Timothy Fitzgerald
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195300093
- eISBN:
- 9780199868636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300093.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Ambiguities in North American debates were the result of an unresolved conflict between two logically and theologically contradictory discourses, both claiming to be about “religion.” One is of a ...
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Ambiguities in North American debates were the result of an unresolved conflict between two logically and theologically contradictory discourses, both claiming to be about “religion.” One is of a profane, fallen world of native “Indian” paganism judged against the canons of Christian Truth; and the other the Enlightenment discourse on a Constitutionally defined secular state which is neutral to “religions” but which guarantees freedom of worship as a private right. This same ambiguity can also be found in the preaching of European and American missionaries who oscillate between a vision of the non‐European world as profane in the sense of being Fallen, and a vision of the non‐European world as lacking scientific secular rationality. Underlying this ambiguity lies a more consistent discursive substratum of rhetoric on civility and barbarity. Modern Euro‐American discourses wobble between these two different paradigms, at one moment representing the civility of encompassing Christian Truth which offers salvation from the profanities of pagan darkness, but at another moment offering scientific rationality and liberal capitalism as secular economic salvation from evolutionary backwardness.Less
Ambiguities in North American debates were the result of an unresolved conflict between two logically and theologically contradictory discourses, both claiming to be about “religion.” One is of a profane, fallen world of native “Indian” paganism judged against the canons of Christian Truth; and the other the Enlightenment discourse on a Constitutionally defined secular state which is neutral to “religions” but which guarantees freedom of worship as a private right. This same ambiguity can also be found in the preaching of European and American missionaries who oscillate between a vision of the non‐European world as profane in the sense of being Fallen, and a vision of the non‐European world as lacking scientific secular rationality. Underlying this ambiguity lies a more consistent discursive substratum of rhetoric on civility and barbarity. Modern Euro‐American discourses wobble between these two different paradigms, at one moment representing the civility of encompassing Christian Truth which offers salvation from the profanities of pagan darkness, but at another moment offering scientific rationality and liberal capitalism as secular economic salvation from evolutionary backwardness.
Jean Drèze and Haris Gazdar
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292043
- eISBN:
- 9780191684852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292043.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the problem of economic and social backwardness in Uttar Pradesh and its causal antecedents. Among these are the disastrous functioning of public services in rural areas, the ...
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This chapter discusses the problem of economic and social backwardness in Uttar Pradesh and its causal antecedents. Among these are the disastrous functioning of public services in rural areas, the persistence of widespread illiteracy, and the suppression of women's agency in society. This chapter also talks about the social and political circumstances underlying these diverse failures.Less
This chapter discusses the problem of economic and social backwardness in Uttar Pradesh and its causal antecedents. Among these are the disastrous functioning of public services in rural areas, the persistence of widespread illiteracy, and the suppression of women's agency in society. This chapter also talks about the social and political circumstances underlying these diverse failures.
ZOYA HASAN
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264515
- eISBN:
- 9780191734403
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264515.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter discusses the controversy generated by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government's decision to extend reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in higher education. It looks ...
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This chapter discusses the controversy generated by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government's decision to extend reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in higher education. It looks at two issues that have dominated Indian policy debates with regards to reservations for OBCs. The first issue is about whether caste is an indicator of disadvantage, while the second issue pertains to the conception of backwardness. The chapter shows that many issues still remain unresolved, such as the position of the more affluent segments and the position of minorities.Less
This chapter discusses the controversy generated by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government's decision to extend reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in higher education. It looks at two issues that have dominated Indian policy debates with regards to reservations for OBCs. The first issue is about whether caste is an indicator of disadvantage, while the second issue pertains to the conception of backwardness. The chapter shows that many issues still remain unresolved, such as the position of the more affluent segments and the position of minorities.
Monika Baár
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581184.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The introductory chapter defines the book's major aim, which lies in investigating the life‐work of five historians in comparative and transnational perspective and ascertaining their place in the ...
