Ursula Coope
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199247905
- eISBN:
- 9780191603082
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247900.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This book is about Aristotle’s account of time in Physics IV.10-14. Aristotle claims that time is not a kind of change, but that it is something dependent on change. He defines it as a kind of ...
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This book is about Aristotle’s account of time in Physics IV.10-14. Aristotle claims that time is not a kind of change, but that it is something dependent on change. He defines it as a kind of ‘number of change’ with respect to the before and after. It is argued that this means that time is a kind of order (not, as is commonly supposed, that it is a kind of measure). It is a universal order within which all changes are related to each other. This interpretation is used to explain two puzzling claims that Aristotle makes: that the now is like a moving thing, and that time depends for its existence on the soul.Less
This book is about Aristotle’s account of time in Physics IV.10-14. Aristotle claims that time is not a kind of change, but that it is something dependent on change. He defines it as a kind of ‘number of change’ with respect to the before and after. It is argued that this means that time is a kind of order (not, as is commonly supposed, that it is a kind of measure). It is a universal order within which all changes are related to each other. This interpretation is used to explain two puzzling claims that Aristotle makes: that the now is like a moving thing, and that time depends for its existence on the soul.
Richard Caplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199263455
- eISBN:
- 9780191602726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263450.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Explores how, and under what circumstances, international authorities should withdraw from the administration of a territory. Whereas elections were once viewed as the capstone of international ...
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Explores how, and under what circumstances, international authorities should withdraw from the administration of a territory. Whereas elections were once viewed as the capstone of international involvement, as in Cambodia, transitional authorities today are focused additionally on the development of institutional safeguards (for minority groups, for instance) that, it is hoped, will endure beyond the transitional period. Other approaches include a phased exit strategy whereby the pace of transfer is commensurate with the demonstrated ability of the local leadership to meet specified benchmarks. Follow-on measures—a role for which regional organizations may be particularly well suited—are also important to reinforce positive results, as are regional stabilization measures, such as the incentive structure represented by the prospect of membership in regional and international organizations.Less
Explores how, and under what circumstances, international authorities should withdraw from the administration of a territory. Whereas elections were once viewed as the capstone of international involvement, as in Cambodia, transitional authorities today are focused additionally on the development of institutional safeguards (for minority groups, for instance) that, it is hoped, will endure beyond the transitional period. Other approaches include a phased exit strategy whereby the pace of transfer is commensurate with the demonstrated ability of the local leadership to meet specified benchmarks. Follow-on measures—a role for which regional organizations may be particularly well suited—are also important to reinforce positive results, as are regional stabilization measures, such as the incentive structure represented by the prospect of membership in regional and international organizations.
Peter Schäfer
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691181325
- eISBN:
- 9780691199894
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181325.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Contrary to popular belief, Judaism was not always strictly monotheistic. This book reveals the long and little-known history of a second, junior god in Judaism, showing how this idea was embraced by ...
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Contrary to popular belief, Judaism was not always strictly monotheistic. This book reveals the long and little-known history of a second, junior god in Judaism, showing how this idea was embraced by rabbis and Jewish mystics in the early centuries of the common era and casting Judaism's relationship with Christianity in an entirely different light. The book demonstrates how the Jews of the pre-Christian Second Temple period had various names for a second heavenly power—such as Son of Man, Son of the Most High, and Firstborn before All Creation. The book traces the development of the concept from the Son of Man vision in the biblical Book of Daniel to the Qumran literature, the Ethiopic Book of Enoch, and the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria. After the destruction of the Second Temple, the picture changes drastically. While the early Christians of the New Testament took up the idea and developed it further, their Jewish contemporaries were divided. Most rejected the second god, but some—particularly the Jews of Babylonia and the writers of early Jewish mysticism—revived the ancient Jewish notion of two gods in heaven. Describing how early Christianity and certain strands of rabbinic Judaism competed for ownership of a second god to the creator, this book radically transforms our understanding of Judeo-Christian monotheism.Less
Contrary to popular belief, Judaism was not always strictly monotheistic. This book reveals the long and little-known history of a second, junior god in Judaism, showing how this idea was embraced by rabbis and Jewish mystics in the early centuries of the common era and casting Judaism's relationship with Christianity in an entirely different light. The book demonstrates how the Jews of the pre-Christian Second Temple period had various names for a second heavenly power—such as Son of Man, Son of the Most High, and Firstborn before All Creation. The book traces the development of the concept from the Son of Man vision in the biblical Book of Daniel to the Qumran literature, the Ethiopic Book of Enoch, and the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria. After the destruction of the Second Temple, the picture changes drastically. While the early Christians of the New Testament took up the idea and developed it further, their Jewish contemporaries were divided. Most rejected the second god, but some—particularly the Jews of Babylonia and the writers of early Jewish mysticism—revived the ancient Jewish notion of two gods in heaven. Describing how early Christianity and certain strands of rabbinic Judaism competed for ownership of a second god to the creator, this book radically transforms our understanding of Judeo-Christian monotheism.
