Mathew Humphrey
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242672
- eISBN:
- 9780191599514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242674.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter explores the philosophical foundations of ecocentrism, in particular its ontology. It explores the idea of a unity of humanity and nature and the proposition that ecological ‘laws’ ...
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This chapter explores the philosophical foundations of ecocentrism, in particular its ontology. It explores the idea of a unity of humanity and nature and the proposition that ecological ‘laws’ should inform human morality. Does the quality of autopoiesis endow that natural world with intrinsic value? Can ecocentric principles offer guidance for human behaviour?Less
This chapter explores the philosophical foundations of ecocentrism, in particular its ontology. It explores the idea of a unity of humanity and nature and the proposition that ecological ‘laws’ should inform human morality. Does the quality of autopoiesis endow that natural world with intrinsic value? Can ecocentric principles offer guidance for human behaviour?
Christopher Hood, Henry Rothstein, and Robert Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243631
- eISBN:
- 9780191599507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243638.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Moves away from explaining the comparative statics of risk regulation regimes and explores what happens when regimes are under pressure to change, and, in particular, when they are under presure for ...
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Moves away from explaining the comparative statics of risk regulation regimes and explores what happens when regimes are under pressure to change, and, in particular, when they are under presure for greater openness and transparency. The chapter develops a style‐phase model of staged organizational responses to external pressure for change and compares its predictive value against two competing hypotheses. Examination of the nine case‐study risk regulation regimes reveals that, contrary to the common belief that such pressures are all pervasive, less than half were exposed to substantial pressures of this type. Responses of organizations in the ‘high‐pressure’ regimes were varied, but the overall pattern was consistent with a mixture of an autopoietic and staged‐response hypothesis stressing blame prevention. The chapter presents a hybrid ‘Catherine‐wheel’ model of the observed pattern and concludes by discussing the implications for policy outcomes.Less
Moves away from explaining the comparative statics of risk regulation regimes and explores what happens when regimes are under pressure to change, and, in particular, when they are under presure for greater openness and transparency. The chapter develops a style‐phase model of staged organizational responses to external pressure for change and compares its predictive value against two competing hypotheses. Examination of the nine case‐study risk regulation regimes reveals that, contrary to the common belief that such pressures are all pervasive, less than half were exposed to substantial pressures of this type. Responses of organizations in the ‘high‐pressure’ regimes were varied, but the overall pattern was consistent with a mixture of an autopoietic and staged‐response hypothesis stressing blame prevention. The chapter presents a hybrid ‘Catherine‐wheel’ model of the observed pattern and concludes by discussing the implications for policy outcomes.
John F. Padgett
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter provides an extensive review of the biochemistry literature on the origins of life where the concept of autocatalysis figures most prominently. There is a lively debate in the scientific ...
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This chapter provides an extensive review of the biochemistry literature on the origins of life where the concept of autocatalysis figures most prominently. There is a lively debate in the scientific literature between scientists who subscribe to an RNA-first hypothesis and scientists who subscribe to a metabolism-first hypothesis about the origin of life. Both are different versions of autocatalysis, and a sensible conclusion could be that biological life really took off when a symbiosis developed between the two. After that, the chapter reviews past formal modeling in this area, which is spotty but highly suggestive. The chapter identifies Eigen's and Schuster's model of hypercycles as the path-breaking work that first placed empirical chemistry and formal models into fruitful dialogue with each other. Finally, the chapter reviews a less successful, more philosophical descendant of autocatalysis called autopoiesis, which is the guise under which autocatalysis first was presented to social scientists.Less
This chapter provides an extensive review of the biochemistry literature on the origins of life where the concept of autocatalysis figures most prominently. There is a lively debate in the scientific literature between scientists who subscribe to an RNA-first hypothesis and scientists who subscribe to a metabolism-first hypothesis about the origin of life. Both are different versions of autocatalysis, and a sensible conclusion could be that biological life really took off when a symbiosis developed between the two. After that, the chapter reviews past formal modeling in this area, which is spotty but highly suggestive. The chapter identifies Eigen's and Schuster's model of hypercycles as the path-breaking work that first placed empirical chemistry and formal models into fruitful dialogue with each other. Finally, the chapter reviews a less successful, more philosophical descendant of autocatalysis called autopoiesis, which is the guise under which autocatalysis first was presented to social scientists.