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The introductory chapter defines the book's major aim, which lies in investigating the life‐work of five historians in comparative and transnational perspective and ascertaining their place in the intellectual landscape of nineteenth‐century historiography. They are: Joachim Lelewel (Polish, 1786–1861), Simonas Daukantas (Lithuanian, 1793–1864), František Palacký (Czech, 1798–1876), Mihály Horváth (Hungarian, 1804–78), Mihail Kogălniceanu (Romanian, 1818–91). The chapter surveys existing literature and identifies a gap in historiographical literature that exists between large‐scale general accounts and individual case studies and defines the book's scope between these two categories. It takes issue with the widely held view that smaller and marginal historical traditions were necessarily ‘backward’ and thus incapable of producing worthwhile contributions. It also challenges other established perceptions regarding the differences between nationalism in Western and Eastern Europe, especially with the view that intense political engagement was a trait peculiar to historians of Eastern Europe. It then goes on to address the methodological difficulties inherent in transnational comparison and, finally, introduces the major themes of the book.Less
The introductory chapter defines the book's major aim, which lies in investigating the life‐work of five historians in comparative and transnational perspective and ascertaining their place in the intellectual landscape of nineteenth‐century historiography. They are: Joachim Lelewel (Polish, 1786–1861), Simonas Daukantas (Lithuanian, 1793–1864), František Palacký (Czech, 1798–1876), Mihály Horváth (Hungarian, 1804–78), Mihail Kogălniceanu (Romanian, 1818–91). The chapter surveys existing literature and identifies a gap in historiographical literature that exists between large‐scale general accounts and individual case studies and defines the book's scope between these two categories. It takes issue with the widely held view that smaller and marginal historical traditions were necessarily ‘backward’ and thus incapable of producing worthwhile contributions. It also challenges other established perceptions regarding the differences between nationalism in Western and Eastern Europe, especially with the view that intense political engagement was a trait peculiar to historians of Eastern Europe. It then goes on to address the methodological difficulties inherent in transnational comparison and, finally, introduces the major themes of the book.
Virgil K.Y. Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282715
- eISBN:
- 9780191603037
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282714.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The conventional belief that China has a strong anti-urban tradition is only partially true. By the early 20th century, it became clear that the city, and ‘modern’ city in particular, had replaced ...
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The conventional belief that China has a strong anti-urban tradition is only partially true. By the early 20th century, it became clear that the city, and ‘modern’ city in particular, had replaced the countryside as a source of pride among both urban and rural dwellers. The socio-cultural gulf between the city and the country irreversibly widened, a trend that continues to take its toll on rural China and many of its related socio-cultural values.Less
The conventional belief that China has a strong anti-urban tradition is only partially true. By the early 20th century, it became clear that the city, and ‘modern’ city in particular, had replaced the countryside as a source of pride among both urban and rural dwellers. The socio-cultural gulf between the city and the country irreversibly widened, a trend that continues to take its toll on rural China and many of its related socio-cultural values.
Miloš Ković
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199574605
- eISBN:
- 9780191595134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574605.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This chapter examines the process of the formation of Disraeli's initial understandings of the East and the Eastern Question. The social and political context within which the young Disraeli grew up ...
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This chapter examines the process of the formation of Disraeli's initial understandings of the East and the Eastern Question. The social and political context within which the young Disraeli grew up is scrutinized, as well as the influence of his Jewish origins and the personality of his father, Isaac D'Israeli. The influence of the liberal Toryism of Canning and the romanticism of Lord Byron on the shaping of Disraeli's understanding of the Eastern Question are equally stressed. Finally, the influence of Gibbon's pessimistic view of the 'slavic races' of Eastern Europe as examples of ‘barbarism’ and ‘backwardness’ is also highlighted.Less
This chapter examines the process of the formation of Disraeli's initial understandings of the East and the Eastern Question. The social and political context within which the young Disraeli grew up is scrutinized, as well as the influence of his Jewish origins and the personality of his father, Isaac D'Israeli. The influence of the liberal Toryism of Canning and the romanticism of Lord Byron on the shaping of Disraeli's understanding of the Eastern Question are equally stressed. Finally, the influence of Gibbon's pessimistic view of the 'slavic races' of Eastern Europe as examples of ‘barbarism’ and ‘backwardness’ is also highlighted.
