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The chapter reviews the development of the British community in Argentina from the military occupation of Buenos Aires in June 1806 in four main phases. Phase 1 starts with the early history of the community and includes the creation of a mercantile group from 1810 and of rural Scottish and Irish rural communities from the 1820s. A second phase follows the consolidation of the community from around 1870 with the rise of British investment, particularly in Argentine railways. This phase includes the creation of a suburban middle class and the emergence of small urban and rural British communities in various parts of Argentina until the First World War. A third section notes the stagnation of the community between the two world wars as British investment declined and Argentine nationalism appeared. The final phase marked the community's decline during and after the Second World War. The key phases of decline included the rise of Peron regime and railway nationalization in 1948.

Tying up to a postmodernist notion of identity as fragmented, incongruent, and constructed in the process of narrating (Pavlenko, 2006, pp. 13ff.), this chapter shows how Finnish-German research participants evaluate cultural and linguistic practices of the national spaces of Germany and Finland to construct conflicting bilingual and bicultural identities in a narrative interview. With the help of the analytical framework of Positioning Theory that takes the interactional embedding of the recounted narratives into account, the analysis demonstrates that the constructed identities grow out of the interview talk and are multiple on different interactional levels. On a vertical level, tellers orient both to the local interactional requirements of the interview and to broader discourses of (Finnish-German) bilingualism and biculturalism in the same moment in time. On a horizontal level they make national space relevant in different moments in time and thereby construct partly incommensurate bilingual and bicultural identities.

This chapter examines a few of the more important themes, issues, and parameters in recent and current research on bilingualism. The focus is on corpus languages rather than ancient or classical languages because examples are drawn from, and apply to, medieval, early modern, and prehistoric as well as ancient languages, oriental as well as western, and substandard as well as standard — classical — varieties. The term ‘corpus language’ is preferred over ‘dead language’ because the latter need not arise through language death, and language death often yields not a dead language but no language at all. This chapter looks at bilingualism and diglossia, as well as bilingualism and biculturalism, language choice, interference, and bilingualism and language change.

This chapter examines how Latino immigrant families view the integration stage of bicultural development. Using alternation theory as a guide, it considers how the process of becoming bicultural is shaped by different environmental systems such as family, friends, and peers. It also explores the immigrant families' relationship to their culture-of-origin and to the U.S. host culture as well as the cultural capital, opportunities, and challenges they face in living between two cultures. Finally, it discusses how Latino families strongly encouraged biculturalism by reinforcing familism and practicing restrictive parenting strategies. The chapter highlights the benefits and challenges inherent in developing bicultural skills, especially the ways that bilingualism and peer networks facilitate bicultural development.

Investigations of the identity of young British Muslims have concluded that most of the participants valued their British connections because they were either born in Britain or had lived there for quite a time. At the same time, they were also attached to their ethnic heritage and their cultural celebrations. They spoke of their religious identity, which was reflected in their Muslim names, Islamic practices and celebrations, and sometimes through their dress. However, many respondents were distressed by the media practice of ‘othering’ Muslims. Some felt they were the ‘other’ as a result of the 7/7 London bombings, and/or because of their Islamic attire or appearance, which was not acceptable to some members of the wider society. Some Muslim women felt left out at the rise of the niqab debate and Muslim men felt alienated when they were ‘stopped and searched’. While it is understood that bicultural identity when embraced by the first-generation immigrants and the host society can lead to the easier settlement of the younger-generation immigrants, sometimes the notion and practice where the wider society refers to them as the ‘other’ makes these generations shun bicultural identity for a single identity. This chapter discusses how the media affects social cohesion. It discusses the areas that need attention within the Muslim community, such as education, integration, political participation, women, mosques, and youth. It also examines some of the positive steps taken by the Muslim community and advocates the endorsement of biculturalism.

Immigrant children are the fastest growing subset of the U.S. population, with great diversity in languages, cultural practices, migratory histories, and socioeconomic contexts. This chapter presents an ecological perspective on three salient domains of immigrant child and adolescent development: biculturalism, bilingualism, and building healthy ethnic identities. Qualitative and quantitative research that focuses on these developmental competencies from the past decade is reviewed. In highlighting the micro- and mesosystem contexts supporting these competency areas, this chapter offers new ideas for both research and intervention efforts in support of immigrant youth development.

This chapter looks at the postwar second-generation shin-nisei, who are the children of post-1965 Japanese immigrants and came of age in a multicultural and increasingly globalized America at a time when Japan’s image had greatly improved and discrimination against Japanese had considerably lessened. Though culturally assimilated, the shin-nisei have also maintained the ethnic heritage of their parents, and are thus bicultural, as well as bilingual. They have developed transnational identifications with both the United States and Japan and are actively engaged in their ethnic homeland.

This book examines the process of becoming bicultural, with particular emphasis on the individual psychology and family dynamics behind bicultural development as well as the factors that lead to positive or to negative consequences for young Latino immigrants. Drawing on surveys and interviews from more than 400 Latino adolescents and their parents in North Carolina and Arizona, the book explores common risk and resilience factors that underlie the processes of acculturation, enculturation, assimilation, and biculturalism. This introductory chapter discusses the dramatic demographic changes in the United States, in part due to the reform in immigration policy of 1965, along with the resulting cultural change including the significant increase in the number of youthful Latinos and Asians in the country. It also explains the processes of acculturation, enculturation, assimilation, biculturalism, and deculturation and provides an introduction to the chapters in this book.