Matthew MacKenzie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199593804
- eISBN:
- 9780191595691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593804.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter brings together insights drawn from Indo-Tibetan Buddhist and enactivist accounts of the self. It examines the Buddhist theory of non-self and the reductionist formulation developed by ...
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This chapter brings together insights drawn from Indo-Tibetan Buddhist and enactivist accounts of the self. It examines the Buddhist theory of non-self and the reductionist formulation developed by Abhidharma Buddhism. After discussing some problems for Buddhist reductionism, it examines enactivism in philosophy of mind and cognitive science. It is argued that human beings, being characterized by a high degree of self-organizing autonomy, are not reducible to the mental and physical events that constitute them. Varela's enactivist account of the self as virtual and his use of Buddhist ideas are critically examined. It is argued that, while the self is emergent and constructed, it is not merely virtual. Finally a non-reductionist view of the self as self-organizing process is defended. This is grounded in the recursive processes that characterize lived experience at various levels. In Buddhist terms, this chapter develops an account of the self as empty, but nevertheless real.Less
This chapter brings together insights drawn from Indo-Tibetan Buddhist and enactivist accounts of the self. It examines the Buddhist theory of non-self and the reductionist formulation developed by Abhidharma Buddhism. After discussing some problems for Buddhist reductionism, it examines enactivism in philosophy of mind and cognitive science. It is argued that human beings, being characterized by a high degree of self-organizing autonomy, are not reducible to the mental and physical events that constitute them. Varela's enactivist account of the self as virtual and his use of Buddhist ideas are critically examined. It is argued that, while the self is emergent and constructed, it is not merely virtual. Finally a non-reductionist view of the self as self-organizing process is defended. This is grounded in the recursive processes that characterize lived experience at various levels. In Buddhist terms, this chapter develops an account of the self as empty, but nevertheless real.
David Fairer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199296163
- eISBN:
- 9780191712289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296163.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, Poetry
This chapter follows the influence of Locke's chapter ‘On Identity and Diversity’ through to the 1790s and beyond, taking in the Lockean games of Sterne's Tristram Shandy, Hartley, Barbauld, ...
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This chapter follows the influence of Locke's chapter ‘On Identity and Diversity’ through to the 1790s and beyond, taking in the Lockean games of Sterne's Tristram Shandy, Hartley, Barbauld, Priestley, John ‘Walking’ Stewart, and Hazlitt. Rather than privileging unity, this organic identity values integrity and is tested by experience. It works to make connections through ‘self-consciousness’, Locke's term for an awareness of a continuing responsible personhood through life. Still drawing on this tradition, the recent theory of autopoiesis has described a mechanical organic linking computers and biology. In place of ‘unity’, this organic explores how elements of association, aggregation, juxtaposition, mixture, and superimposition work to keep living systems alive.Less
This chapter follows the influence of Locke's chapter ‘On Identity and Diversity’ through to the 1790s and beyond, taking in the Lockean games of Sterne's Tristram Shandy, Hartley, Barbauld, Priestley, John ‘Walking’ Stewart, and Hazlitt. Rather than privileging unity, this organic identity values integrity and is tested by experience. It works to make connections through ‘self-consciousness’, Locke's term for an awareness of a continuing responsible personhood through life. Still drawing on this tradition, the recent theory of autopoiesis has described a mechanical organic linking computers and biology. In place of ‘unity’, this organic explores how elements of association, aggregation, juxtaposition, mixture, and superimposition work to keep living systems alive.
Thomas Pradeu and Elizabeth Vitanza
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199775286
- eISBN:
- 9780199932818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199775286.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter compares the continuity theory that I propose with the other theories available in today’s immunology, including the self-nonself theory, the systemic theory of the immune “network” ...
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This chapter compares the continuity theory that I propose with the other theories available in today’s immunology, including the self-nonself theory, the systemic theory of the immune “network” (Jerne), the autopoiesis framework (Maturana, Varela, Coutinho), the self-organization theory (Cohen and Atlan), and the danger theory (Matzinger). I emphasize the aspects that the continuity theory borrowed or inherited from these theories, as well as the many aspects on which it differs from them. I show that some frameworks elaborated to understand the immune system are not genuine scientific theories, but rather mere “viewpoints” on immunity. I insist that no framework has, up to now, succeeded in taking into account the importance of both innate immunity and immune tolerance – two aspects that are at the center of the continuity theory.Less
This chapter compares the continuity theory that I propose with the other theories available in today’s immunology, including the self-nonself theory, the systemic theory of the immune “network” (Jerne), the autopoiesis framework (Maturana, Varela, Coutinho), the self-organization theory (Cohen and Atlan), and the danger theory (Matzinger). I emphasize the aspects that the continuity theory borrowed or inherited from these theories, as well as the many aspects on which it differs from them. I show that some frameworks elaborated to understand the immune system are not genuine scientific theories, but rather mere “viewpoints” on immunity. I insist that no framework has, up to now, succeeded in taking into account the importance of both innate immunity and immune tolerance – two aspects that are at the center of the continuity theory.
