Charles Collins and Camilla Harshbarger
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034317
- eISBN:
- 9780813039312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034317.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Social Groups
Several researchers have identified an increase in risk-taking behaviors by men who have sex with men (MSM) and rates of HIV infection that continue to be unacceptably high. The national diffusion ...
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Several researchers have identified an increase in risk-taking behaviors by men who have sex with men (MSM) and rates of HIV infection that continue to be unacceptably high. The national diffusion and implementation of evidence-based behavioral interventions for gay men to facilitate and maintain safer sexual behaviors is an important strategy for reducing the spread of HIV. Five practical barriers during diffusion have been identified. First, some community-based organizations (CBOs) did not provide incentives for participation in behavioral interventions. Second, some interventions were conceptually complex or difficult to implement, or both. Third, some agencies lacked the capacity to implement complex interventions. Fourth, some CBOs could not bear the costs of some of the interventions. Fifth, difficulty in adapting the intervention to local conditions and populations was an immediate and persistent theme. This chapter also considers five interventions listed in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Compendium that have been proven efficacious for MSM: Popular Opinion Leader, AIDS Community Demonstration Project (Community PROMISE), Mpowerment, Small Group Lecture Plus Skills Training, and Behavioral Self-Management and Assertion Skills.Less
Several researchers have identified an increase in risk-taking behaviors by men who have sex with men (MSM) and rates of HIV infection that continue to be unacceptably high. The national diffusion and implementation of evidence-based behavioral interventions for gay men to facilitate and maintain safer sexual behaviors is an important strategy for reducing the spread of HIV. Five practical barriers during diffusion have been identified. First, some community-based organizations (CBOs) did not provide incentives for participation in behavioral interventions. Second, some interventions were conceptually complex or difficult to implement, or both. Third, some agencies lacked the capacity to implement complex interventions. Fourth, some CBOs could not bear the costs of some of the interventions. Fifth, difficulty in adapting the intervention to local conditions and populations was an immediate and persistent theme. This chapter also considers five interventions listed in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Compendium that have been proven efficacious for MSM: Popular Opinion Leader, AIDS Community Demonstration Project (Community PROMISE), Mpowerment, Small Group Lecture Plus Skills Training, and Behavioral Self-Management and Assertion Skills.
Mary Spink Neumann, Jeffrey H. Herbst, and Carolyn A. Guenther-Grey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034317
- eISBN:
- 9780813039312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034317.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Social Groups
The histories of the AIDS epidemic in the United States and Australia started similarly, with HIV infection concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM). Gay communities in both countries ...
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The histories of the AIDS epidemic in the United States and Australia started similarly, with HIV infection concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM). Gay communities in both countries reacted by mounting their own “grassroots” education, service, and advocacy programs, and both countries' governments reacted by funding medical and epidemiologic research. Behavioral prevention efforts followed closely thereafter. This chapter reviews the HIV/AIDS behavioral literature focusing on gay men from Australia and the United States to better understand and learn how to develop HIV behavioral interventions from the combined experience of HIV prevention researchers from the two countries. It recommends routine data collection in the following areas: attitudes, HIV testing, correlates of risk behaviors, risk reduction strategies, sexual risk behaviors, connectedness to the gay community, the range of sex practices, exposure to and use of medical and behavioral prevention services, and treatment of HIV-infected MSM.Less
The histories of the AIDS epidemic in the United States and Australia started similarly, with HIV infection concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM). Gay communities in both countries reacted by mounting their own “grassroots” education, service, and advocacy programs, and both countries' governments reacted by funding medical and epidemiologic research. Behavioral prevention efforts followed closely thereafter. This chapter reviews the HIV/AIDS behavioral literature focusing on gay men from Australia and the United States to better understand and learn how to develop HIV behavioral interventions from the combined experience of HIV prevention researchers from the two countries. It recommends routine data collection in the following areas: attitudes, HIV testing, correlates of risk behaviors, risk reduction strategies, sexual risk behaviors, connectedness to the gay community, the range of sex practices, exposure to and use of medical and behavioral prevention services, and treatment of HIV-infected MSM.