Antony Black
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199281695
- eISBN:
- 9780191713101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281695.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The polis (citizen-state) was ruled by warrior-citizens. Political debate kick-started philosophy and science; Aristotle later argued that humans fulfil their potential only in a polis. The Athenian ...
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The polis (citizen-state) was ruled by warrior-citizens. Political debate kick-started philosophy and science; Aristotle later argued that humans fulfil their potential only in a polis. The Athenian ideals of equality before the law, freedom of speech, and government by the people were reflected in popular law-courts and the citizens' assembly (direct democracy). Aeschylus portrayed the goddess Athene replacing divine vengeance with trial according to evidence and testimony before a citizens' jury. Plato, widely regarded as the founder of political philosophy, grounded political order on a theory of knowledge and rational dialectic; he wanted to replace democracy with philosopher-kings. But he later proposed a balance between experts and a citizen assembly under the sovereignty of the laws. His method was more influential than his conclusions. Aristotle undertook empirical investigation of actual states (political science); he concluded that a mixture of rule by the few and the many was best.Less
The polis (citizen-state) was ruled by warrior-citizens. Political debate kick-started philosophy and science; Aristotle later argued that humans fulfil their potential only in a polis. The Athenian ideals of equality before the law, freedom of speech, and government by the people were reflected in popular law-courts and the citizens' assembly (direct democracy). Aeschylus portrayed the goddess Athene replacing divine vengeance with trial according to evidence and testimony before a citizens' jury. Plato, widely regarded as the founder of political philosophy, grounded political order on a theory of knowledge and rational dialectic; he wanted to replace democracy with philosopher-kings. But he later proposed a balance between experts and a citizen assembly under the sovereignty of the laws. His method was more influential than his conclusions. Aristotle undertook empirical investigation of actual states (political science); he concluded that a mixture of rule by the few and the many was best.
Hidemi Suganami
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198277712
- eISBN:
- 9780191598890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198277717.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The doctrine of the equality of sovereign states is one of the central postulates in the theory and practice of international law and international relations in the contemporary world. Grotius's ...
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The doctrine of the equality of sovereign states is one of the central postulates in the theory and practice of international law and international relations in the contemporary world. Grotius's major work, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, is consistent with the view that all states have equality before the law. Grotius is less clear that all states have equal capacity for rights, but nothing in his work suggests that he believed in an international caste system that would divide sovereign states into separate classes with varying degrees of capacity for rights. Even those non‐state entities that do not have full sovereignty are nonetheless under the protection of natural law.Less
The doctrine of the equality of sovereign states is one of the central postulates in the theory and practice of international law and international relations in the contemporary world. Grotius's major work, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, is consistent with the view that all states have equality before the law. Grotius is less clear that all states have equal capacity for rights, but nothing in his work suggests that he believed in an international caste system that would divide sovereign states into separate classes with varying degrees of capacity for rights. Even those non‐state entities that do not have full sovereignty are nonetheless under the protection of natural law.
Richard Devetak
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265529
- eISBN:
- 9780191760334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265529.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter engages with debates in liberal political philosophy. It asserts that contemporary forms of liberalism have blinded us to alternative conceptions of liberty and seeks to recover a ...
