Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447331797
- eISBN:
- 9781447332589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447331797.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Over the past decade, the British pension system has been turned upside-down. Once lauded as a viable, long-term mix of public and private institutions, each element has been challenged as to its ...
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Over the past decade, the British pension system has been turned upside-down. Once lauded as a viable, long-term mix of public and private institutions, each element has been challenged as to its efficacy. Notably, private sector occupational pensions have been discounted by employers, just as ‘mis-selling’ scandals in the financial service sector have eroded trust in long-term savings products. Lord Turner’s model for the future was influenced by the behavioural revolution in cognitive science and behavioural psychology. In this paper, the key elements of the behavioural revolution are identified and linked to new forms of British occupational pension saving. While supportive of this research programme, there remain significant shortcomings. The penultimate section of the paper shifts attention to the Chancellor’s budget announcement prior to the 2015 general election providing individuals access to their retirement savings. In conclusion, implications are drawn for understanding the future of the structured-choice pension policy regime.Less
Over the past decade, the British pension system has been turned upside-down. Once lauded as a viable, long-term mix of public and private institutions, each element has been challenged as to its efficacy. Notably, private sector occupational pensions have been discounted by employers, just as ‘mis-selling’ scandals in the financial service sector have eroded trust in long-term savings products. Lord Turner’s model for the future was influenced by the behavioural revolution in cognitive science and behavioural psychology. In this paper, the key elements of the behavioural revolution are identified and linked to new forms of British occupational pension saving. While supportive of this research programme, there remain significant shortcomings. The penultimate section of the paper shifts attention to the Chancellor’s budget announcement prior to the 2015 general election providing individuals access to their retirement savings. In conclusion, implications are drawn for understanding the future of the structured-choice pension policy regime.
Brian Bruya (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013840
- eISBN:
- 9780262269438
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013840.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book explores the cognitive science of effortless attention and action. Attention and action are generally understood to require effort, and it is expected that under normal circumstances, ...
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This book explores the cognitive science of effortless attention and action. Attention and action are generally understood to require effort, and it is expected that under normal circumstances, effort increases to meet rising demand. Sometimes, however, attention and action seem to flow effortlessly despite high demand. Effortless attention and action have been documented across a range of normal activities—ranging from rock climbing to chess playing—and yet fundamental questions about effortlessness have gone largely unasked. This book draws from the field of cognitive psychology, neurophysiology, behavioral psychology, genetics, philosophy, and cross-cultural studies to address those questions. Starting from the premise that the phenomena of effortless attention and action provide an opportunity to test current models of attention and action, researchers—including effort as a cognitive resource—clarify topics such as the role of effort in decision-making, the neurophysiology of effortless attention and action, the role of automaticity in effortless action, expert performance in effortless action, and the neurophysiology and benefits of attentional training.Less
This book explores the cognitive science of effortless attention and action. Attention and action are generally understood to require effort, and it is expected that under normal circumstances, effort increases to meet rising demand. Sometimes, however, attention and action seem to flow effortlessly despite high demand. Effortless attention and action have been documented across a range of normal activities—ranging from rock climbing to chess playing—and yet fundamental questions about effortlessness have gone largely unasked. This book draws from the field of cognitive psychology, neurophysiology, behavioral psychology, genetics, philosophy, and cross-cultural studies to address those questions. Starting from the premise that the phenomena of effortless attention and action provide an opportunity to test current models of attention and action, researchers—including effort as a cognitive resource—clarify topics such as the role of effort in decision-making, the neurophysiology of effortless attention and action, the role of automaticity in effortless action, expert performance in effortless action, and the neurophysiology and benefits of attentional training.
Daniel J. Clarke and Stefan Dercon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198785576
- eISBN:
- 9780191827440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198785576.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Economic losses from disasters are now reaching an average of
US$250–$300 billion a year. In the last 20 years, more than 530,000 people died as a direct result
...