Włodzimierz Brus and Kazimierz Laski
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283997
- eISBN:
- 9780191596032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283997.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The term ‘Real Socialism’ is used here as a value‐free designation of the area in the past (or at present as in China) under communist rule. The chapter shows the fallacy of one of the fundamental ...
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The term ‘Real Socialism’ is used here as a value‐free designation of the area in the past (or at present as in China) under communist rule. The chapter shows the fallacy of one of the fundamental tenets of Marxist model of a socialist/communist economy as a product of the historical regularity of development. Contrary to this assumption ‘real socialism’ has not come about as an heir to developed capitalism, or even as substitute for missed industrial revolution. In practice, the likelihood of installing the system of ‘real socialism’ went in parallel to the higher degree of backwardness.Less
The term ‘Real Socialism’ is used here as a value‐free designation of the area in the past (or at present as in China) under communist rule. The chapter shows the fallacy of one of the fundamental tenets of Marxist model of a socialist/communist economy as a product of the historical regularity of development. Contrary to this assumption ‘real socialism’ has not come about as an heir to developed capitalism, or even as substitute for missed industrial revolution. In practice, the likelihood of installing the system of ‘real socialism’ went in parallel to the higher degree of backwardness.
Nicholas Southwood
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199539659
- eISBN:
- 9780191594908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539659.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
The final chapter considers whether deliberative contractualism is capable of satisfying the explanatory adequacy criterion. Whereas the strategy in Chapter 6 was positive and direct, here the ...
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The final chapter considers whether deliberative contractualism is capable of satisfying the explanatory adequacy criterion. Whereas the strategy in Chapter 6 was positive and direct, here the strategy is negative and indirect. It argues that we have good reason to believe that deliberative contractualism is explanatorily adequate because we lack good reason to believe that it is explanatorily inadequate in any of the ways that it would have to satisfy the moral accuracy criterion and yet still fail to ultimately ground morality. As argued in Chapter 1, there are five relevant kinds of explanatory inadequacy: explanatory backwardness; explanatory supersession; explanatory epiphenomenality; explanatory circularity; and explanatory non-fundamentality. The chapter considers each of these in turn and argues that the best arguments for thinking that deliberative contractualism exemplifies them fail.Less
The final chapter considers whether deliberative contractualism is capable of satisfying the explanatory adequacy criterion. Whereas the strategy in Chapter 6 was positive and direct, here the strategy is negative and indirect. It argues that we have good reason to believe that deliberative contractualism is explanatorily adequate because we lack good reason to believe that it is explanatorily inadequate in any of the ways that it would have to satisfy the moral accuracy criterion and yet still fail to ultimately ground morality. As argued in Chapter 1, there are five relevant kinds of explanatory inadequacy: explanatory backwardness; explanatory supersession; explanatory epiphenomenality; explanatory circularity; and explanatory non-fundamentality. The chapter considers each of these in turn and argues that the best arguments for thinking that deliberative contractualism exemplifies them fail.
Mohd. Sanjeer Alam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076940
- eISBN:
- 9780199080946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076940.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
Even though India has made remarkable progress during past six decades in widening the literacy base and expanding educational opportunities, the Indian education system has been marked by glaring ...
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Even though India has made remarkable progress during past six decades in widening the literacy base and expanding educational opportunities, the Indian education system has been marked by glaring disparities along various axes of social and regional stratification. Religion is one of the most pervasive axes of educational disparity in India. At the same time, it remains one of the least explored dimensions of educational disparity. The complexities underlying the relative educational backwardness of certain religious communities, especially the Muslims, remain under-explored. The discussion in this chapter analyses the issues underlying these research deficits and exposes the problems of the existing body of research.Less
Even though India has made remarkable progress during past six decades in widening the literacy base and expanding educational opportunities, the Indian education system has been marked by glaring disparities along various axes of social and regional stratification. Religion is one of the most pervasive axes of educational disparity in India. At the same time, it remains one of the least explored dimensions of educational disparity. The complexities underlying the relative educational backwardness of certain religious communities, especially the Muslims, remain under-explored. The discussion in this chapter analyses the issues underlying these research deficits and exposes the problems of the existing body of research.