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This chapter engages with debates in liberal political philosophy. It asserts that contemporary forms of liberalism have blinded us to alternative conceptions of liberty and seeks to recover a conception of international liberty before Kantian and Wilsonian accounts denounced the balance of power as anathema to liberal world order. The chapter returns to English debates in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to excavate at least one intellectual context within which the balance of power became recognized as an indispensible ordering practice for maintaining the ‘liberties of Europe’. It shows that post-Restoration English debates about foreign policy remind us that historically, the balance of power has been conceived as a vital international ordering practice in the maintenance of liberty.Less
This chapter engages with debates in liberal political philosophy. It asserts that contemporary forms of liberalism have blinded us to alternative conceptions of liberty and seeks to recover a conception of international liberty before Kantian and Wilsonian accounts denounced the balance of power as anathema to liberal world order. The chapter returns to English debates in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to excavate at least one intellectual context within which the balance of power became recognized as an indispensible ordering practice for maintaining the ‘liberties of Europe’. It shows that post-Restoration English debates about foreign policy remind us that historically, the balance of power has been conceived as a vital international ordering practice in the maintenance of liberty.
Bernard Schweizer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751389
- eISBN:
- 9780199894864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751389.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Algernon Swinburne is possibly the first unapologetic misotheist who did not choose self-censorship and concealment but rather boldly announced his hatred of God. This earned him much hostility in ...
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Algernon Swinburne is possibly the first unapologetic misotheist who did not choose self-censorship and concealment but rather boldly announced his hatred of God. This earned him much hostility in return, and this chapter documents the reception of his controversial works. The influences on Swinburne, notably of Blake and Shelley, are also discussed, as well as how Swinburne put his own stamp on the theme of God-hatred by offering alternative pagan deities of fertility and love. Swinburne is not only unusual because he so openly declares his hatred of God but also because his eroticized work violated Victorian standards of decency in more ways than one. This chapter contains compelling close readings of Swinburne’s work, revealing just how radical his denunciations of both Yahweh and Christ were and documenting how this attitude was intertwined with his republicanism and working-class sympathies.Less
Algernon Swinburne is possibly the first unapologetic misotheist who did not choose self-censorship and concealment but rather boldly announced his hatred of God. This earned him much hostility in return, and this chapter documents the reception of his controversial works. The influences on Swinburne, notably of Blake and Shelley, are also discussed, as well as how Swinburne put his own stamp on the theme of God-hatred by offering alternative pagan deities of fertility and love. Swinburne is not only unusual because he so openly declares his hatred of God but also because his eroticized work violated Victorian standards of decency in more ways than one. This chapter contains compelling close readings of Swinburne’s work, revealing just how radical his denunciations of both Yahweh and Christ were and documenting how this attitude was intertwined with his republicanism and working-class sympathies.
Robert E. Lana
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385540
- eISBN:
- 9780199869824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385540.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses research designs in which subjects are measured on the dependent variable before and after the treatment has been implemented, and the concern is that pretest measurement may ...
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This chapter discusses research designs in which subjects are measured on the dependent variable before and after the treatment has been implemented, and the concern is that pretest measurement may have sensitized the subjects so that they respond differently to the treatment than had they not been pretested.Less
This chapter discusses research designs in which subjects are measured on the dependent variable before and after the treatment has been implemented, and the concern is that pretest measurement may have sensitized the subjects so that they respond differently to the treatment than had they not been pretested.
William J. Abraham
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250035
- eISBN:
- 9780191600388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250030.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
A fresh outburst of Liberal Protestantism represented by the work of Schubert Ogden in the middle of the twentieth century exposed afresh the captivity of Protestantism to epistemology. Reworking the ...
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A fresh outburst of Liberal Protestantism represented by the work of Schubert Ogden in the middle of the twentieth century exposed afresh the captivity of Protestantism to epistemology. Reworking the New Testament canon to be a canon before the canon that operated as a criterion of identity, Ogden embraced a version of secularization that looked to secular science and history for the truth about the world. The Christian faith was, for him, a representation of truths that are given universally in experience. He embraced a vision of neoclassical theism that effectively aided in the creation of new post‐Christian religious tradition that systematically displaced the varied components of the canonical heritage of the Church.Less
A fresh outburst of Liberal Protestantism represented by the work of Schubert Ogden in the middle of the twentieth century exposed afresh the captivity of Protestantism to epistemology. Reworking the New Testament canon to be a canon before the canon that operated as a criterion of identity, Ogden embraced a version of secularization that looked to secular science and history for the truth about the world. The Christian faith was, for him, a representation of truths that are given universally in experience. He embraced a vision of neoclassical theism that effectively aided in the creation of new post‐Christian religious tradition that systematically displaced the varied components of the canonical heritage of the Church.