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Economic losses from disasters are now reaching an average of
US$250–$300 billion a year. In the last 20 years, more than 530,000 people died as a direct result
of extreme weather events; millions more were seriously injured. Most of the deaths and serious
injuries were in developing countries. Meanwhile, highly infectious diseases will continue to emerge
or re-emerge, and natural hazards will not disappear. But these extreme events do not need to turn
into large-scale disasters. Better and faster responses are possible. The authors contend that even
though there is much generosity in the world to support the responses to and recovery from natural
disasters, the current funding model, based on mobilizing financial resources after disasters take
place, is flawed and makes responses late, fragmented, unreliable, and poorly targeted, while
providing poor incentives for preparedness or risk reduction. The way forward centres around
reforming the funding model for disasters, moving towards plans with simple rules for early action
and that are locked in before disasters through credible funding strategies—all while resisting the
allure of post-disaster discretionary funding and the threat it poses for those seeking to ensure
that disasters have a less severe impact.Less
Economic losses from disasters are now reaching an average of
US$250–$300 billion a year. In the last 20 years, more than 530,000 people died as a direct result
of extreme weather events; millions more were seriously injured. Most of the deaths and serious
injuries were in developing countries. Meanwhile, highly infectious diseases will continue to emerge
or re-emerge, and natural hazards will not disappear. But these extreme events do not need to turn
into large-scale disasters. Better and faster responses are possible. The authors contend that even
though there is much generosity in the world to support the responses to and recovery from natural
disasters, the current funding model, based on mobilizing financial resources after disasters take
place, is flawed and makes responses late, fragmented, unreliable, and poorly targeted, while
providing poor incentives for preparedness or risk reduction. The way forward centres around
reforming the funding model for disasters, moving towards plans with simple rules for early action
and that are locked in before disasters through credible funding strategies—all while resisting the
allure of post-disaster discretionary funding and the threat it poses for those seeking to ensure
that disasters have a less severe impact.
Henrik Hogh-Olesen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190927929
- eISBN:
- 9780190927950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190927929.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Chapter 10 concludes with showing the strength and limitations of the approach presented in this book, in a discussion that highlights the differences between a classic humanistic approach and an ...
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Chapter 10 concludes with showing the strength and limitations of the approach presented in this book, in a discussion that highlights the differences between a classic humanistic approach and an evolutionary, behavioral approach. The aim is not to move aesthetics from the humanities and into behavioral psychology and other sciences. On the contrary, the aesthetic field is a house with many doors, and you will need several keys to open them. However, aesthetics and art are also behavior. They are something our species does, and that is why behavioral sciences were prioritized. Furthermore, with behavioral and evolutionary psychology as tools, we can really shine an extensive and important light on the big Why of art and aesthetics.Less
Chapter 10 concludes with showing the strength and limitations of the approach presented in this book, in a discussion that highlights the differences between a classic humanistic approach and an evolutionary, behavioral approach. The aim is not to move aesthetics from the humanities and into behavioral psychology and other sciences. On the contrary, the aesthetic field is a house with many doors, and you will need several keys to open them. However, aesthetics and art are also behavior. They are something our species does, and that is why behavioral sciences were prioritized. Furthermore, with behavioral and evolutionary psychology as tools, we can really shine an extensive and important light on the big Why of art and aesthetics.
Rodney Harrison and John Schofield
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199548071
- eISBN:
- 9780191917752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199548071.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Contemporary and Public Archaeology
In the previous chapter, we considered those methodologies that might be seen to characterize the archaeology of the contemporary past. One of the issues ...