Mohd. Sanjeer Alam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076940
- eISBN:
- 9780199080946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076940.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This chapter brings to the fore the socio-political processes that have shaped educational development among the Muslims in both colonial and post-colonial times. It is argued in this chapter that ...
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This chapter brings to the fore the socio-political processes that have shaped educational development among the Muslims in both colonial and post-colonial times. It is argued in this chapter that while socio-political processes exerted an overbearing influence on educational development among Muslims during the colonial period, participation of Muslims in the colonial education system was, however, deeply spatially entrenched. Even as the Muslim community as a whole appeared to lag behind other communities, its educational status in many situations was much better than other communities. A similar kind of spatiality in educational development among Muslims is also seen in the present context. It thus suggests that relative educational backwardness of the Muslim community has to be understood in terms of spatially embedded historical trajectories that have shaped educational development in India.Less
This chapter brings to the fore the socio-political processes that have shaped educational development among the Muslims in both colonial and post-colonial times. It is argued in this chapter that while socio-political processes exerted an overbearing influence on educational development among Muslims during the colonial period, participation of Muslims in the colonial education system was, however, deeply spatially entrenched. Even as the Muslim community as a whole appeared to lag behind other communities, its educational status in many situations was much better than other communities. A similar kind of spatiality in educational development among Muslims is also seen in the present context. It thus suggests that relative educational backwardness of the Muslim community has to be understood in terms of spatially embedded historical trajectories that have shaped educational development in India.
Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid and Jaime Ros
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195371161
- eISBN:
- 9780199870608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371161.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Chapter 2 examines the five decades that go from Mexico's independence from Spain in the 1820s to the early 1870s, a period when there is consensus that the nation's current economic underdevelopment ...
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Chapter 2 examines the five decades that go from Mexico's independence from Spain in the 1820s to the early 1870s, a period when there is consensus that the nation's current economic underdevelopment may have originated. The chapter reviews the key characteristics of the economy of New Spain on the eve of independence and the disruptive effects of the wars of independence on economic activity. It proceeds then to focus on the constraints to economic development resulting from political instability, the decline of mining activity, foreign competition, institutional backwardness, and the lack of transport infrastructure and financial capital. It contrasts the economic programs of liberals and conservatives. It argues that, unfortunately, the coalition to forge a developmental state could not emerge because of highly antagonistic views by the politically liberal and the conservative factions on matters regarding the role of the state in the economy and the pace of political and social modernization. The failure to build a developmental coalition impeded the removal of the key obstacles to economic development in this decades.Less
Chapter 2 examines the five decades that go from Mexico's independence from Spain in the 1820s to the early 1870s, a period when there is consensus that the nation's current economic underdevelopment may have originated. The chapter reviews the key characteristics of the economy of New Spain on the eve of independence and the disruptive effects of the wars of independence on economic activity. It proceeds then to focus on the constraints to economic development resulting from political instability, the decline of mining activity, foreign competition, institutional backwardness, and the lack of transport infrastructure and financial capital. It contrasts the economic programs of liberals and conservatives. It argues that, unfortunately, the coalition to forge a developmental state could not emerge because of highly antagonistic views by the politically liberal and the conservative factions on matters regarding the role of the state in the economy and the pace of political and social modernization. The failure to build a developmental coalition impeded the removal of the key obstacles to economic development in this decades.
Robert Nemes
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804795913
- eISBN:
- 9780804799126
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804795913.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book tells the story of eight men and women with deep roots in provincial Hungary. "Hungary" before the First World War meant the eastern half of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the second largest ...