Richard J. Ponzio
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199594955
- eISBN:
- 9780191725562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594955.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
Chapter 5 critiques the weaknesses of the mainstream democratic reconstruction model (DRM) for international peacebuilding, as well as alternatives such as institutionalization before liberalization ...
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Chapter 5 critiques the weaknesses of the mainstream democratic reconstruction model (DRM) for international peacebuilding, as well as alternatives such as institutionalization before liberalization (IBL) and the light footprint (LF). Though each has its merits, the DRM has proven too complex to implement, politically insensitive, and too costly to be sustained. IBL risks aiding authoritarian elements and fails to acknowledge the limited staying power of international actors, and the LF commits insufficient international staff and financial resources for developing indigenous capacities. Learning from Afghanistan and the interventions discussed in Chapter 2, a new “democratic peacebuilding” approach is needed to address these shortcomings in responding to violent crises. It is guided by three intertwined principles that inform a comprehensive strategy: (a) assessing preexisting local conceptions of authority and the degree to which they diverge from democratic legal authority; (b) putting locals in leadership roles and invest seriously in local human and institutional capacity from the outset and over the long-term; and (c) favoring multilateral approaches through the UN that ensure political neutrality, technical competence, cultural sensitivity, and long-term burden-sharing.Less
Chapter 5 critiques the weaknesses of the mainstream democratic reconstruction model (DRM) for international peacebuilding, as well as alternatives such as institutionalization before liberalization (IBL) and the light footprint (LF). Though each has its merits, the DRM has proven too complex to implement, politically insensitive, and too costly to be sustained. IBL risks aiding authoritarian elements and fails to acknowledge the limited staying power of international actors, and the LF commits insufficient international staff and financial resources for developing indigenous capacities. Learning from Afghanistan and the interventions discussed in Chapter 2, a new “democratic peacebuilding” approach is needed to address these shortcomings in responding to violent crises. It is guided by three intertwined principles that inform a comprehensive strategy: (a) assessing preexisting local conceptions of authority and the degree to which they diverge from democratic legal authority; (b) putting locals in leadership roles and invest seriously in local human and institutional capacity from the outset and over the long-term; and (c) favoring multilateral approaches through the UN that ensure political neutrality, technical competence, cultural sensitivity, and long-term burden-sharing.
Myoung-Jae Lee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199267699
- eISBN:
- 9780191603044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267693.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
In finding a treatment (d) effect on a response variable (y) with observational data, the control group with d = 0 (or C group) may be different from the treatment group with d = 1 (or T group) in ...
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In finding a treatment (d) effect on a response variable (y) with observational data, the control group with d = 0 (or C group) may be different from the treatment group with d = 1 (or T group) in observed variables x. This can cause an ‘overt bias’, because the difference between the two groups’ responses may be due to the difference in x, and not due to the difference in d. Also, if the T group differs from the C group in unobserved variables e, then this can cause a ‘hidden (or covert) bias’. This and the following chapter deal with controlling for x to avoid overt bias. The basic way to control for x is ‘matching’ (examined in the next chapter). All the other issues for overt bias is discussed here; no hidden bias will be assumed throughout. Controlling for x involves comparing treated and control subjects sharing the same value of x. This raises a number of issues: (i) which variables to control for, (ii) what is identified with x controlled for, (iii) what if the C and T groups do not overlap in x. In general, (i) pre-treatment variables should be controlled for; (ii) with x controlled for, the conditional effect E(y1 - y0¦x) is identified where yj is the potential response when d = j; (iii) ‘regression discontinuity design’ may be useful if the values of x do not overlap. Instead of getting E(y1 - y0) via E(y1 - 0¦x), there is a ‘weighting’ approach to find E(y1 - y0).Less
In finding a treatment (d) effect on a response variable (y) with observational data, the control group with d = 0 (or C group) may be different from the treatment group with d = 1 (or T group) in observed variables x. This can cause an ‘overt bias’, because the difference between the two groups’ responses may be due to the difference in x, and not due to the difference in d. Also, if the T group differs from the C group in unobserved variables e, then this can cause a ‘hidden (or covert) bias’. This and the following chapter deal with controlling for x to avoid overt bias. The basic way to control for x is ‘matching’ (examined in the next chapter). All the other issues for overt bias is discussed here; no hidden bias will be assumed throughout. Controlling for x involves comparing treated and control subjects sharing the same value of x. This raises a number of issues: (i) which variables to control for, (ii) what is identified with x controlled for, (iii) what if the C and T groups do not overlap in x. In general, (i) pre-treatment variables should be controlled for; (ii) with x controlled for, the conditional effect E(y1 - y0¦x) is identified where yj is the potential response when d = j; (iii) ‘regression discontinuity design’ may be useful if the values of x do not overlap. Instead of getting E(y1 - y0) via E(y1 - 0¦x), there is a ‘weighting’ approach to find E(y1 - y0).
