Sydney Finkelstein, Donald C. Hambrick, and Albert A. Cannella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162073
- eISBN:
- 9780199867332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162073.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
The consequences of executive pay are complex and particularly rich in a theoretical and practical sense. This chapter examines one of the most fundamental questions in this regard: Does executive ...
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The consequences of executive pay are complex and particularly rich in a theoretical and practical sense. This chapter examines one of the most fundamental questions in this regard: Does executive pay affect firm performance? The evidence is decidedly mixed, but raises key questions about pay as a motivator, and the different ways in which executive pay can influence strategic and organizational choices as well as firm performance. This chapter also considers the burgeoning literature on behavioral agency theory, which leads naturally to a comparison of the effects of different types of compensation, especially stock options. A significant part of this chapter is dedicated to an analysis of the determinants and consequences of pay differentials among top management teams, another area of great theoretical interest. Studying pay differentials (or pay dispersion), as well as the pattern of compensation in place among the CEO and other top managers, yields fascinating insights that have important consequences for teamwork, perceived fairness of pay, strategic decision making, and firm performance.Less
The consequences of executive pay are complex and particularly rich in a theoretical and practical sense. This chapter examines one of the most fundamental questions in this regard: Does executive pay affect firm performance? The evidence is decidedly mixed, but raises key questions about pay as a motivator, and the different ways in which executive pay can influence strategic and organizational choices as well as firm performance. This chapter also considers the burgeoning literature on behavioral agency theory, which leads naturally to a comparison of the effects of different types of compensation, especially stock options. A significant part of this chapter is dedicated to an analysis of the determinants and consequences of pay differentials among top management teams, another area of great theoretical interest. Studying pay differentials (or pay dispersion), as well as the pattern of compensation in place among the CEO and other top managers, yields fascinating insights that have important consequences for teamwork, perceived fairness of pay, strategic decision making, and firm performance.
Dennis G Fryback
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0037
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. Ward Edwards is considered the father of behavioral decision theory. He authored or co-authored four books and over 200 journal articles.
This chapter presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. Ward Edwards is considered the father of behavioral decision theory. He authored or co-authored four books and over 200 journal articles.
Meir Statman
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273393
- eISBN:
- 9780191601675
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273391.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter argues that the behavioural portfolio theory offers a good description of investor behaviour and a basis for good policy prescriptions. The theory states that investors view with ...
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This chapter argues that the behavioural portfolio theory offers a good description of investor behaviour and a basis for good policy prescriptions. The theory states that investors view with portfolios not as a whole, but as distinct layers in a pyramid of assets where layers are associated with specific goals, and where attitudes towards risk vary across layers. Unlike the mean-variance theory which offers portfolio descriptions that investors do not follow, the behavioural portfolio theory offers prescription of pyramid portfolios that are closer to reality.Less
This chapter argues that the behavioural portfolio theory offers a good description of investor behaviour and a basis for good policy prescriptions. The theory states that investors view with portfolios not as a whole, but as distinct layers in a pyramid of assets where layers are associated with specific goals, and where attitudes towards risk vary across layers. Unlike the mean-variance theory which offers portfolio descriptions that investors do not follow, the behavioural portfolio theory offers prescription of pyramid portfolios that are closer to reality.
Jonathan Bendor, Daniel Diermeier, David A. Siegel, and Michael M. Ting
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135076
- eISBN:
- 9781400836802
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135076.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Most theories of elections assume that voters and political actors are fully rational. While these formulations produce many insights, they also generate anomalies—most famously, about turnout. The ...