Carsten Strathausen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781517900755
- eISBN:
- 9781452957715
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9781517900755.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Bio-Aesthetics. A Critique examines the rising influence of evolutionary theory across academic disciplines today. Empowered by neo-Darwinian theory and recent advances in neuroscientific research, ...
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Bio-Aesthetics. A Critique examines the rising influence of evolutionary theory across academic disciplines today. Empowered by neo-Darwinian theory and recent advances in neuroscientific research, nascent academic fields have particularly challenged the Humanities’ non-empirical and largely speculative approach to modern art, culture, and aesthetic theory. In its stead, evolutionary scholars advocate a strict biological functionalism that effectively reduces mind to brain and art to science. Unfortunately, Humanities’ scholars so far have been slow to respond to this challenge. Bio-Aesthetics remedies this problem by providing the first comprehensive account of current evolutionary and neuroscientific approaches to art and human culture to demonstrate both the need for and the limits of interdisciplinary research in the Humanities. Above all, Bio-Aesthetics is A Critique in the Kantian sense of the term: it works through a critical appraisal of neo-Darwinian reductionism in order to develop a more germane and balanced methodology for future collaborative research across disciplines. Bio-Aesthetics central argument contends that Kant’s transcendentalism amounts to the “structural coupling” of organism and environment, which also applies to our knowledge of the (phenomenological) world we come to inhabit as living beings. Scientific reductionism and neo-Darwinian theory ignore the self-constructed nature of reason and culture for genetic laws and evolutionary principles that allegedly determine human behaviour. Hence the overriding goal of Bio-Aesthetics is to provide the Humanities with a self-critical, historically nuanced and epistemologically up-to-date counter-paradigm to what E. O Wilson called “sociobiology,” that is the reductionist view of human cultural evolution dominant in neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory today.Less
Bio-Aesthetics. A Critique examines the rising influence of evolutionary theory across academic disciplines today. Empowered by neo-Darwinian theory and recent advances in neuroscientific research, nascent academic fields have particularly challenged the Humanities’ non-empirical and largely speculative approach to modern art, culture, and aesthetic theory. In its stead, evolutionary scholars advocate a strict biological functionalism that effectively reduces mind to brain and art to science. Unfortunately, Humanities’ scholars so far have been slow to respond to this challenge. Bio-Aesthetics remedies this problem by providing the first comprehensive account of current evolutionary and neuroscientific approaches to art and human culture to demonstrate both the need for and the limits of interdisciplinary research in the Humanities. Above all, Bio-Aesthetics is A Critique in the Kantian sense of the term: it works through a critical appraisal of neo-Darwinian reductionism in order to develop a more germane and balanced methodology for future collaborative research across disciplines. Bio-Aesthetics central argument contends that Kant’s transcendentalism amounts to the “structural coupling” of organism and environment, which also applies to our knowledge of the (phenomenological) world we come to inhabit as living beings. Scientific reductionism and neo-Darwinian theory ignore the self-constructed nature of reason and culture for genetic laws and evolutionary principles that allegedly determine human behaviour. Hence the overriding goal of Bio-Aesthetics is to provide the Humanities with a self-critical, historically nuanced and epistemologically up-to-date counter-paradigm to what E. O Wilson called “sociobiology,” that is the reductionist view of human cultural evolution dominant in neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory today.
Gunther Teubner
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197262627
- eISBN:
- 9780191771989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262627.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This chapter examines production regimes and their idiosyncracies, with particular reference to the co-evolution of economic and legal institutions in the varieties of capitalism. It first considers ...