Paul Helm
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590391
- eISBN:
- 9780191595516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590391.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter and the next are concerned with the idea of God as the timeless cause of the creation. In what sense is there a beginning of creation? God does not exist (temporally) the creation, but ...
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This chapter and the next are concerned with the idea of God as the timeless cause of the creation. In what sense is there a beginning of creation? God does not exist (temporally) the creation, but he exists before it in a hierarchical sense. The temporal universe could come about either within time or with time. So in creating, God is untouched by his creation, exempt from temporal changes. Such timelessness is durationless, and the first moment of creation is not to be identified with a physical event, such as the Big Bang. Richard Swinburne's critique of timelessness is considered. The sense in which God literally ‘causes’ his creation is discussed. It is denied that causation is an essentially temporal notion.Less
This chapter and the next are concerned with the idea of God as the timeless cause of the creation. In what sense is there a beginning of creation? God does not exist (temporally) the creation, but he exists before it in a hierarchical sense. The temporal universe could come about either within time or with time. So in creating, God is untouched by his creation, exempt from temporal changes. Such timelessness is durationless, and the first moment of creation is not to be identified with a physical event, such as the Big Bang. Richard Swinburne's critique of timelessness is considered. The sense in which God literally ‘causes’ his creation is discussed. It is denied that causation is an essentially temporal notion.
Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199290932
- eISBN:
- 9780191710445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290932.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter discusses relational temporal adverbs and adverbials, the interaction of tense with ‘before’ and ‘after’, temporal quantifiers, habitual sentences, and frequency adverbs, and the ...
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This chapter discusses relational temporal adverbs and adverbials, the interaction of tense with ‘before’ and ‘after’, temporal quantifiers, habitual sentences, and frequency adverbs, and the relation of temporal adverbials to the event analysis of adverbial modification.Less
This chapter discusses relational temporal adverbs and adverbials, the interaction of tense with ‘before’ and ‘after’, temporal quantifiers, habitual sentences, and frequency adverbs, and the relation of temporal adverbials to the event analysis of adverbial modification.
Joseph M. Hassett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199582907
- eISBN:
- 9780191723216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582907.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
Yeats's poetic engine could run on fumes for only so long. In April 1934, feeling that ‘he had lost all inspiration,’ Yeats dramatically evidenced his conviction of the erotic element in creativity ...