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Most theories of elections assume that voters and political actors are fully rational. While these formulations produce many insights, they also generate anomalies—most famously, about turnout. The rise of behavioral economics has posed new challenges to the premise of rationality. This book provides a behavioral theory of elections based on the notion that all actors—politicians as well as voters—are only boundedly rational. The theory posits learning via trial and error: actions that surpass an actor’s aspiration level are more likely to be used in the future, while those that fall short are less likely to be tried later. Based on this idea of adaptation, the book constructs formal models of party competition, turnout, and voters’ choices of candidates. These models predict substantial turnout levels, voters sorting into parties, and winning parties adopting centrist platforms. In multiparty elections, voters are able to coordinate vote choices on majority-preferred candidates, while all candidates garner significant vote shares. Overall, the behavioral theory and its models produce macroimplications consistent with the data on elections, and they use plausible microassumptions about the cognitive capacities of politicians and voters. A computational model accompanies the book and can be used as a tool for further research.Less
Most theories of elections assume that voters and political actors are fully rational. While these formulations produce many insights, they also generate anomalies—most famously, about turnout. The rise of behavioral economics has posed new challenges to the premise of rationality. This book provides a behavioral theory of elections based on the notion that all actors—politicians as well as voters—are only boundedly rational. The theory posits learning via trial and error: actions that surpass an actor’s aspiration level are more likely to be used in the future, while those that fall short are less likely to be tried later. Based on this idea of adaptation, the book constructs formal models of party competition, turnout, and voters’ choices of candidates. These models predict substantial turnout levels, voters sorting into parties, and winning parties adopting centrist platforms. In multiparty elections, voters are able to coordinate vote choices on majority-preferred candidates, while all candidates garner significant vote shares. Overall, the behavioral theory and its models produce macroimplications consistent with the data on elections, and they use plausible microassumptions about the cognitive capacities of politicians and voters. A computational model accompanies the book and can be used as a tool for further research.
David J Weiss and James Shanteau
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0039
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Following on from the previous two chapters presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. Ward's 1954 paper in the Psychological Bulletin introduced decision making as a research topic for psychologists. He ...
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Following on from the previous two chapters presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. Ward's 1954 paper in the Psychological Bulletin introduced decision making as a research topic for psychologists. He continued to make significant contributions to the field for more than fifty years, contributing some 200 publications to the literature. He died from Parkinson's Disease on February 1, 2005.Less
Following on from the previous two chapters presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. Ward's 1954 paper in the Psychological Bulletin introduced decision making as a research topic for psychologists. He continued to make significant contributions to the field for more than fifty years, contributing some 200 publications to the literature. He died from Parkinson's Disease on February 1, 2005.
Herbert Gintis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160849
- eISBN:
- 9781400851348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160849.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
Game theory is multiplayer decision theory where the choices of each player affect the payoffs to other players, and the players take this into account in their choice behavior. This chapter ...
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Game theory is multiplayer decision theory where the choices of each player affect the payoffs to other players, and the players take this into account in their choice behavior. This chapter addresses the contribution of game theory to the design of experiments aimed at understanding the behavior of individuals engaged in strategic interaction. This is referred to as behavioral game theory. The chapter goes on to discusses charter virtues, defined as ethically desirable behavioral regularities that individuals value for their own sake, while having the property of facilitating cooperation and enhancing social efficiency. It presents two studies that illustrate the situational nature of preferences and the desire to conform to social norms. It then deals with the dark side of altruistic cooperation and norms of cooperation.Less
Game theory is multiplayer decision theory where the choices of each player affect the payoffs to other players, and the players take this into account in their choice behavior. This chapter addresses the contribution of game theory to the design of experiments aimed at understanding the behavior of individuals engaged in strategic interaction. This is referred to as behavioral game theory. The chapter goes on to discusses charter virtues, defined as ethically desirable behavioral regularities that individuals value for their own sake, while having the property of facilitating cooperation and enhancing social efficiency. It presents two studies that illustrate the situational nature of preferences and the desire to conform to social norms. It then deals with the dark side of altruistic cooperation and norms of cooperation.
Clive Blair-Stevens, Lucy Reynolds, and Alex Christopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550692
- eISBN:
- 9780191720413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550692.003.04
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Having an understanding of the use of theory (particularly behavioural theory) can strengthen and enhance the development and delivery of social marketing interventions and, therefore, can ultimately ...
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Having an understanding of the use of theory (particularly behavioural theory) can strengthen and enhance the development and delivery of social marketing interventions and, therefore, can ultimately improve and strengthen their potential impact and effectiveness. However, all too often, people say that they find literature explaining different theoretical perspectives dense, and hard to read and understand. This chapter seeks to help people appreciate how theory can be a practical aid in their work. It provides an understanding of how behavioural theory can practically support effective intervention development and delivery; discusses the different types of influence on human behaviour; sets out the strengths and limitations of different disciplinary contributions to understanding what influences behaviour; and stresses the value of bringing people from different disciplines together to help examine and consider key behavioural challenges.Less
Having an understanding of the use of theory (particularly behavioural theory) can strengthen and enhance the development and delivery of social marketing interventions and, therefore, can ultimately improve and strengthen their potential impact and effectiveness. However, all too often, people say that they find literature explaining different theoretical perspectives dense, and hard to read and understand. This chapter seeks to help people appreciate how theory can be a practical aid in their work. It provides an understanding of how behavioural theory can practically support effective intervention development and delivery; discusses the different types of influence on human behaviour; sets out the strengths and limitations of different disciplinary contributions to understanding what influences behaviour; and stresses the value of bringing people from different disciplines together to help examine and consider key behavioural challenges.