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This chapter examines production regimes and their idiosyncracies, with particular reference to the co-evolution of economic and legal institutions in the varieties of capitalism. It first considers two theories that explain the institutional varieties of capitalism, namely, the theory of production regimes and the theory of institutional co-selection. It then looks at the theory of self-organising social systems as well as its critique of the theories of production regimes and co-selection. It also discusses the theory of autopoietic social systems and its emphasis on self-organisation and self-reproduction, together with the multi-polarity and cyclicity of production regimes. The chapter concludes by outlining the main assumptions of autopoiesis theory, focusing on just-in-time contracts in the United States and Germany.Less
This chapter examines production regimes and their idiosyncracies, with particular reference to the co-evolution of economic and legal institutions in the varieties of capitalism. It first considers two theories that explain the institutional varieties of capitalism, namely, the theory of production regimes and the theory of institutional co-selection. It then looks at the theory of self-organising social systems as well as its critique of the theories of production regimes and co-selection. It also discusses the theory of autopoietic social systems and its emphasis on self-organisation and self-reproduction, together with the multi-polarity and cyclicity of production regimes. The chapter concludes by outlining the main assumptions of autopoiesis theory, focusing on just-in-time contracts in the United States and Germany.
Paul Kearns
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199275472
- eISBN:
- 9780191699825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275472.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
Although the European Community was initially focused on economic concerns, culture and its protection, along with other matters that include human rights and the notion of citizenship, soon emerged ...
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Although the European Community was initially focused on economic concerns, culture and its protection, along with other matters that include human rights and the notion of citizenship, soon emerged as growing concerns at Maastricht. In contrast to other culture-related issues that were perceived to be encompassed by structural funds and other such legal categories, cultural rights were integrated more easily. As such, Cultural Title XII was able to establish culture's more distinct role. This final chapter attempts summarize and draw together the important notions derived from the previous chapters. Also, using the theory of autopoiesis in approaching various interfacial issues, this chapter attempts to clarify the relationship between law and culture as expressed within the European Union.Less
Although the European Community was initially focused on economic concerns, culture and its protection, along with other matters that include human rights and the notion of citizenship, soon emerged as growing concerns at Maastricht. In contrast to other culture-related issues that were perceived to be encompassed by structural funds and other such legal categories, cultural rights were integrated more easily. As such, Cultural Title XII was able to establish culture's more distinct role. This final chapter attempts summarize and draw together the important notions derived from the previous chapters. Also, using the theory of autopoiesis in approaching various interfacial issues, this chapter attempts to clarify the relationship between law and culture as expressed within the European Union.
Richard Nobles and David Schiff
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198298939
- eISBN:
- 9780191685552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298939.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This book is based on research that explored the history of miscarriages of justice and of attempts to adopt effective measures to remedy these from early in the nineteenth century to the present. ...
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This book is based on research that explored the history of miscarriages of justice and of attempts to adopt effective measures to remedy these from early in the nineteenth century to the present. Two strands of theory have informed this research: the autopoietic systems theory and Guido Calabresi and Philip Bobbitt's classic work Tragic Choices. The theory of autopoiesis was developed by Niklas Luhmann and Gunther Teubner. The book focuses in particular on the devices used by England's Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) to maintain the legal system's integrity. A parallel with criminal justice can be suggested; it is that the values of truth (a correct verdict) and fairness (due process and rights), with justice as an implied amalgam of the two, are priceless. The history of criminal appeals can be re-examined as a response to problems of tragic choice: the conflict and allocation of fundamental values within criminal justice. A process of appeal allows inevitable outcomes (miscarriages of justice) to be seen as mistakes, and rectified.Less
This book is based on research that explored the history of miscarriages of justice and of attempts to adopt effective measures to remedy these from early in the nineteenth century to the present. Two strands of theory have informed this research: the autopoietic systems theory and Guido Calabresi and Philip Bobbitt's classic work Tragic Choices. The theory of autopoiesis was developed by Niklas Luhmann and Gunther Teubner. The book focuses in particular on the devices used by England's Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) to maintain the legal system's integrity. A parallel with criminal justice can be suggested; it is that the values of truth (a correct verdict) and fairness (due process and rights), with justice as an implied amalgam of the two, are priceless. The history of criminal appeals can be re-examined as a response to problems of tragic choice: the conflict and allocation of fundamental values within criminal justice. A process of appeal allows inevitable outcomes (miscarriages of justice) to be seen as mistakes, and rectified.