David A. Ross and Daniel Wight
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508496
- eISBN:
- 9780191723797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508496.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on the role of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural sexual health interventions in developing countries. It argues that, whenever feasible, well-conducted RCTs are ...
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This chapter focuses on the role of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural sexual health interventions in developing countries. It argues that, whenever feasible, well-conducted RCTs are the best method to evaluate the health and behavioural effects of such interventions. The appropriate use of designs such as cluster randomized trials makes it feasible to use experimental methods in the evaluation of a wide variety of sexual health interventions. The dichotomy between advocates and detractors of experimental evaluation designs has often stemmed from both groups ignoring the simple fact that both RCTs and non-RCTs can provide useful and valid information.Less
This chapter focuses on the role of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural sexual health interventions in developing countries. It argues that, whenever feasible, well-conducted RCTs are the best method to evaluate the health and behavioural effects of such interventions. The appropriate use of designs such as cluster randomized trials makes it feasible to use experimental methods in the evaluation of a wide variety of sexual health interventions. The dichotomy between advocates and detractors of experimental evaluation designs has often stemmed from both groups ignoring the simple fact that both RCTs and non-RCTs can provide useful and valid information.
Stephen Sutton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508496
- eISBN:
- 9780191723797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508496.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the role of theory in the development and evaluation of health behaviour interventions, focusing on sexually transmitted infection (STI). First, it outlines the rationale for ...
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This chapter discusses the role of theory in the development and evaluation of health behaviour interventions, focusing on sexually transmitted infection (STI). First, it outlines the rationale for using theories of behaviour change. It then describes one theoretical approach — the theory of reasoned action — and shows how the theory can be used to guide the development of an intervention. Although the discussion focuses on this particular theory, most of the comments are also applicable to other theories of behaviour change. Finally, the chapter provides a detailed discussion of a number of problems and issues that arise when using theories of behaviour change as the basis for behavioural interventions.Less
This chapter discusses the role of theory in the development and evaluation of health behaviour interventions, focusing on sexually transmitted infection (STI). First, it outlines the rationale for using theories of behaviour change. It then describes one theoretical approach — the theory of reasoned action — and shows how the theory can be used to guide the development of an intervention. Although the discussion focuses on this particular theory, most of the comments are also applicable to other theories of behaviour change. Finally, the chapter provides a detailed discussion of a number of problems and issues that arise when using theories of behaviour change as the basis for behavioural interventions.
Frances M. Cowan and Mary Plummer
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508496
- eISBN:
- 9780191723797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508496.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the general points to consider when selecting outcomes for determining sexual risk reduction. It considers the attributes, limitations, measurement, and interpretation of ...
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This chapter discusses the general points to consider when selecting outcomes for determining sexual risk reduction. It considers the attributes, limitations, measurement, and interpretation of various biological, behavioural, psychological, and other outcome measures of sexual risk reduction. The choice of outcome measures used to assess intervention effectiveness will depend on logistical as well as scientific factors. Biological outcome measures have several advantages over behavioural and cognitive measures. Biological measures are not prone to reporting bias, and thus may provide more valid data than self-reported measures. In addition, interventions that have been shown to reduce rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or unintended pregnancy are likely to carry more weight with policy-makers than those that have only been shown to change sexual behaviour or cognitions.Less
This chapter discusses the general points to consider when selecting outcomes for determining sexual risk reduction. It considers the attributes, limitations, measurement, and interpretation of various biological, behavioural, psychological, and other outcome measures of sexual risk reduction. The choice of outcome measures used to assess intervention effectiveness will depend on logistical as well as scientific factors. Biological outcome measures have several advantages over behavioural and cognitive measures. Biological measures are not prone to reporting bias, and thus may provide more valid data than self-reported measures. In addition, interventions that have been shown to reduce rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or unintended pregnancy are likely to carry more weight with policy-makers than those that have only been shown to change sexual behaviour or cognitions.
Irwin Nazareth
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508496
- eISBN:
- 9780191723797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508496.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explores a framework for the design and evaluation of complex interventions for sexual health. It includes a detailed description of the sequential phases for the development of a ...