Jonathan Bendor, Daniel Diermeier, David A. Siegel, and Michael M. Ting
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135076
- eISBN:
- 9781400836802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135076.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This book discusses a behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality. As a research program, bounded rationality contains a set of alternative formulations, rather than a single theory ...
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This book discusses a behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality. As a research program, bounded rationality contains a set of alternative formulations, rather than a single theory or model. The issues raised by the bounded rationality program—the impact of cognitive constraints on behavior—are as pertinent to politics as they are to markets, perhaps even more so. This is evident in the subfield of elections. This chapter considers two major topics that are central to a behavioral theory of elections: framing and heuristics. It also explores aspiration-based adaptive rules (ABARs), the relation between the research programs of bounded rationality and rational choice, voter turnout, and the cognitive capacities of voters and politicians. Finally, it provides an overview of the topics tackled in the book.Less
This book discusses a behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality. As a research program, bounded rationality contains a set of alternative formulations, rather than a single theory or model. The issues raised by the bounded rationality program—the impact of cognitive constraints on behavior—are as pertinent to politics as they are to markets, perhaps even more so. This is evident in the subfield of elections. This chapter considers two major topics that are central to a behavioral theory of elections: framing and heuristics. It also explores aspiration-based adaptive rules (ABARs), the relation between the research programs of bounded rationality and rational choice, voter turnout, and the cognitive capacities of voters and politicians. Finally, it provides an overview of the topics tackled in the book.
Bar-Gill Oren
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199663361
- eISBN:
- 9780191751660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199663361.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter focuses on the credit card contract. It identifies two features common to most credit card contracts — complexity and deferred costs. It presents a behavioural-economics theory of credit ...
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This chapter focuses on the credit card contract. It identifies two features common to most credit card contracts — complexity and deferred costs. It presents a behavioural-economics theory of credit card contracts, and then argues that complexity and deferred costs represent a strategic response by sophisticated issuers to imperfectly rational cardholders. There is a behaviour market failure in the credit card industry that reduces efficiency and hurts cardholders. Regulatory intervention can help minimize the adverse effects of this market failure.Less
This chapter focuses on the credit card contract. It identifies two features common to most credit card contracts — complexity and deferred costs. It presents a behavioural-economics theory of credit card contracts, and then argues that complexity and deferred costs represent a strategic response by sophisticated issuers to imperfectly rational cardholders. There is a behaviour market failure in the credit card industry that reduces efficiency and hurts cardholders. Regulatory intervention can help minimize the adverse effects of this market failure.
Dianna T. Kenny
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199586141
- eISBN:
- 9780191731129
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586141.003.0038
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter explores the range of theoretical approaches that have been established in other areas of psychological functioning and which may have something to offer to advance our understanding of ...
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This chapter explores the range of theoretical approaches that have been established in other areas of psychological functioning and which may have something to offer to advance our understanding of music performance anxiety and its treatment. These include psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories, attachment and relational theories of anxiety, behavioural theories, cognitive theories, emotion-based theories, psychophysiological and neurochemical theories, theories of performance, and theories of music performance anxiety.Less
This chapter explores the range of theoretical approaches that have been established in other areas of psychological functioning and which may have something to offer to advance our understanding of music performance anxiety and its treatment. These include psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories, attachment and relational theories of anxiety, behavioural theories, cognitive theories, emotion-based theories, psychophysiological and neurochemical theories, theories of performance, and theories of music performance anxiety.
Jacqueline Corcoran
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149524
- eISBN:
- 9780199865154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149524.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Children and Families
This chapter applies the use of behavioral parent training for the problem of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in a child. The behavioral theory basis of parent training is discussed, followed by ...
