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Physical cognition refers to mental abilities utilized during problem solving that are provided by the non-living environment. This chapter reviews the limited evidence on how dogs orient in their environment using various behaviour tactics such as path following and utilizing large-sized objects to find their way. Recent research on physical cognition in dogs indicates that dogs are able to deal with problems involving the permanence of objects and might deal with problems involving connectedness or relate to gravity.

The rising in the East Riding was nothing more than a northwards extension of the Lincolnshire rebellion. This opinion was held by no less than Robert Aske himself. News of events in Lincolnshire was carried into the East Riding by people travelling northwards through Lincolnshire, taking the ferry over the Humber from Barton-upon-Humber to Hessle, and so passing to Hull. News may also have spread coastwise through Boston and Grimsby to Hull. The beacons fired on the Lincolnshire Wolds were readily visible from the north bank. On October 4 Thomas Darcy had a letter from a friend in Lincolnshire alerting him to the rising at Louth; that same evening Sir Ralph Ellerker the younger sent word that the rebels were burning beacons to increase their numbers. News of the Lincolnshire rising spread in an irresistible fashion and spawned a general panic amongst the East Riding gentry.

This chapter demonstrates that America in the 1940s and 1950s was marked by idealism and creativity as much as fear and risk, motives that mingled in an unprecedented expansion of governmental activity and private initiative and which began to blur the lines between state and civil society. Hollywood was addressed as one of the ‘enemies within’ by counter-subversives in the United States during the early Cold War years. Louis de Rochement was considered as the father of the American docudrama. He emerged as the Federal Bureau of Investigation's favourite independent producer during the Cold War's first decade. Walk East on Beacon encourages ‘alert and responsible’ Americans to play an active part in the struggle against communism by acting as citizen warriors. As the Cold War progressed, the style of Hollywood's coverage of the communist threat might have differed from the hard-hitting movies presented, but the substance stayed essentially the same.

It is hardly surprising that various sophisticated cognitive mechanisms for spatial memory and navigation have been identified in animals ranging from invertebrates to humans. One common way to remember the location of a goal is to encode its position relative to visual landmarks. If a landmark is located right at the goal or very near to it, then the animal can use the landmarks as a “beacon.” In this case, heading directly toward the landmarks will get the animal to the vicinity of the goal. When later searching for the goal, the landmarks can be used to find the goal using a process known as “piloting.” Animals can also use the geometric shape of an environment to establish a directional frame of reference. Investigations of geometric orientation were pioneered in studies with rats and have since been conducted on numerous organisms ranging from fish to humans. This chapter reviews a small subset of recent work on spatial cognition, with a focus on how organisms use visual landmarks or the structure of surfaces to find a goal.

This chapter reviews three strands of the government's democratic renewal programme: the ‘best value’ regime to replace compulsory competitive tendering; the reform of executive structures, including the introduction of cabinets and directly elected mayors; and new powers for councils to become community leaders, working in partnership with other public, private, and voluntary bodies, both under a new power to promote community well-being and under the ‘Beacon’ council scheme. It examines the tensions between these initiatives and the extent to which they amount to a coherent vision for local democracy within the changing UK constitution.

Thoreau’s love of trees led him to romanticize them and to invest them with noble qualities he thought society lacked. As Concord’s rural character began to fade, Thoreau used trees as symbols of a simpler, more heroic past. When the Davis Elm, a huge, century-old, landmark elm in Concord, was suddenly felled in 1856, Thoreau angrily delivered a mock eulogy. He made the tree a symbol of the town.He said a kingpost of the town had been cut down. He cast the Davis Elm and all of Concord’s elms as beacons of moral principle—and he depicted them as “citizens” of the town who discharge their duties more faithfully than its people.

This chapter focuses on Carl McIntire who is an outspoken Nixon hater that saw the president’s rapprochement with China as nothing more than high treason. McIntire used his radio station, WXUR, his weekly newspaper, the Christian Beacon, and his nationally broadcast program, the Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, to attack his wide-assortment of enemies: the NAACP, the Anti-Defamation League, the AFL-CIO, the National Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, the Pope, Billy Graham, the National Association of Evangelicals, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). McIntire hated the FCC the most as the government commission succeeded in dismantling his radio station in 1973, using the Fairness Doctrine as a basis. Historians and religious scholars have generally viewed McIntire as a distasteful icon of the old-fashioned fundamentalism, and media scholars ignored him entirely.

Early years of Randy Shilts’s life in Aurora, Illinois are explored, struggles with physical abuse from an alcoholic mother, and frequently absent father. Information about the Shilts family and arrival of six sons over a 25-year period. Shilts’s early engagement of Young Americans for Freedom and conservative/libertarian ideas posited by his father. Examples of Shilts’s earliest writing for a student newspaper on the draft and the Vietnam War. Shilts’s relocation to Portland, Oregon and enrollment in community college where he “came out” as part of a class presentation. Shilts’s struggle with discrimination and scorn based on his sexuality and his first forays into the gay liberation movement.

This chapter analyses the plethora of structures involved in the regeneration of east Manchester: Manchester City Council and its related Manchester Partnership; New East Manchester which also drew in the North-West Development Agency and English Partnerships; New Deal for Communities/Beacons, the Housing Market Renewal Programme and an array of private sector and voluntary organisations. This array of structure highlights the complexity of the governance of regeneration processes, the importance of partnerships and the theme of continuity as the structures changed over time.

This chapter discusses the methodological difficulties in evaluating the effectiveness of regeneration initiatives before providing an evaluation of the east Manchester initiative which provides evidence to assist in the making of future urban policy. The overall evaluation, drawing on key performance indicators and other key evaluation mechanisms used by New East Manchester and NDC/Beacons, recognises some of the achievements of the initiative while considering the scale of the progress achieved against cost, disruption and deadweight factors.

This chapter provides a context for the evolution of the concept of public engagement within the UK higher education sector focusing on a specific initiative: the Beacons for Public Engagement programme at University College London. Moreover, the chapter exposes the enabling conditions for communities and universities to work together; it recommends the five conditions to generate effective engagement, particularly through nuanced evaluation and support. In this case, evaluation and support can be seen as a pathway — bridging the gaps between theory and reality of engagement, between strategy and practice, and between the communities and academia — to ensure communities and universities to work together to create an impact on the university, research practice, communities, and ultimately, society.

From Aurora, the Roman goddess of the dawn, comes aurora borealis and aurora australis, winds of the north and south that speak of beginnings. Auroras are places where light and magnetism meet. Their colors are restless waves of charged particles; every flare catches something else and flickers anew. In a word, these are luminous storms that beacon. Maroon is a color that beacons within the aurora: it invites us into incendiary intimacies of violence and pleasure; it signals stories of the past and lights potential futures to come; it sparks new relationships between humans and nonhumans that may ignite brighter ecological communities for both. This chapter presents an Arcticology in and of maroon, an experiment in coexistence with a precarious world at the poles and everywhere in between.

This chapter traces the construction of tower-naves at lordly residences during the late tenth and eleventh centuries, as part of a wider tradition of aristocratic tower construction in late Anglo-Saxon England. This is argued to have been driven by the increasing localization of social power in the hands of the aristocracy during this period, and their ambition to manifest their power in the landscape. The symbolic role of these towers is discussed, in legitimizing the social position of their lords, as is their usefulness in fulfilling their lords’ military duties. Several of the towers are placed within the context of wider landscapes of defence, in terms of their viability as refuges and watchtowers over war-beacons, assembly-sites, and routes of communication.