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This chapter explores a framework for the design and evaluation of complex interventions for sexual health. It includes a detailed description of the sequential phases for the development of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), using a model that, until recently, was only applied to drug evaluations. The use of such an approach to the evaluation of interventions in sexual health is discussed, with special reference to an RCT of a behavioural intervention to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among minority ethnic women from Texas, USA. The approach is also illustrated by a hypothetical intervention to involve general practice nurses in the management of chlamydia trachomatis. Finally, some of the practical difficulties encountered in following this phased approach to the development of complex intervention trials are discussed.Less
This chapter explores a framework for the design and evaluation of complex interventions for sexual health. It includes a detailed description of the sequential phases for the development of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), using a model that, until recently, was only applied to drug evaluations. The use of such an approach to the evaluation of interventions in sexual health is discussed, with special reference to an RCT of a behavioural intervention to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among minority ethnic women from Texas, USA. The approach is also illustrated by a hypothetical intervention to involve general practice nurses in the management of chlamydia trachomatis. Finally, some of the practical difficulties encountered in following this phased approach to the development of complex intervention trials are discussed.
DAVID SPIEGEL and FAWZY I. FAWZY
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195143607
- eISBN:
- 9780199893256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143607.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter explores the effects that psychosocial interventions can have on cancer prognosis. The results of major studies that examined the impact of psychosocial and behavioral interventions on ...
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This chapter explores the effects that psychosocial interventions can have on cancer prognosis. The results of major studies that examined the impact of psychosocial and behavioral interventions on survival in patients with breast cancer and malignant melanoma respectively are discussed, along with the immune mechanisms that may be involved in the remarkable effects observed. The role of religion and spirituality as elements of psychosocial support in the support, treatment and prognosis of cancer patients is also considered, together with the relationship between stress, endocrine function, and cancer progression. There seems to be a convergence of evidence that factors involved in religious and spiritual belief, including meaning, purpose and hope in life, and social support, may have beneficial effects on how well and even how long people live with cancer.Less
This chapter explores the effects that psychosocial interventions can have on cancer prognosis. The results of major studies that examined the impact of psychosocial and behavioral interventions on survival in patients with breast cancer and malignant melanoma respectively are discussed, along with the immune mechanisms that may be involved in the remarkable effects observed. The role of religion and spirituality as elements of psychosocial support in the support, treatment and prognosis of cancer patients is also considered, together with the relationship between stress, endocrine function, and cancer progression. There seems to be a convergence of evidence that factors involved in religious and spiritual belief, including meaning, purpose and hope in life, and social support, may have beneficial effects on how well and even how long people live with cancer.
Richard Hayes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508496
- eISBN:
- 9780191723797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508496.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The randomized controlled trial (RCT) has become one of the fundamental tools of medical research. In particular, evidence from RCTs is now recognized as a ‘gold standard’ for the evaluation of new ...
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The randomized controlled trial (RCT) has become one of the fundamental tools of medical research. In particular, evidence from RCTs is now recognized as a ‘gold standard’ for the evaluation of new health interventions. In RCTs of drugs and vaccines, the products to be compared are usually allocated randomly to individual subjects. Individual randomization may also be appropriate for some RCTs of sexual health interventions. In many cases, however, it may be more appropriate to allocate randomly entire clusters of individuals to each condition. For example, depending on the design of the intervention, trials of behavioural programmes could employ randomization of schools, villages, or entire districts. Such trials are referred to as cluster randomized trials (CRTs). This chapter begins by discussing the rationale for employing the CRT design to evaluate sexual health interventions. Such trials require special methods for their design and analysis that differ from those used in standard individually randomized trials, and these methods are briefly discussed. Finally, the chapter considers some of the limitations and disadvantages of this study design.Less
The randomized controlled trial (RCT) has become one of the fundamental tools of medical research. In particular, evidence from RCTs is now recognized as a ‘gold standard’ for the evaluation of new health interventions. In RCTs of drugs and vaccines, the products to be compared are usually allocated randomly to individual subjects. Individual randomization may also be appropriate for some RCTs of sexual health interventions. In many cases, however, it may be more appropriate to allocate randomly entire clusters of individuals to each condition. For example, depending on the design of the intervention, trials of behavioural programmes could employ randomization of schools, villages, or entire districts. Such trials are referred to as cluster randomized trials (CRTs). This chapter begins by discussing the rationale for employing the CRT design to evaluate sexual health interventions. Such trials require special methods for their design and analysis that differ from those used in standard individually randomized trials, and these methods are briefly discussed. Finally, the chapter considers some of the limitations and disadvantages of this study design.