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This book tells the story of eight men and women with deep roots in provincial Hungary. "Hungary" before the First World War meant the eastern half of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the second largest state in Europe after Russia. Hungary then was as large as Italy and more populous than Spain. Another Hungary lingers in prewar Hungary's small towns and studies their inhabitants, asking how they earned a living, what they thought about politics, and how they got along with their neighbors, including those who might speak a different language or practice a religion different from their own. This book argues that the history of small towns in Eastern Europe matters. They were not just a dull reflection of the capital city or of western Europe, but interesting and important in their own right. They mattered economically, they mattered culturally, and they mattered politically; their history deserves our attention. Each of the book's eight chapters examines someone born in a small town but eager to act upon a wider stage. They include a garrulous aristocrat, a misunderstood merchant, a tobacco enthusiast, and other figures from the nineteenth-century provinces. One of the central premises of this book is that surprising, interesting, and valuable ideas can sometimes emerge from the most unlikely of places.Less
This book tells the story of eight men and women with deep roots in provincial Hungary. "Hungary" before the First World War meant the eastern half of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the second largest state in Europe after Russia. Hungary then was as large as Italy and more populous than Spain. Another Hungary lingers in prewar Hungary's small towns and studies their inhabitants, asking how they earned a living, what they thought about politics, and how they got along with their neighbors, including those who might speak a different language or practice a religion different from their own. This book argues that the history of small towns in Eastern Europe matters. They were not just a dull reflection of the capital city or of western Europe, but interesting and important in their own right. They mattered economically, they mattered culturally, and they mattered politically; their history deserves our attention. Each of the book's eight chapters examines someone born in a small town but eager to act upon a wider stage. They include a garrulous aristocrat, a misunderstood merchant, a tobacco enthusiast, and other figures from the nineteenth-century provinces. One of the central premises of this book is that surprising, interesting, and valuable ideas can sometimes emerge from the most unlikely of places.
Tamar Herzog
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092530
- eISBN:
- 9780300129830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092530.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter argues that the question posed in its title involves not just an exercise in comparative history. For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Spanish exceptionalism was an ...
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This chapter argues that the question posed in its title involves not just an exercise in comparative history. For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Spanish exceptionalism was an accepted fact. It was cherished and lamented by Spaniards and foreigners alike. “Europe” served as the standard against which Spain was measured, and it appeared that Spain was indeed different. For some people, this difference meant that Spaniards were superior to other Europeans. For others it signaled, on the contrary, Spain's relative decline and backwardness. Uniqueness and integration in Europe were thus two different expressions of the same inquiry. Those who felt content with Spain's distinctiveness expressed their position against integration in Europe, whereas those holding the contrary view called for the “Europeanization of Spain.”Less
This chapter argues that the question posed in its title involves not just an exercise in comparative history. For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Spanish exceptionalism was an accepted fact. It was cherished and lamented by Spaniards and foreigners alike. “Europe” served as the standard against which Spain was measured, and it appeared that Spain was indeed different. For some people, this difference meant that Spaniards were superior to other Europeans. For others it signaled, on the contrary, Spain's relative decline and backwardness. Uniqueness and integration in Europe were thus two different expressions of the same inquiry. Those who felt content with Spain's distinctiveness expressed their position against integration in Europe, whereas those holding the contrary view called for the “Europeanization of Spain.”
Patrick D. Gaffney
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520084711
- eISBN:
- 9780520914582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520084711.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Middle Eastern Cultural Anthropology
This chapter discusses another sermon, delivered on Friday, December 15, 1978, by Shaykh Uthman. There he served to demonstrate the rhetoric strategy associated with metaphor. This technique, based ...
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This chapter discusses another sermon, delivered on Friday, December 15, 1978, by Shaykh Uthman. There he served to demonstrate the rhetoric strategy associated with metaphor. This technique, based on the presentation of extended allegories and aided by nimble leaps of code-switching, produces the calculated transfer of properties from the sacred to the mundane. The fact that Shaykh Uthman rejects standard religious garb while playing lightly with possible substitutes also fits together with his entirely secular education and his career choice. He is a product of that liberal era that regarded the ignorance and backwardness of Muslims as the major obstacle to progress toward an Islamic Order that would incorporate the science of the West into the spiritual culture of Islam.Less
This chapter discusses another sermon, delivered on Friday, December 15, 1978, by Shaykh Uthman. There he served to demonstrate the rhetoric strategy associated with metaphor. This technique, based on the presentation of extended allegories and aided by nimble leaps of code-switching, produces the calculated transfer of properties from the sacred to the mundane. The fact that Shaykh Uthman rejects standard religious garb while playing lightly with possible substitutes also fits together with his entirely secular education and his career choice. He is a product of that liberal era that regarded the ignorance and backwardness of Muslims as the major obstacle to progress toward an Islamic Order that would incorporate the science of the West into the spiritual culture of Islam.