Claire Colebrook
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638642
- eISBN:
- 9780748652679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638642.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter focuses on the autopoiesis of life and the future of organisms. It discusses various autopoietic theories of embodied life, and explains Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's claim that ...
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This chapter focuses on the autopoiesis of life and the future of organisms. It discusses various autopoietic theories of embodied life, and explains Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's claim that the experience of death is the essence of life. The chapter argues that these theories of embodiment, and autopoietic theory in particular, cannot account for unbounded and disembodied life because it is impossible to think of life which makes its way through the world without a thought of sustainability and which is blindly active and mutational.Less
This chapter focuses on the autopoiesis of life and the future of organisms. It discusses various autopoietic theories of embodied life, and explains Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's claim that the experience of death is the essence of life. The chapter argues that these theories of embodiment, and autopoietic theory in particular, cannot account for unbounded and disembodied life because it is impossible to think of life which makes its way through the world without a thought of sustainability and which is blindly active and mutational.
Roger Cotterrell
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198264903
- eISBN:
- 9780191682858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198264903.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Legal closure implies diverse but interconnected understandings of law. This chapter sets out to defend the utility of a sociological perspective, or set of perspectives, on legal closure. It ...
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Legal closure implies diverse but interconnected understandings of law. This chapter sets out to defend the utility of a sociological perspective, or set of perspectives, on legal closure. It distinguishes two approaches to legal closure: normative closure and discursive closure. The aim here is not to show that conceptions of normative or discursive legal closure are misguided in the particular contexts in which these conceptions have been developed, but that they can be reconsidered in a broader sociological perspective. Such a perspective ultimately denies that law is adequately understood as a ‘closed’ system, knowledge field, intellectual discipline, or discourse. But it recognises the social conditions that may make law so appear, or which seem to impel the ‘legal’ to seek to achieve ‘closure’ in a variety of ways. Viewed sociologically, legal closure can be treated primarily as a means by which various forms of legal or political practice attempt to enhance their own legitimacy. Autopoiesis theory, developed in relation to law by Niklas Lubmann and Gunther Teubner, postulates a form of legal closure as radical as any to be found or implied in the literature of legal philosophy.Less
Legal closure implies diverse but interconnected understandings of law. This chapter sets out to defend the utility of a sociological perspective, or set of perspectives, on legal closure. It distinguishes two approaches to legal closure: normative closure and discursive closure. The aim here is not to show that conceptions of normative or discursive legal closure are misguided in the particular contexts in which these conceptions have been developed, but that they can be reconsidered in a broader sociological perspective. Such a perspective ultimately denies that law is adequately understood as a ‘closed’ system, knowledge field, intellectual discipline, or discourse. But it recognises the social conditions that may make law so appear, or which seem to impel the ‘legal’ to seek to achieve ‘closure’ in a variety of ways. Viewed sociologically, legal closure can be treated primarily as a means by which various forms of legal or political practice attempt to enhance their own legitimacy. Autopoiesis theory, developed in relation to law by Niklas Lubmann and Gunther Teubner, postulates a form of legal closure as radical as any to be found or implied in the literature of legal philosophy.
Wolfgang Banzhaf and Lidia Yamamoto
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029438
- eISBN:
- 9780262329460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029438.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter briefly explores the potential mechanisms underlying a transition from inanimate matter to life. First of all, the structure of a minimal cell is discussed, according to chemoton theory ...
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This chapter briefly explores the potential mechanisms underlying a transition from inanimate matter to life. First of all, the structure of a minimal cell is discussed, according to chemoton theory and autopoiesis. A summary of current theories about the origin of life on Earth then follows: starting from the formation of organic compounds in a prebiotic world, various hypotheses have been formulated about how these basic building blocks could have been combined into self-replicating and evolving structures that can be considered alive. Three of these hypotheses are covered: RNA World hypothesis, the Iron-Sulfur World, and the Lipid World. The chapter is concluded with an overview of Artificial Chemistries intended to study minimal cells and the origins of life, such as autocatalytic sets and autopoietic protocells.Less
This chapter briefly explores the potential mechanisms underlying a transition from inanimate matter to life. First of all, the structure of a minimal cell is discussed, according to chemoton theory and autopoiesis. A summary of current theories about the origin of life on Earth then follows: starting from the formation of organic compounds in a prebiotic world, various hypotheses have been formulated about how these basic building blocks could have been combined into self-replicating and evolving structures that can be considered alive. Three of these hypotheses are covered: RNA World hypothesis, the Iron-Sulfur World, and the Lipid World. The chapter is concluded with an overview of Artificial Chemistries intended to study minimal cells and the origins of life, such as autocatalytic sets and autopoietic protocells.