Sheena Asthana and Joyce Halliday
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346742
- eISBN:
- 9781447304258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346742.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter examines policy and practice for addressing health inequalities during adulthood. It discusses the key sources of vulnerability including lifestyle, psychosocial health and material ...
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This chapter examines policy and practice for addressing health inequalities during adulthood. It discusses the key sources of vulnerability including lifestyle, psychosocial health and material living conditions and analyses the evidence base for what works and the relationship of what works to the policy environment. It suggests that the evidence base for interventions targeting psychosocial health and material deprivation is far more tenuous than for behavioural interventions targeting lifestyle.Less
This chapter examines policy and practice for addressing health inequalities during adulthood. It discusses the key sources of vulnerability including lifestyle, psychosocial health and material living conditions and analyses the evidence base for what works and the relationship of what works to the policy environment. It suggests that the evidence base for interventions targeting psychosocial health and material deprivation is far more tenuous than for behavioural interventions targeting lifestyle.
Sheena Asthana and Joyce Halliday
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346742
- eISBN:
- 9781447304258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346742.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter examines policy and practice in addressing health inequalities in older people. It considers efforts to improve the health and well-being of older citizens through lifestyle/behavioural ...
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This chapter examines policy and practice in addressing health inequalities in older people. It considers efforts to improve the health and well-being of older citizens through lifestyle/behavioural interventions, initiatives that target housing and living standards and initiatives designed to improve access to health and social care. It suggests that older people themselves are more concerned about their independence and quality of life rather than the availability or quality of care services.Less
This chapter examines policy and practice in addressing health inequalities in older people. It considers efforts to improve the health and well-being of older citizens through lifestyle/behavioural interventions, initiatives that target housing and living standards and initiatives designed to improve access to health and social care. It suggests that older people themselves are more concerned about their independence and quality of life rather than the availability or quality of care services.
Judith K. Bass, William W. Eaton, Sharon Abramowitz, and Norman Sartorius
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195390445
- eISBN:
- 9780199950416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390445.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter begins with a definition of culture that is useful in exploring the issue of global mental health, followed by a delineation of approaches to clarify the interrelationship of culture and ...
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This chapter begins with a definition of culture that is useful in exploring the issue of global mental health, followed by a delineation of approaches to clarify the interrelationship of culture and mental health. The chapter then examines current knowledge of mental disorders in low-resource contexts using approaches from anthropology (the culture-bound approach) and epidemiology (the cross-cultural or transnational approach). This is followed by discussion of both social behaviors and functionality, issues associated with mental health that are affected by the culture in which a person lives. What follows is an exploration of risk and resiliency factors, including an examination of the difficulty inherent in differentiating between culture-specific vulnerabilities and vulnerabilities associated more generally with the effects of poverty in a low-resource environment. Finally, the chapter delineates how culture and context can influence the selection and adaptation of behavioral interventions and treatments.Less
This chapter begins with a definition of culture that is useful in exploring the issue of global mental health, followed by a delineation of approaches to clarify the interrelationship of culture and mental health. The chapter then examines current knowledge of mental disorders in low-resource contexts using approaches from anthropology (the culture-bound approach) and epidemiology (the cross-cultural or transnational approach). This is followed by discussion of both social behaviors and functionality, issues associated with mental health that are affected by the culture in which a person lives. What follows is an exploration of risk and resiliency factors, including an examination of the difficulty inherent in differentiating between culture-specific vulnerabilities and vulnerabilities associated more generally with the effects of poverty in a low-resource environment. Finally, the chapter delineates how culture and context can influence the selection and adaptation of behavioral interventions and treatments.
Paul Gionfriddo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231168281
- eISBN:
- 9780231537155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231168281.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
In high school Tim remained below grade level, had low self-esteem, made poor choices in friends, and rebelled against authority. He was also diagnosed with personality disorder and oppositional ...