Sudha Pai and Sajjan Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199466290
- eISBN:
- 9780199095865
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199466290.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
The authors analyse the reasons underlying the resurgence of communalism in the 2000s in Uttar Pradesh (UP) leading to riots in Mau in 2005, Gorakhpur in 2007, and Muzaffarnagar in 2013, but more ...
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The authors analyse the reasons underlying the resurgence of communalism in the 2000s in Uttar Pradesh (UP) leading to riots in Mau in 2005, Gorakhpur in 2007, and Muzaffarnagar in 2013, but more importantly move beyond riots to analyse the new ways and means whereby communalism in the present phase is being manufactured by the Hindu right. They argue that UP is experiencing a post-Ayodhya phase of communalism markedly different from the late 1980s/early 1990s. The book employs a model of institutionalized everyday communalism whose defining feature is that rather than initiating major, state-wide riots, the strategy of the BJP–RSS currently is to create and sustain constant, low-key communal tension together with frequent, small, low-intensity incidents out of petty everyday issues that institutionalize communalism at the grassroots. The use of this strategy is examined based on extensive fieldwork in the districts of eastern and western UP that experienced major riots. A fusion of rising cultural aspirations and deep economic anxieties in UP, which remains an economically backward state, and where a deepening agrarian crisis, unemployment, poverty, and inequalities are widespread, has created fertile ground for the new kind of communal mobilization. The agenda of the BJP–RSS is political to establish majoritarian rule, but equally important cultural, because India is viewed as fundamentally ‘Hindu’ in a civilizational sense in which Muslims will remain alien. It is through this lens of the new ‘avatar’ of the BJP, its ideology and strategies, and its impact on society and polity that an attempt is made to understand the current round of communalism in UP.Less
The authors analyse the reasons underlying the resurgence of communalism in the 2000s in Uttar Pradesh (UP) leading to riots in Mau in 2005, Gorakhpur in 2007, and Muzaffarnagar in 2013, but more importantly move beyond riots to analyse the new ways and means whereby communalism in the present phase is being manufactured by the Hindu right. They argue that UP is experiencing a post-Ayodhya phase of communalism markedly different from the late 1980s/early 1990s. The book employs a model of institutionalized everyday communalism whose defining feature is that rather than initiating major, state-wide riots, the strategy of the BJP–RSS currently is to create and sustain constant, low-key communal tension together with frequent, small, low-intensity incidents out of petty everyday issues that institutionalize communalism at the grassroots. The use of this strategy is examined based on extensive fieldwork in the districts of eastern and western UP that experienced major riots. A fusion of rising cultural aspirations and deep economic anxieties in UP, which remains an economically backward state, and where a deepening agrarian crisis, unemployment, poverty, and inequalities are widespread, has created fertile ground for the new kind of communal mobilization. The agenda of the BJP–RSS is political to establish majoritarian rule, but equally important cultural, because India is viewed as fundamentally ‘Hindu’ in a civilizational sense in which Muslims will remain alien. It is through this lens of the new ‘avatar’ of the BJP, its ideology and strategies, and its impact on society and polity that an attempt is made to understand the current round of communalism in UP.
Maidul Islam
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199489916
- eISBN:
- 9780199097197
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199489916.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
Close to the turn of the century and almost 45 years after Independence, India opened its doors to free-market liberalization. Although meant as the promise to a better economic tomorrow, three ...