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This chapter applies the use of behavioral parent training for the problem of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in a child. The behavioral theory basis of parent training is discussed, followed by empirical support for this approach. Techniques covered include: behaviorally specifying goals for change and tracking target behaviors; positively reinforcing prosocial conduct through the use of attention, praise, point systems, and other reinforcers; and employing alternative discipline methods, such as differential attention, natural and logical consequences, time out from reinforcement, response cost, and the removal of privileges. Methods of behavioral therapy will also be covered, including lecture, discussion, modeling, and role-playing.Less
This chapter applies the use of behavioral parent training for the problem of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in a child. The behavioral theory basis of parent training is discussed, followed by empirical support for this approach. Techniques covered include: behaviorally specifying goals for change and tracking target behaviors; positively reinforcing prosocial conduct through the use of attention, praise, point systems, and other reinforcers; and employing alternative discipline methods, such as differential attention, natural and logical consequences, time out from reinforcement, response cost, and the removal of privileges. Methods of behavioral therapy will also be covered, including lecture, discussion, modeling, and role-playing.
Jonathan Bendor, Daniel Diermeier, David A. Siegel, and Michael M. Ting
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135076
- eISBN:
- 9781400836802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135076.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter summarizes the book’s major findings regarding party location, turnout, voter choice, and voter participation. First, the simple party competition model suggests that in unidimensional ...
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This chapter summarizes the book’s major findings regarding party location, turnout, voter choice, and voter participation. First, the simple party competition model suggests that in unidimensional policy spaces, satisficing by winners plus search by losers produces a string of governmental policies that converges to the median voter’s ideal point when citizens always vote for the party that will better serve their interests. Second, turnout responds in intuitive ways to changes in parameter values. Average participation is higher the further apart the parties, in both two-component models with fixed platforms and in the simple turnout model. Third, voters learn to support parties that better serve their interests. Fourth, voter coordination is usually successful: the Condorcet loser is almost never selected. The behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality is formulated in the languages of dynamic systems and stochastic processes.Less
This chapter summarizes the book’s major findings regarding party location, turnout, voter choice, and voter participation. First, the simple party competition model suggests that in unidimensional policy spaces, satisficing by winners plus search by losers produces a string of governmental policies that converges to the median voter’s ideal point when citizens always vote for the party that will better serve their interests. Second, turnout responds in intuitive ways to changes in parameter values. Average participation is higher the further apart the parties, in both two-component models with fixed platforms and in the simple turnout model. Third, voters learn to support parties that better serve their interests. Fourth, voter coordination is usually successful: the Condorcet loser is almost never selected. The behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality is formulated in the languages of dynamic systems and stochastic processes.
Samuel Justin Sinclair and Daniel Antonius
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388114
- eISBN:
- 9780199949816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388114.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Moving away from more conventional models of psychopathology, this chapter presents a variety of theoretical frameworks for understanding the psychology of terrorism fears. Terror management theory ...
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Moving away from more conventional models of psychopathology, this chapter presents a variety of theoretical frameworks for understanding the psychology of terrorism fears. Terror management theory and evolutionary theory are presented to illustrate the complex social and existential dynamics that underlie fear, and those factors that ameliorate these fears (e.g., seeking connection with people and culture). Fear is presented as both adaptive (e.g., ensuring the survival of a species) and potentially maladaptive (e.g., becoming so flooded with terror that one’s life is negatively affected as a result). On an individual level, cognitive-behavioral and relative risk appraisal theories are then discussed to emphasize the micro-processes that people engage in when evaluating threat in the environment, and specifically how certain cognitive schemas predispose people to varying degrees of fear. These four theories are then integrated as a means of describing terrorism fears as a dynamic process.Less
Moving away from more conventional models of psychopathology, this chapter presents a variety of theoretical frameworks for understanding the psychology of terrorism fears. Terror management theory and evolutionary theory are presented to illustrate the complex social and existential dynamics that underlie fear, and those factors that ameliorate these fears (e.g., seeking connection with people and culture). Fear is presented as both adaptive (e.g., ensuring the survival of a species) and potentially maladaptive (e.g., becoming so flooded with terror that one’s life is negatively affected as a result). On an individual level, cognitive-behavioral and relative risk appraisal theories are then discussed to emphasize the micro-processes that people engage in when evaluating threat in the environment, and specifically how certain cognitive schemas predispose people to varying degrees of fear. These four theories are then integrated as a means of describing terrorism fears as a dynamic process.
Lawrence D Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0038
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Following on from the last chapter this chapter presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. His numerous professional achievements are detailed. Much of the information provided was from the author's ...