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In the previous chapter, we considered those methodologies that might be seen to characterize the archaeology of the contemporary past. One of the issues raised there was the extent to which an archaeology of the contemporary past is defined by, and is even reliant upon, working with and across a series of different academic disciplines and areas of subject specialisms. In this chapter, we will look in more detail at the relationship between the archaeology of the contemporary past and the various academic disciplines on which it draws and with which it overlaps. Rather than a field defined by a series of other academic disciplines, we argue that the archaeology of the contemporary past emerges from this review as a discipline characterized by a particular vision and approach to the material culture of the contemporary world. These issues are explored in relation to various examples which illustrate both the similarities and differences between an archaeology of the contemporary past, and those various specialisms with which it has close relations. This chapter will also explore the relationship between the archaeology of the contemporary past and contemporary art, both in terms of artistic engagements with the archaeology of the contemporary past and the idea of archaeology as a form of contemporary artistic practice. A number of authors have written in detail about the historical relationship between archaeology and anthropology (e.g. Gosden 1999), and we do not have space to cover the topic in the detail it deserves here. The relationship between archaeology and anthropology is, however, particularly relevant when we are considering the archaeology of the contemporary past, as in almost all instances we are considering the material remains of societies contemporary with us. Archaeology and anthropology, although closely related, have developed along divergent lines in the different countries of the world in which they are practised, so for this reason we will focus our discussion on the historical relationship between archaeology and anthropology in North America and Britain, and the role of an ‘anthropological archaeology’ in approaches to the archaeology of the contemporary past.
Less
In the previous chapter, we considered those methodologies that might be seen to characterize the archaeology of the contemporary past. One of the issues raised there was the extent to which an archaeology of the contemporary past is defined by, and is even reliant upon, working with and across a series of different academic disciplines and areas of subject specialisms. In this chapter, we will look in more detail at the relationship between the archaeology of the contemporary past and the various academic disciplines on which it draws and with which it overlaps. Rather than a field defined by a series of other academic disciplines, we argue that the archaeology of the contemporary past emerges from this review as a discipline characterized by a particular vision and approach to the material culture of the contemporary world. These issues are explored in relation to various examples which illustrate both the similarities and differences between an archaeology of the contemporary past, and those various specialisms with which it has close relations. This chapter will also explore the relationship between the archaeology of the contemporary past and contemporary art, both in terms of artistic engagements with the archaeology of the contemporary past and the idea of archaeology as a form of contemporary artistic practice. A number of authors have written in detail about the historical relationship between archaeology and anthropology (e.g. Gosden 1999), and we do not have space to cover the topic in the detail it deserves here. The relationship between archaeology and anthropology is, however, particularly relevant when we are considering the archaeology of the contemporary past, as in almost all instances we are considering the material remains of societies contemporary with us. Archaeology and anthropology, although closely related, have developed along divergent lines in the different countries of the world in which they are practised, so for this reason we will focus our discussion on the historical relationship between archaeology and anthropology in North America and Britain, and the role of an ‘anthropological archaeology’ in approaches to the archaeology of the contemporary past.
P. David Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816695621
- eISBN:
- 9781452949680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816695621.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter suggests that the concept of affect is central for understanding the meaning and power of the celebrity in contemporary culture. The term affect has been used principally in ...
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This chapter suggests that the concept of affect is central for understanding the meaning and power of the celebrity in contemporary culture. The term affect has been used principally in psychological research. In behavioral psychology, affect is the middle ground between cognition and behavior. Freud also proposed that people virtually automatically assume rational grounds for their feelings; affective experience therefore leads to the reinterpretation of situations so that the affective experience becomes plausible and integrated into a worldview. The celebrity represents a site for the housing of affect in relation to both the audience and the institutions that have worked to produce the cultural forms that have allowed the celebrity to develop.Less
This chapter suggests that the concept of affect is central for understanding the meaning and power of the celebrity in contemporary culture. The term affect has been used principally in psychological research. In behavioral psychology, affect is the middle ground between cognition and behavior. Freud also proposed that people virtually automatically assume rational grounds for their feelings; affective experience therefore leads to the reinterpretation of situations so that the affective experience becomes plausible and integrated into a worldview. The celebrity represents a site for the housing of affect in relation to both the audience and the institutions that have worked to produce the cultural forms that have allowed the celebrity to develop.