Marcus Klamert
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199683123
- eISBN:
- 9780191763182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683123.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This Chapter discusses the loyalty-based case law of the Court from a methodological perspective. It starts by exploring the key methods of interpretation employed by the Court, such as effet utile ...
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This Chapter discusses the loyalty-based case law of the Court from a methodological perspective. It starts by exploring the key methods of interpretation employed by the Court, such as effet utile in particular. Then, arguments made in defence of alleged judicial activism of the Court, such as ‘majoritarian activism’, the incomplete nature of EU law, and the concept of tolerance of error (Fehlerkalkül) are discussed. This is followed by an examination of objective criteria for assessing legal developments by the Court, such as gap-filling and principle-based reasoning. Moreover, this Chapter discusses the relation between loyalty and the principles of effectiveness and effet utile, illustrated by the case law on direct effect, exclusive competence, and state liability. Finally, the autopoiesis in the Court’s reasoning is probed by the examples of state liability and the Pupino case.Less
This Chapter discusses the loyalty-based case law of the Court from a methodological perspective. It starts by exploring the key methods of interpretation employed by the Court, such as effet utile in particular. Then, arguments made in defence of alleged judicial activism of the Court, such as ‘majoritarian activism’, the incomplete nature of EU law, and the concept of tolerance of error (Fehlerkalkül) are discussed. This is followed by an examination of objective criteria for assessing legal developments by the Court, such as gap-filling and principle-based reasoning. Moreover, this Chapter discusses the relation between loyalty and the principles of effectiveness and effet utile, illustrated by the case law on direct effect, exclusive competence, and state liability. Finally, the autopoiesis in the Court’s reasoning is probed by the examples of state liability and the Pupino case.
Cary Wolfe
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780823279500
- eISBN:
- 9780823281558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823279500.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Birds comprise one of the most storied figural sites in Anglo-American poetry—and particularly in the Romantic genealogy that runs from Keats’s nightingale, Shelley’s skylark, and Poe’s raven to the ...
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Birds comprise one of the most storied figural sites in Anglo-American poetry—and particularly in the Romantic genealogy that runs from Keats’s nightingale, Shelley’s skylark, and Poe’s raven to the birds that appear centrally in many of Wallace Stevens’s most important poems. Drawing on the work of Jacques Derrida, this chapter will explore how in the bird topos of Stevens, the lines of animal studies and posthumanism cross in a way that subordinates the problem of the animal other to a more radically inhuman or ahuman otherness that is not limited to animal and human bodies, but in fact “traverses the life/death relation” (to use Derrida’s phrase). And this fact, in tandem with Derrida’s speculations on Heidegger and Defoe in the The Beast and the Sovereign, enables us to understand the peculiar quality of Stevens’s “ecological” poetics.Less
Birds comprise one of the most storied figural sites in Anglo-American poetry—and particularly in the Romantic genealogy that runs from Keats’s nightingale, Shelley’s skylark, and Poe’s raven to the birds that appear centrally in many of Wallace Stevens’s most important poems. Drawing on the work of Jacques Derrida, this chapter will explore how in the bird topos of Stevens, the lines of animal studies and posthumanism cross in a way that subordinates the problem of the animal other to a more radically inhuman or ahuman otherness that is not limited to animal and human bodies, but in fact “traverses the life/death relation” (to use Derrida’s phrase). And this fact, in tandem with Derrida’s speculations on Heidegger and Defoe in the The Beast and the Sovereign, enables us to understand the peculiar quality of Stevens’s “ecological” poetics.
Stathis Gourgouris
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823253784
- eISBN:
- 9780823261215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823253784.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Examines the work of philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, specifically his radical critique of all heteronomy, whether religious or secularist. Discusses certain biological notions of autopoiesis in ...
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Examines the work of philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, specifically his radical critique of all heteronomy, whether religious or secularist. Discusses certain biological notions of autopoiesis in order to shed light on human animal’s capacity to create its own forms of the worldly and the otherworldly, of imagination and existence.Less
Examines the work of philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, specifically his radical critique of all heteronomy, whether religious or secularist. Discusses certain biological notions of autopoiesis in order to shed light on human animal’s capacity to create its own forms of the worldly and the otherworldly, of imagination and existence.