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Following on from the last chapter this chapter presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. His numerous professional achievements are detailed. Much of the information provided was from the author's videoed conversations with Ward Edwards over the two days following the 1st, and last, Bayesian Conference on 13-14 February 2003.Less
Following on from the last chapter this chapter presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. His numerous professional achievements are detailed. Much of the information provided was from the author's videoed conversations with Ward Edwards over the two days following the 1st, and last, Bayesian Conference on 13-14 February 2003.
Scott W. Powers and Robert E. Larzelere
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300085471
- eISBN:
- 9780300133806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300085471.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter discusses the topic of corporal punishment of children from a behavioral-theory and behavior-therapy perspective. Basic principles of learning theory are presented, followed by ...
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This chapter discusses the topic of corporal punishment of children from a behavioral-theory and behavior-therapy perspective. Basic principles of learning theory are presented, followed by information based upon the work of behavioral clinicians. The goal is to address the question of how we can better understand the causes and consequences of corporal punishment and utilize this knowledge in an objective way to assist families in the important process of raising their children to be secure, adaptive, and productive people. A discussion of how behavioral research and its application can inform us about the causes of corporal punishment and its effects on children, families, and society is of great utility.Less
This chapter discusses the topic of corporal punishment of children from a behavioral-theory and behavior-therapy perspective. Basic principles of learning theory are presented, followed by information based upon the work of behavioral clinicians. The goal is to address the question of how we can better understand the causes and consequences of corporal punishment and utilize this knowledge in an objective way to assist families in the important process of raising their children to be secure, adaptive, and productive people. A discussion of how behavioral research and its application can inform us about the causes of corporal punishment and its effects on children, families, and society is of great utility.
Peter A. Alces
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195371604
- eISBN:
- 9780199893447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371604.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
A viable unifying theory of contract would be useful as a heuristic device: It would provide intellectual leverage and could determine both how doctrine should be applied and predict how it will be ...
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A viable unifying theory of contract would be useful as a heuristic device: It would provide intellectual leverage and could determine both how doctrine should be applied and predict how it will be applied. But contract does not hue to a single normative theory; it is, instead, dependent on an accommodation of deontic and consequentialist inclinations. The nature of contract is revealed through understanding the reason why unitary theories have been inadequate. This chapter examines the theoretical inquiry and suggests why extant theory fails to account for all of contract. The actions of human agents may best be explained as the product of a combination of consequentialist and non-consequentialist impulses. It may be possible to understand contract doctrine as a means to facilitate an empirical morality.Less
A viable unifying theory of contract would be useful as a heuristic device: It would provide intellectual leverage and could determine both how doctrine should be applied and predict how it will be applied. But contract does not hue to a single normative theory; it is, instead, dependent on an accommodation of deontic and consequentialist inclinations. The nature of contract is revealed through understanding the reason why unitary theories have been inadequate. This chapter examines the theoretical inquiry and suggests why extant theory fails to account for all of contract. The actions of human agents may best be explained as the product of a combination of consequentialist and non-consequentialist impulses. It may be possible to understand contract doctrine as a means to facilitate an empirical morality.
Michael Brian Schiffer
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520238022
- eISBN:
- 9780520939851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520238022.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter describes the technology-transfer framework that helped in investigating the differentiation of electrical technology in the Enlightenment. It draws upon the material on behavioral ...
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This chapter describes the technology-transfer framework that helped in investigating the differentiation of electrical technology in the Enlightenment. It draws upon the material on behavioral theory from archaeology. The technology-transfer framework should be general enough to accommodate any groups that acquire and modify the technology of interest. Regardless of the nature of the communities (or technologies) involved, technology transfer can be modeled as a six-phase process. These phases, namely information transfer, experimentation, redesign, replication, acquisition, and use, are discussed in detail. It is suggested that the most important use of the framework is to establish the behavioral parameters on which to fashion contextualized narratives of technological differentiation. It is concluded that electrical technology was differentiated by literate and clever individuals of diverse socioeconomic, religious, and national backgrounds who took part in varied activities—scientific, political, recreational, or medical.Less
This chapter describes the technology-transfer framework that helped in investigating the differentiation of electrical technology in the Enlightenment. It draws upon the material on behavioral theory from archaeology. The technology-transfer framework should be general enough to accommodate any groups that acquire and modify the technology of interest. Regardless of the nature of the communities (or technologies) involved, technology transfer can be modeled as a six-phase process. These phases, namely information transfer, experimentation, redesign, replication, acquisition, and use, are discussed in detail. It is suggested that the most important use of the framework is to establish the behavioral parameters on which to fashion contextualized narratives of technological differentiation. It is concluded that electrical technology was differentiated by literate and clever individuals of diverse socioeconomic, religious, and national backgrounds who took part in varied activities—scientific, political, recreational, or medical.