This chapter explores enculturation or culture-of-origin involvement, with particular emphasis on how Latino immigrant families maintain their ethnic identities. Drawing on a combination of qualitative and quantitative data from a study that was conducted as part of the Latino Acculturation and Health Project, it examines major changes in immigrant family systems that occur during the diffused, bifurcated stage of acculturation contact following immigration to the United States. Based on qualitative interviews with parents and adolescents from 100 Latino families, the chapter considers how Latino family systems change after immigration, how these changes affect family members' levels of enculturation (or ethnic identity) and family relationships, and what factors best explain postimmigration family system adjustment. It shows how the combined power of familism and maintaining culture-of-origin tradition and rituals relates to ethnic identity in the immigrant adolescents and shows that culture-of-origin involvement and biculturalism are positively correlated with family cohesion and adaptability. Finally, it discusses the implications of the findings for clinical practice with immigrant families.

This chapter examines the psychological and social benefits of biculturalism as well as the cognitive and linguistic factors that may be the foundation for such benefits. It begins with a discussion of cultural frame switching and its connection to biculturalism and cognition before considering the interrelationships among biculturalism, bilingualism, neural networks, and language processing. It then explores how bicultural skills develop in immigrants, the dimensions of bicultural development, and the impact of biculturalism on family processes. It also analyzes the role of social networks and neighborhood dynamics in bicultural development, along with the concept of reverse acculturation and how it promotes Latinization in America.

This chapter shows how Taika Waititi’s Hunt for the Wilderpeople, the most successful New Zealand film to date, adopts similar stylistic methods as Waititi’s earlier hit, Boy, in order to address similar themes: the effect of emotional deprivation as a result of parental abandonment, and the search for love and family. Through a comparison with the source novel, Barry Crump’s Wild Pork and Watercress (1986), the analysis retraces the means by which Waititi converts a story involving individuals into a symbolic representation of the history of New Zealand race relations at large with the aim of proposing a fruitful way forward for the future.

The author used part of his sabbatical to write a much cited paper on bilingualism. In it he presented his “the bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person” view. He first argued how a monolingual view of bilingualism had impacted every aspect of bilingualism research up until then. He then described his holistic view and presented a number of concepts that accompany it such as language mode, the Complementarity Principle, language restructuring in bilinguals, etc. Another paper he worked on was on the bicultural person whom he depicted for the first time. He presented how behavior changes in a monocultural and a bicultural mode, and how biculturals come to grips with their identity.

The author explains how his need for each of his two languages changed radically on his return to France, and uses this to introduce the Complementarity Principle. He also illustrates, using his own case, the difficulties some biculturals have identifying with both their cultures. He then describes his university studies at the Sorbonne and the work schedule he set himself to catch up in French literature and history. He introduces one of his professors, Antoine Culioli, who played an important role at the start of his career. Culioli agreed to let the author do a joint Master’s thesis with another student on French–English bilingualism. This work is described in detail.

In this chapter, the authors examine the social-personality processes underlying multiculturalism and multicultural identity and the cultural and societal factors that influence these phenomena. They focus the discussion on bicultural identity integration (BII), an individual difference construct describing the extent to which a bicultural individual experiences her two cultural identities as compatible and integrated versus oppositional and compartmentalized. Drawing from the literatures of acculturation, social-personality and cultural psychologies, and interculturalism studies, the authors review research on the antecedents and outcomes associated with BII. While there is extensive evidence showing that BII is psychologically consequential, and also an important moderator of how multicultural individuals respond to different kinds of cultural information and demands, there remains pressing needs to understand the developmental trajectories that influence BII, the role of macro societal and historical factors in how BII changes, and how BII can be used to understand multiculturalism in social collectives.

This chapter considers the challenge of being identified with Germany’s dark history and explores the struggle to acknowledge the meanings of the author’s family history. Using autobiographical illustration, the author suggests that people respond differently to the past depending on the situations they are in and those with whom they interact. This is especially true when confronting the Holocaust. Turning to his psychotherapy practice, the author suggests that how his patients perceive him creates different possibilities for reflecting on history and trauma. The author considers the notion of inherited guilt and shame connected to his German background and traces its impact on his personal life and professional identity as a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst. The author’s hesitancy to confront his family history leads him to examine the psychoanalytic profession, which has struggled to openly address the legacy of the Holocaust in the lives of psychoanalysts.

This chapter provides an introduction to the volume, setting out a variety of aspects of interaction between Egyptian and Greek literature in the period 700 BCE–300 CE.Section 2 surveys various types of interaction, including translation from Egyptian to Greek, mixed forms, borrowing of genres (the romance, the aretalogy, religious literature), and Greek influence on Egyptian. Section 3 looks specifically at the case of translation from Egyptian to Greece. Section 4 looks at the broader issue of Greek engagement with Egyptian culture.