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Yeats's poetic engine could run on fumes for only so long. In April 1934, feeling that ‘he had lost all inspiration,’ Yeats dramatically evidenced his conviction of the erotic element in creativity by undergoing the Steinach rejuvenation operation, hoping it would cure sexual impotence and reopen the path to inspiration. He believed the operation a success, and so it was. His June 1935 letter to Dorothy Wellesley celebrated ‘the strange second puberty the operation has given me, the ferment that has come upon my imagination.’ ‘If I write more poetry,’ he confided, ‘it will be unlike anything I have done.’ He was convinced that the operation revived both ‘my creative power’ and ‘also sexual desire.…’ Chapter 7 examines the poetry engendered by two beautiful women Yeats met in the wake of the Steinach operation who were both Sirens — who sing erotic but ultimately destructive songs — and Muses. The unpublished ‘Margot’ suggests that Margot Ruddock was initially a Siren, but when Yeats viewed her through the lens of dance as a symbol of creativity in ‘A Crazed Girl,’ she became a Muse. The austerely beautiful draft ‘Portrayed Before His Eyes,’ which may owe its genesis to both Ruddock and Ethel Mannin, clearly shows the influence of an inspiring Muse. The poem presents its subject as initially something of a marmorean muse — she is ‘Implacably lipped’ — but ultimately ‘she moved’ and found her way to ‘Love's leveling bed,’ Her role as Muse is signified by her association with Artemis, the Hellenic equivalent of Diana, who displaced Selene as the goddess of the moon. The subject is likely Mannin whom Yeats addressed as ‘Mother Goddess,’ telling her ‘You are doubly a woman, first because of yourself & secondly because of the Muses whereas I am but once a woman.’Less
Yeats's poetic engine could run on fumes for only so long. In April 1934, feeling that ‘he had lost all inspiration,’ Yeats dramatically evidenced his conviction of the erotic element in creativity by undergoing the Steinach rejuvenation operation, hoping it would cure sexual impotence and reopen the path to inspiration. He believed the operation a success, and so it was. His June 1935 letter to Dorothy Wellesley celebrated ‘the strange second puberty the operation has given me, the ferment that has come upon my imagination.’ ‘If I write more poetry,’ he confided, ‘it will be unlike anything I have done.’ He was convinced that the operation revived both ‘my creative power’ and ‘also sexual desire.…’ Chapter 7 examines the poetry engendered by two beautiful women Yeats met in the wake of the Steinach operation who were both Sirens — who sing erotic but ultimately destructive songs — and Muses. The unpublished ‘Margot’ suggests that Margot Ruddock was initially a Siren, but when Yeats viewed her through the lens of dance as a symbol of creativity in ‘A Crazed Girl,’ she became a Muse. The austerely beautiful draft ‘Portrayed Before His Eyes,’ which may owe its genesis to both Ruddock and Ethel Mannin, clearly shows the influence of an inspiring Muse. The poem presents its subject as initially something of a marmorean muse — she is ‘Implacably lipped’ — but ultimately ‘she moved’ and found her way to ‘Love's leveling bed,’ Her role as Muse is signified by her association with Artemis, the Hellenic equivalent of Diana, who displaced Selene as the goddess of the moon. The subject is likely Mannin whom Yeats addressed as ‘Mother Goddess,’ telling her ‘You are doubly a woman, first because of yourself & secondly because of the Muses whereas I am but once a woman.’
Henry Plotkin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544950
- eISBN:
- 9780191594366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544950.003.002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
Whether everything changes or whether everything stays the same is one of the key issues in the history of philosophy The philosophy of change from Heraclitus to Kant is briefly described. The ...
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Whether everything changes or whether everything stays the same is one of the key issues in the history of philosophy The philosophy of change from Heraclitus to Kant is briefly described. The possibility that species are transformed in time is considered within the writings of those who came before Darwin, notably Buffon and Lamarck. Then Darwin's theory is considered as the first substantive theory of constant change, but also as an example of the first theory of biology that is itself unchanging in form. The beginnings of the application of Darwin's theory to other forms of change, such as human knowledge, is considered.Less
Whether everything changes or whether everything stays the same is one of the key issues in the history of philosophy The philosophy of change from Heraclitus to Kant is briefly described. The possibility that species are transformed in time is considered within the writings of those who came before Darwin, notably Buffon and Lamarck. Then Darwin's theory is considered as the first substantive theory of constant change, but also as an example of the first theory of biology that is itself unchanging in form. The beginnings of the application of Darwin's theory to other forms of change, such as human knowledge, is considered.
Marc Weller
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199566167
- eISBN:
- 9780191705373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566167.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
In compliance with Resolution 1244 (1999), Kosovo was placed under international administration, and the constitutional framework of 15 May 2000 provided for conditional self-government. Kosovo-wide ...