Richard Parker, Regina Maria Barbosa, and Peter Aggleton
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520218369
- eISBN:
- 9780520922754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520218369.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter discusses interrelated social and cultural factors that impact the lives of Latino gay men, thus making it impossible for many to reduce risk in their sexual practice. It provides a ...
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This chapter discusses interrelated social and cultural factors that impact the lives of Latino gay men, thus making it impossible for many to reduce risk in their sexual practice. It provides a powerful critique of the limitations of dominant cognitive-behavioral theories of behavior change in response to HIV/AIDS. It studies the urgent need for culturally appropriate, community based, intervention strategies capable of enabling Latino gay men to change intentions into action by reinventing sexual scripts free from the damaging effects of intertwined oppressions.Less
This chapter discusses interrelated social and cultural factors that impact the lives of Latino gay men, thus making it impossible for many to reduce risk in their sexual practice. It provides a powerful critique of the limitations of dominant cognitive-behavioral theories of behavior change in response to HIV/AIDS. It studies the urgent need for culturally appropriate, community based, intervention strategies capable of enabling Latino gay men to change intentions into action by reinventing sexual scripts free from the damaging effects of intertwined oppressions.
R. A Crosby and R. J DiClemente
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- December 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190675486
- eISBN:
- 9780190675509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190675486.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
Set in the context of high-impact prevention, this chapter provides a brief historical account of how theory application to HIV prevention has evolved from individual-level models to structural-level ...
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Set in the context of high-impact prevention, this chapter provides a brief historical account of how theory application to HIV prevention has evolved from individual-level models to structural-level approaches. The chapter describes the value and limitations of applying behavioral science and social science theories to the pandemic and describes several models and theory-based approaches. It then proceeds to identify emerging, structural-level approaches to achieving population-level HIV prevention in developing and developed countries. The chapter distinguishes structural-level interventions from multilevel interventions, and it describes strengths and weaknesses of structural-level approaches to achieving high-impact prevention. In so doing, several critical principles of structural-level approaches are identified.Less
Set in the context of high-impact prevention, this chapter provides a brief historical account of how theory application to HIV prevention has evolved from individual-level models to structural-level approaches. The chapter describes the value and limitations of applying behavioral science and social science theories to the pandemic and describes several models and theory-based approaches. It then proceeds to identify emerging, structural-level approaches to achieving population-level HIV prevention in developing and developed countries. The chapter distinguishes structural-level interventions from multilevel interventions, and it describes strengths and weaknesses of structural-level approaches to achieving high-impact prevention. In so doing, several critical principles of structural-level approaches are identified.
Herbert Gintis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190231217
- eISBN:
- 9780190609061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190231217.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The author explains morality based on gene-culture coevolution, analytic decision theory, the rational actor model, behavioral game theory, and experimental psychology. The author makes four main ...
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The author explains morality based on gene-culture coevolution, analytic decision theory, the rational actor model, behavioral game theory, and experimental psychology. The author makes four main arguments: (a) human morality is the product of an evolutionary dynamic in which evolving culture makes new behaviors fitness enhancing, thus altering our genetic constitution; (b) behavioral morality is thus predicated on an evolved set of human predispositions; (c) morality consists of the capacity to conceptualize and value a higher moral realm governing behavior beyond consequentialist reasoning; and (d) observed human morality does not correspond closely to any of the major moral philosophical theories, but is most closely associated with some versions of Kantian and Aristotelian theories.Less
The author explains morality based on gene-culture coevolution, analytic decision theory, the rational actor model, behavioral game theory, and experimental psychology. The author makes four main arguments: (a) human morality is the product of an evolutionary dynamic in which evolving culture makes new behaviors fitness enhancing, thus altering our genetic constitution; (b) behavioral morality is thus predicated on an evolved set of human predispositions; (c) morality consists of the capacity to conceptualize and value a higher moral realm governing behavior beyond consequentialist reasoning; and (d) observed human morality does not correspond closely to any of the major moral philosophical theories, but is most closely associated with some versions of Kantian and Aristotelian theories.