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Close to the turn of the century and almost 45 years after Independence, India opened its doors to free-market liberalization. Although meant as the promise to a better economic tomorrow, three decades later, many feel betrayed by the economic changes ushered in by this new financial era. Here is a book that probes whether India’s economic reforms have aided the development of Indian Muslims who have historically been denied the fruits of economic development. Maidul Islam points out that in current political discourse, the ‘Muslim question’ in India is not articulated in terms of demands for equity. Instead, the political leadership camouflages real issues of backwardness, prejudice, and social exclusion with the rhetoric of identity and security. Historically informed, empirically grounded, and with robust analytical rigour, the book tries to explore connections between multiple forms of Muslim marginalization, the socio-economic realities facing the community, and the formation of modern Muslim identity in the country. At a time when post-liberalization economic policies have created economic inequality and joblessness for significant sections of the population including Muslims, the book proposes working towards a radical democratic deepening in India.Less
Close to the turn of the century and almost 45 years after Independence, India opened its doors to free-market liberalization. Although meant as the promise to a better economic tomorrow, three decades later, many feel betrayed by the economic changes ushered in by this new financial era. Here is a book that probes whether India’s economic reforms have aided the development of Indian Muslims who have historically been denied the fruits of economic development. Maidul Islam points out that in current political discourse, the ‘Muslim question’ in India is not articulated in terms of demands for equity. Instead, the political leadership camouflages real issues of backwardness, prejudice, and social exclusion with the rhetoric of identity and security. Historically informed, empirically grounded, and with robust analytical rigour, the book tries to explore connections between multiple forms of Muslim marginalization, the socio-economic realities facing the community, and the formation of modern Muslim identity in the country. At a time when post-liberalization economic policies have created economic inequality and joblessness for significant sections of the population including Muslims, the book proposes working towards a radical democratic deepening in India.
Chloe Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719071607
- eISBN:
- 9781781700686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719071607.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter analyses the theories of predominant eugenicists. Eugenics in Kenya grew out of the theories disseminated from Britain; the application of current ideas about the transmission of innate ...
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This chapter analyses the theories of predominant eugenicists. Eugenics in Kenya grew out of the theories disseminated from Britain; the application of current ideas about the transmission of innate characteristics, in particular intelligence, shaped a new and extreme eugenic interpretation of racial difference. The study deals with the theories and researches of Dr H. L. Gordon and Dr F. W. Vint that became connected with eugenics, in particular their contributions to the subject of race and intelligence. Gordon tempered some of the extremity of his theories by emphasising that scientific knowledge was at an early stage in the area of brain and racial backwardness and reiterating the need for large-scale scientific research to uncover the causes of African backwardness. Despite Gordon's emphasis on the objectivity of science in providing answers to the problem of racial backwardness, there are fundamental flaws in this research that call into question its scientific integrity.Less
This chapter analyses the theories of predominant eugenicists. Eugenics in Kenya grew out of the theories disseminated from Britain; the application of current ideas about the transmission of innate characteristics, in particular intelligence, shaped a new and extreme eugenic interpretation of racial difference. The study deals with the theories and researches of Dr H. L. Gordon and Dr F. W. Vint that became connected with eugenics, in particular their contributions to the subject of race and intelligence. Gordon tempered some of the extremity of his theories by emphasising that scientific knowledge was at an early stage in the area of brain and racial backwardness and reiterating the need for large-scale scientific research to uncover the causes of African backwardness. Despite Gordon's emphasis on the objectivity of science in providing answers to the problem of racial backwardness, there are fundamental flaws in this research that call into question its scientific integrity.
Hannah C. M. Bulloch
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780824858865
- eISBN:
- 9780824873646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824858865.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
Throughout the Philippines, Siquijor is infamous as a realm of sorcery, witchcraft and hyperactive paranormal activity. At the same time, the island is promoted as an unspoiled haven of white beaches ...