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In compliance with Resolution 1244 (1999), Kosovo was placed under international administration, and the constitutional framework of 15 May 2000 provided for conditional self-government. Kosovo-wide institutions enjoyed powers which extended to most aspects of public policy; although certain core ‘powers and responsibilities’ were reserved for the SRSG, in practice these were exercised in cooperation with the Kosovo institutions, signaling a gradual transfer of powers. However, the constitutional framework could not overcome two structural deficiencies: the ineffectiveness of international administration and ethnic relations. In 2002, the UN Secretary-General introduced a benchmarks process in preparation of status talks. However, this ‘standards before status’ policy was overshadowed by the March 2004 riots and the subsequent Eide reports, which called for accelerated transfer of power to the Kosovo institutions and immediate action on status. On 24 October, the Security Council authorized commencement of the status process, to be headed by Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari.Less
In compliance with Resolution 1244 (1999), Kosovo was placed under international administration, and the constitutional framework of 15 May 2000 provided for conditional self-government. Kosovo-wide institutions enjoyed powers which extended to most aspects of public policy; although certain core ‘powers and responsibilities’ were reserved for the SRSG, in practice these were exercised in cooperation with the Kosovo institutions, signaling a gradual transfer of powers. However, the constitutional framework could not overcome two structural deficiencies: the ineffectiveness of international administration and ethnic relations. In 2002, the UN Secretary-General introduced a benchmarks process in preparation of status talks. However, this ‘standards before status’ policy was overshadowed by the March 2004 riots and the subsequent Eide reports, which called for accelerated transfer of power to the Kosovo institutions and immediate action on status. On 24 October, the Security Council authorized commencement of the status process, to be headed by Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari.
June O. Leavitt
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199827831
- eISBN:
- 9780199919444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827831.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Ever since Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem argued that the worldview of The Trial was cabalistic, many Jewish scholars have tried to expand upon their theories. In contrast to the prevailing trend, ...
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Ever since Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem argued that the worldview of The Trial was cabalistic, many Jewish scholars have tried to expand upon their theories. In contrast to the prevailing trend, this chapter attempts to demonstrate that the so-called Jewish cabalistic strains in Kafka’s The Trial may have been mediated to him by way of the Freemasons, a Christian fraternal society which traditionally redacted Judaic esotericism. A cryptic diary entry written in 1922 in which Kafka alludes to the doctrines and discourses of the Freemasons, confirms this hypothesis. This chapter explains how the Christianized Cabala of the Freemasons which was deeply saturated within European culture manifests in Kafka’s parable “Before the Law,” and in the novel of which it forms the heart, The Trial.Less
Ever since Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem argued that the worldview of The Trial was cabalistic, many Jewish scholars have tried to expand upon their theories. In contrast to the prevailing trend, this chapter attempts to demonstrate that the so-called Jewish cabalistic strains in Kafka’s The Trial may have been mediated to him by way of the Freemasons, a Christian fraternal society which traditionally redacted Judaic esotericism. A cryptic diary entry written in 1922 in which Kafka alludes to the doctrines and discourses of the Freemasons, confirms this hypothesis. This chapter explains how the Christianized Cabala of the Freemasons which was deeply saturated within European culture manifests in Kafka’s parable “Before the Law,” and in the novel of which it forms the heart, The Trial.
Daniel Moeckli
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199239801
- eISBN:
- 9780191716829
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239801.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
In the post-September 11th era, liberal democracies face the question of whether, and if so to what extent, they should change the relationship between liberty and security. This book explores how ...
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In the post-September 11th era, liberal democracies face the question of whether, and if so to what extent, they should change the relationship between liberty and security. This book explores how three major liberal democratic states — the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany — have approached this challenge by analysing the human rights impacts of their anti-terrorism laws and practices. The analysis reveals that the most far-reaching restrictions of liberty have been imposed on minorities, foreign nationals, and certain ‘racial’, ethnic, and religious groups. This disparate treatment raises complex issues concerning the human right to non-discrimination. Differential treatment on the basis of nationality, national origin, ‘race’, or religion is only compatible with the right to non-discrimination if there are objective and reasonable grounds for it. The author evaluates contemporary anti-terrorism efforts for their compliance with this requirement. Is there, in the context of the current ‘war on terror’, sufficient justification for applying powers of preventive detention or trial by special tribunal only to foreign nationals? Are law enforcement methods or immigration policies that single out people for special scrutiny based on their national origin, or their ethnic or religious appearance, a suitable and proportionate means of countering terrorism? The concluding part of the book argues that, in the long term, discriminatory anti-terrorism measures will have impacts beyond their original scope and fundamentally reshape ordinary legal regimes and law enforcement methods.Less
In the post-September 11th era, liberal democracies face the question of whether, and if so to what extent, they should change the relationship between liberty and security. This book explores how three major liberal democratic states — the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany — have approached this challenge by analysing the human rights impacts of their anti-terrorism laws and practices. The analysis reveals that the most far-reaching restrictions of liberty have been imposed on minorities, foreign nationals, and certain ‘racial’, ethnic, and religious groups. This disparate treatment raises complex issues concerning the human right to non-discrimination. Differential treatment on the basis of nationality, national origin, ‘race’, or religion is only compatible with the right to non-discrimination if there are objective and reasonable grounds for it. The author evaluates contemporary anti-terrorism efforts for their compliance with this requirement. Is there, in the context of the current ‘war on terror’, sufficient justification for applying powers of preventive detention or trial by special tribunal only to foreign nationals? Are law enforcement methods or immigration policies that single out people for special scrutiny based on their national origin, or their ethnic or religious appearance, a suitable and proportionate means of countering terrorism? The concluding part of the book argues that, in the long term, discriminatory anti-terrorism measures will have impacts beyond their original scope and fundamentally reshape ordinary legal regimes and law enforcement methods.
