in the debates concerning the ‘crisis in gender’ or ‘sexual anarchy’ of the time, the period also saw an upsurge of new technologies of communication, transport and medicine.
This book explores the interlinking of gender and technology in writings by overlooked authors such as Grant Allen, Tom Gallon, H. G. Wells, Margaret Todd and Mathias McDonnell Bodkin. As the book demonstrates, literature of the time is inevitably caught up in a technological modernity: technologies such as the typewriter, the bicycle, and medical technologies, through literary texts come to work as freedom machines, as harbingers of female emancipation.
Donald Palmer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199573592
- eISBN:
- 9780191738715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573592.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter describes the two main perspectives on organizational wrongdoing, the abnormal and normal perspectives, in detail. It also describes the two main approaches to explaining wrongdoing, the ...
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This chapter describes the two main perspectives on organizational wrongdoing, the abnormal and normal perspectives, in detail. It also describes the two main approaches to explaining wrongdoing, the dominant and alternative approaches, in depth. The chapter also establishes the link between the abnormal and normal perspectives on organizational wrongdoing, the dominant and alternative approaches to explaining the causes of wrongdoing, and the eight specific explanations of wrongdoing that form the core of the book. The eight specific explanations focus on rational choice, culture, ethical decision-making, administrative systems, situational social influence, power structures, accidental behavior, and the social control of wrongdoing. The chapter illustrates the two approaches to explaining organizational wrongdoing with a detailed description of a professional bicycle racer's experience with the use of banned performance-enhancing substances. It concludes with a few remarks about the book's overarching message.Less
This chapter describes the two main perspectives on organizational wrongdoing, the abnormal and normal perspectives, in detail. It also describes the two main approaches to explaining wrongdoing, the dominant and alternative approaches, in depth. The chapter also establishes the link between the abnormal and normal perspectives on organizational wrongdoing, the dominant and alternative approaches to explaining the causes of wrongdoing, and the eight specific explanations of wrongdoing that form the core of the book. The eight specific explanations focus on rational choice, culture, ethical decision-making, administrative systems, situational social influence, power structures, accidental behavior, and the social control of wrongdoing. The chapter illustrates the two approaches to explaining organizational wrongdoing with a detailed description of a professional bicycle racer's experience with the use of banned performance-enhancing substances. It concludes with a few remarks about the book's overarching message.
Evan Friss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226210919
- eISBN:
- 9780226211077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226211077.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter examines some of the early history of the bicycle, focusing on the development of the safety bicycle and its rise in popularity. One of the key figures in that process, Colonel Albert ...
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This chapter examines some of the early history of the bicycle, focusing on the development of the safety bicycle and its rise in popularity. One of the key figures in that process, Colonel Albert Pope, is introduced as a pioneer in the American bicycle industry. The role of technology and the ways in which bicycles were advertised, marketed, sold, and distributed are also discussed.Less
This chapter examines some of the early history of the bicycle, focusing on the development of the safety bicycle and its rise in popularity. One of the key figures in that process, Colonel Albert Pope, is introduced as a pioneer in the American bicycle industry. The role of technology and the ways in which bicycles were advertised, marketed, sold, and distributed are also discussed.
Evan Friss
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226210919
- eISBN:
- 9780226211077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226211077.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter discusses cyclists' influence on road improvement—laying new roads and replacing subpar paving materials with asphalt. The politics of the era and the developing bicycle lobby help ...
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This chapter discusses cyclists' influence on road improvement—laying new roads and replacing subpar paving materials with asphalt. The politics of the era and the developing bicycle lobby help explain the unusually powerful role that cyclists had in shaping city streets. As just one example, Carter Harrison, the cycling mayor of Chicago, is profiled.Less
This chapter discusses cyclists' influence on road improvement—laying new roads and replacing subpar paving materials with asphalt. The politics of the era and the developing bicycle lobby help explain the unusually powerful role that cyclists had in shaping city streets. As just one example, Carter Harrison, the cycling mayor of Chicago, is profiled.