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In high school Tim remained below grade level, had low self-esteem, made poor choices in friends, and rebelled against authority. He was also diagnosed with personality disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, in addition to attention deficit disorder (ADD), depression, and post-traumatic disorder (PTSD). He reluctantly took his prescribed drugs and turned to marijuana to self-medicate. This chapter narrates Tim's struggles all throughout high school: his failed extra-curricula endeavors, his marijuana possession, along with several suspensions and detentions due to bad behavior. By the end of the school year, a scheduled Planning and Placement Team (PPT) meeting called for Tim's manifestation determination, functional behavioral analysis, and behavioral intervention plan review. Tim's parents finally decided to transfer him to boarding school.Less
In high school Tim remained below grade level, had low self-esteem, made poor choices in friends, and rebelled against authority. He was also diagnosed with personality disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, in addition to attention deficit disorder (ADD), depression, and post-traumatic disorder (PTSD). He reluctantly took his prescribed drugs and turned to marijuana to self-medicate. This chapter narrates Tim's struggles all throughout high school: his failed extra-curricula endeavors, his marijuana possession, along with several suspensions and detentions due to bad behavior. By the end of the school year, a scheduled Planning and Placement Team (PPT) meeting called for Tim's manifestation determination, functional behavioral analysis, and behavioral intervention plan review. Tim's parents finally decided to transfer him to boarding school.
T.J. Kasperbauer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190695811
- eISBN:
- 9780190695842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190695811.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter makes practical suggestions for managing moral psychology for ethical goals. It does so by looking at interventions aimed at 1) altering human psychology and 2) restricting the impact of ...
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This chapter makes practical suggestions for managing moral psychology for ethical goals. It does so by looking at interventions aimed at 1) altering human psychology and 2) restricting the impact of morally objectionable psychological biases. The chapter provides justification for intervening to change people’s attitudes toward animals, within the context of debates over the permissibility of “nudges.” Empirical research on reducing bias between groups of human beings is discussed in order to inform proposals for changing attitudes to animals. Classic moral goals in animal ethics are also discussed, with an eye toward how these goals could be assisted by having a better understanding of moral psychology.Less
This chapter makes practical suggestions for managing moral psychology for ethical goals. It does so by looking at interventions aimed at 1) altering human psychology and 2) restricting the impact of morally objectionable psychological biases. The chapter provides justification for intervening to change people’s attitudes toward animals, within the context of debates over the permissibility of “nudges.” Empirical research on reducing bias between groups of human beings is discussed in order to inform proposals for changing attitudes to animals. Classic moral goals in animal ethics are also discussed, with an eye toward how these goals could be assisted by having a better understanding of moral psychology.
David Domenici and James Forman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814721377
- eISBN:
- 9780814721384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814721377.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter examines how a school inside a juvenile justice facility can be transformed in meaningful ways by sharing the story of the Maya Angelou Academy in Washington, D.C. In November 2006, ...
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This chapter examines how a school inside a juvenile justice facility can be transformed in meaningful ways by sharing the story of the Maya Angelou Academy in Washington, D.C. In November 2006, Vincent Shiraldi, the head of Washington's juvenile justice agency, asked the authors to create a program that will educate incarcerated youth, facilitate their positive reintegration into the community, and support their personal success. This chapter describes the philosophy and program components at the Maya Angelou Academy, including the core academic curriculum, career training, positive behavioral intervention model, and individualized transition planning. It also discusses credit accumulation, reading and math gains, and documented changes in the way students perceive school as a place they can succeed, along with the challenges inherent in creating high-quality educational options in a juvenile correctional setting.Less
This chapter examines how a school inside a juvenile justice facility can be transformed in meaningful ways by sharing the story of the Maya Angelou Academy in Washington, D.C. In November 2006, Vincent Shiraldi, the head of Washington's juvenile justice agency, asked the authors to create a program that will educate incarcerated youth, facilitate their positive reintegration into the community, and support their personal success. This chapter describes the philosophy and program components at the Maya Angelou Academy, including the core academic curriculum, career training, positive behavioral intervention model, and individualized transition planning. It also discusses credit accumulation, reading and math gains, and documented changes in the way students perceive school as a place they can succeed, along with the challenges inherent in creating high-quality educational options in a juvenile correctional setting.