Ursula Coope
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199247905
- eISBN:
- 9780191603082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247900.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter explains Aristotle’s notions of the before and after in time, in change, and in place. Aristotle says that the before and after is first of all in place; the before and after in change ...
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This chapter explains Aristotle’s notions of the before and after in time, in change, and in place. Aristotle says that the before and after is first of all in place; the before and after in change depends in some way on the before and after in place, and the before and after in time depends on the before and after in change. It argues that the before and after in change depends on the before and after in place because of an analogy between change and magnitude, whereas the before and after in time depends on the before and after in change in a different way (that stems from the fact that time follows change). This provides an answer to the objection (made by philosophers such as Owen) that Aristotle’s account of the before and after in time is circular.Less
This chapter explains Aristotle’s notions of the before and after in time, in change, and in place. Aristotle says that the before and after is first of all in place; the before and after in change depends in some way on the before and after in place, and the before and after in time depends on the before and after in change. It argues that the before and after in change depends on the before and after in place because of an analogy between change and magnitude, whereas the before and after in time depends on the before and after in change in a different way (that stems from the fact that time follows change). This provides an answer to the objection (made by philosophers such as Owen) that Aristotle’s account of the before and after in time is circular.
T. M. Charles-Edwards
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198217312
- eISBN:
- 9780191744778
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217312.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This is a history of the Welsh in the centuries in which Wales acquired the shape it was to retain until the present day. In 350 what is now Wales was just one part of Roman Britain: contemporaries ...
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This is a history of the Welsh in the centuries in which Wales acquired the shape it was to retain until the present day. In 350 what is now Wales was just one part of Roman Britain: contemporaries had no notion of Wales or the Welsh in the later-medieval or modern sense. The inhabitants of what is now Wales were just Britons; and, in the early middle ages, the Welsh remained one part of a larger group, the Britons, called Walas or Wealas by the English. The book thus includes the Britons of North Britain, of Cornwall, and of Brittany, although its main focus is the Britons of Wales. The period saw, first, the creation of an English people and, later, of an English state; relations with the Britons of Wales were an essential strand in these developments. For the Britons themselves relations with the English shaped the political and military side of their history; but, in the cultural and religious sphere relations with Ireland were usually more important. For relations of power the Britons of Wales looked east; in the intellectual and spiritual sphere they mostly looked west. The book is divided into four parts: the Post-Roman period, approximately 400–600; early Welsh society; relations with the English; and the religious organization and culture, both in Latin and the vernacular.Less
This is a history of the Welsh in the centuries in which Wales acquired the shape it was to retain until the present day. In 350 what is now Wales was just one part of Roman Britain: contemporaries had no notion of Wales or the Welsh in the later-medieval or modern sense. The inhabitants of what is now Wales were just Britons; and, in the early middle ages, the Welsh remained one part of a larger group, the Britons, called Walas or Wealas by the English. The book thus includes the Britons of North Britain, of Cornwall, and of Brittany, although its main focus is the Britons of Wales. The period saw, first, the creation of an English people and, later, of an English state; relations with the Britons of Wales were an essential strand in these developments. For the Britons themselves relations with the English shaped the political and military side of their history; but, in the cultural and religious sphere relations with Ireland were usually more important. For relations of power the Britons of Wales looked east; in the intellectual and spiritual sphere they mostly looked west. The book is divided into four parts: the Post-Roman period, approximately 400–600; early Welsh society; relations with the English; and the religious organization and culture, both in Latin and the vernacular.