Peter Cox and Till Koglin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345152
- eISBN:
- 9781447345640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter introduces the topic of this volume and the issues touched upon in the different chapters. It explains today’s situation for cycling and the wider context of cycling infrastructure. ...
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This chapter introduces the topic of this volume and the issues touched upon in the different chapters. It explains today’s situation for cycling and the wider context of cycling infrastructure. Moreover, it also shows how this volume was put together and why there is a need for this book. Furthermore, it places the book in context to existing literature and shows what gaps exists in this literature and why this volume is an important contribution to the current publications on cycling and infrastructure. Additionally, this chapter gives an overview of the content of this volume, introduces briefly each chapter and explains the structure of this volume. In the end of this chapter, a note on language explains the terms used in this volume for different parts of cycling infrastructure.Less
This chapter introduces the topic of this volume and the issues touched upon in the different chapters. It explains today’s situation for cycling and the wider context of cycling infrastructure. Moreover, it also shows how this volume was put together and why there is a need for this book. Furthermore, it places the book in context to existing literature and shows what gaps exists in this literature and why this volume is an important contribution to the current publications on cycling and infrastructure. Additionally, this chapter gives an overview of the content of this volume, introduces briefly each chapter and explains the structure of this volume. In the end of this chapter, a note on language explains the terms used in this volume for different parts of cycling infrastructure.
Louis A. Pérez Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469631301
- eISBN:
- 9781469631325
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631301.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Louis A. Pérez Jr.’s new history of nineteenth-century Cuba chronicles in fascinating detail the emergence of an urban middle class that was imbued with new knowledge and moral systems. Fostering ...
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Louis A. Pérez Jr.’s new history of nineteenth-century Cuba chronicles in fascinating detail the emergence of an urban middle class that was imbued with new knowledge and moral systems. Fostering innovative skills and technologies, these Cubans became deeply implicated in an expanding market culture during the sugar production boom and prior to independence. Contributing to the cultural history of capitalism in Latin America, Pérez argues that such creoles were cosmopolitans with powerful transnational affinities and an abiding identification with modernity. This period of Cuban history is usually viewed through a political lens, but Pérez shows how moral, social, and cultural changes that resulted from market forces also contributed to the collapse of the Spanish colonial administration. Pérez highlights women’s centrality in this process, showing how criollas adapted to new modes of self-representation as a means of self-fulfillment. Increasing opportunities for middle-class women’s public presence and social participation was both cause and consequence of expanding consumerism and of women’s challenges to prevailing gender hierarchies. Seemingly simple actions--riding a bicycle, for example, or deploying the abanico, the fan, in different ways--exposed how traditional systems of power and privilege clashed with norms of modernity and progress.Less
Louis A. Pérez Jr.’s new history of nineteenth-century Cuba chronicles in fascinating detail the emergence of an urban middle class that was imbued with new knowledge and moral systems. Fostering innovative skills and technologies, these Cubans became deeply implicated in an expanding market culture during the sugar production boom and prior to independence. Contributing to the cultural history of capitalism in Latin America, Pérez argues that such creoles were cosmopolitans with powerful transnational affinities and an abiding identification with modernity. This period of Cuban history is usually viewed through a political lens, but Pérez shows how moral, social, and cultural changes that resulted from market forces also contributed to the collapse of the Spanish colonial administration. Pérez highlights women’s centrality in this process, showing how criollas adapted to new modes of self-representation as a means of self-fulfillment. Increasing opportunities for middle-class women’s public presence and social participation was both cause and consequence of expanding consumerism and of women’s challenges to prevailing gender hierarchies. Seemingly simple actions--riding a bicycle, for example, or deploying the abanico, the fan, in different ways--exposed how traditional systems of power and privilege clashed with norms of modernity and progress.