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Throughout the Philippines, Siquijor is infamous as a realm of sorcery, witchcraft and hyperactive paranormal activity. At the same time, the island is promoted as an unspoiled haven of white beaches and undulating palms. Both caricatures position Siquijor as an isolated place, eluded by progress. Meanwhile, the vast majority of Siquijodnon are Christian—a religion with which official public performances of development are closely aligned in much of the Philippines. The chapter explores the symbolic associations between belief and development, and the ways in which people on Siquijor negotiate social categories of modernization through representations of belief. It is argued that as Siquijodnon attempt to challenge nationally dominant stereotypes of themselves as backward, the often reinforce the very framework that has defined them as backwards.Less
Throughout the Philippines, Siquijor is infamous as a realm of sorcery, witchcraft and hyperactive paranormal activity. At the same time, the island is promoted as an unspoiled haven of white beaches and undulating palms. Both caricatures position Siquijor as an isolated place, eluded by progress. Meanwhile, the vast majority of Siquijodnon are Christian—a religion with which official public performances of development are closely aligned in much of the Philippines. The chapter explores the symbolic associations between belief and development, and the ways in which people on Siquijor negotiate social categories of modernization through representations of belief. It is argued that as Siquijodnon attempt to challenge nationally dominant stereotypes of themselves as backward, the often reinforce the very framework that has defined them as backwards.
Jelle J.P. Wouters
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199485703
- eISBN:
- 9780199097760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199485703.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
The politics of statehood and related demands pervade all nooks and corners of India. This chapter discusses the Frontier Nagaland statehood demand that has emerged within (or against?) the Naga ...
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The politics of statehood and related demands pervade all nooks and corners of India. This chapter discusses the Frontier Nagaland statehood demand that has emerged within (or against?) the Naga Movement for Independence. Through a set of socio-historical and ethnographic explorations, the author shows how the demand for Frontier Nagaland, while tracing back to divergent colonial trajectories between ‘western’ and ‘eastern’ Nagaland, implies that the creation of Nagaland state produced new constellations of power, new fault-lines, and new axes of differentiation. Seeing the state first and foremost as a ‘resource’, six eastern Naga tribes today lament, what they experience as, the dominating and exploitative influences of western Naga tribes, whom they see as ‘advanced’ and accuse of preventing eastern Nagas from receiving their development dues.Less
The politics of statehood and related demands pervade all nooks and corners of India. This chapter discusses the Frontier Nagaland statehood demand that has emerged within (or against?) the Naga Movement for Independence. Through a set of socio-historical and ethnographic explorations, the author shows how the demand for Frontier Nagaland, while tracing back to divergent colonial trajectories between ‘western’ and ‘eastern’ Nagaland, implies that the creation of Nagaland state produced new constellations of power, new fault-lines, and new axes of differentiation. Seeing the state first and foremost as a ‘resource’, six eastern Naga tribes today lament, what they experience as, the dominating and exploitative influences of western Naga tribes, whom they see as ‘advanced’ and accuse of preventing eastern Nagas from receiving their development dues.
Elidor Mëhilli
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501714153
- eISBN:
- 9781501709593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501714153.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter shows how Soviet inventions became an Albanian national story. It looks at the Soviet advisers who came to lift the country from poverty in the 1950s. The Soviet Union became associated ...
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This chapter shows how Soviet inventions became an Albanian national story. It looks at the Soviet advisers who came to lift the country from poverty in the 1950s. The Soviet Union became associated with industrial methods, including Stakhanovism (workers surpassing production norms). Socialism thus came with physical acts that required proper verbal identification and repetition, allowing Albanian peasants to make claims about themselves, their past, and their future. “Soviet experience” stood in contrast to “old ways,” which were backward, pre-socialist techniques, property regimes, traditional conventions and social mores, and religion. Rather than looking at the Soviet-Albanian encounter in terms of oppression and resistance, it is useful to see how it created modes of interpretation. The chapter’s core case study is the Stalin textile mills outside of the capital city Tirana.Less
This chapter shows how Soviet inventions became an Albanian national story. It looks at the Soviet advisers who came to lift the country from poverty in the 1950s. The Soviet Union became associated with industrial methods, including Stakhanovism (workers surpassing production norms). Socialism thus came with physical acts that required proper verbal identification and repetition, allowing Albanian peasants to make claims about themselves, their past, and their future. “Soviet experience” stood in contrast to “old ways,” which were backward, pre-socialist techniques, property regimes, traditional conventions and social mores, and religion. Rather than looking at the Soviet-Albanian encounter in terms of oppression and resistance, it is useful to see how it created modes of interpretation. The chapter’s core case study is the Stalin textile mills outside of the capital city Tirana.