Kriti Sharma
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823265527
- eISBN:
- 9780823266913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823265527.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Four assumptions regarding organisms are critically examined: the intuition that organisms have distinct spatial boundaries and temporal continuity; the intuition that organisms are selves and/or ...
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Four assumptions regarding organisms are critically examined: the intuition that organisms have distinct spatial boundaries and temporal continuity; the intuition that organisms are selves and/or experiencers; the assumption or anxiety that not taking other subjects (“other minds”) to be intrinsically existent might make us think and behave as if other beings were creations of our own minds and not beings in their own right; and, finally, the metaphysical assumption that experiences arise from some fundamental basis that is either material (like a brain) or immaterial (like a mind or consciousness). The surprising implications of questioning these assumptions are drawn out, which leads to a coherent but initially strange contingentist way of considering the origins of matter, life, and thoughts. The chapter concludes by asking, “What do organisms depend on?” and answers that, like other objects, they depend on delineations of distinct spatial boundaries and temporal continuity and that the organism-as-subject depends on the sense that experiences arise from a locus, whether material or immaterial. Whereas the organism-as-object depends on material and energy flows, the organism-as-subject depends additionally on the experience of the nexus of such flows as a separate, intrinsically existent thing.Less
Four assumptions regarding organisms are critically examined: the intuition that organisms have distinct spatial boundaries and temporal continuity; the intuition that organisms are selves and/or experiencers; the assumption or anxiety that not taking other subjects (“other minds”) to be intrinsically existent might make us think and behave as if other beings were creations of our own minds and not beings in their own right; and, finally, the metaphysical assumption that experiences arise from some fundamental basis that is either material (like a brain) or immaterial (like a mind or consciousness). The surprising implications of questioning these assumptions are drawn out, which leads to a coherent but initially strange contingentist way of considering the origins of matter, life, and thoughts. The chapter concludes by asking, “What do organisms depend on?” and answers that, like other objects, they depend on delineations of distinct spatial boundaries and temporal continuity and that the organism-as-subject depends on the sense that experiences arise from a locus, whether material or immaterial. Whereas the organism-as-object depends on material and energy flows, the organism-as-subject depends additionally on the experience of the nexus of such flows as a separate, intrinsically existent thing.
Ricard V. Solé, Javier Macía, Harold Fellermann, Andreea Munteanu, Josep Sardanyés, and Sergi Valverde
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262182683
- eISBN:
- 9780262282093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262182683.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter attempts to model protocell production under the general perspective of autopoiesis. An example of an autopoietic system is a living cell that is capable of self-generation and ...
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This chapter attempts to model protocell production under the general perspective of autopoiesis. An example of an autopoietic system is a living cell that is capable of self-generation and self-reproduction using energy derived from its environment. This chapter investigates how, and under what conditions, an autopoietic protocell can emerge. It focuses on the lattice artificial chemistry (LAC), computational system that is used to model autopoietic protocells.Less
This chapter attempts to model protocell production under the general perspective of autopoiesis. An example of an autopoietic system is a living cell that is capable of self-generation and self-reproduction using energy derived from its environment. This chapter investigates how, and under what conditions, an autopoietic protocell can emerge. It focuses on the lattice artificial chemistry (LAC), computational system that is used to model autopoietic protocells.
Eelco Runia
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231168205
- eISBN:
- 9780231537575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231168205.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This chapter proposes a theory that explains how human evolution is energized. More specifically, it describes a mechanism that shows the process of autopoiesis in which the earliest hominids became ...
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This chapter proposes a theory that explains how human evolution is energized. More specifically, it describes a mechanism that shows the process of autopoiesis in which the earliest hominids became modern Homo sapiens. To this end, it considers how humans were able to maintain the high level of selectiveness needed for speedy evolution without falling apart as a species. It also examines how evolutionary change is connected to the creation of variation, the mechanism by which variation is brought about, and how stress-induced mutation enabled humans to domesticate selectiveness. Finally, it discusses the so-called ratchet principle, the notion of fleeing forward as an adaptive response that brings about a new regime of selectiveness, and how this adaptive response must have transmuted into what might be termed “hyperadaptation”.Less
This chapter proposes a theory that explains how human evolution is energized. More specifically, it describes a mechanism that shows the process of autopoiesis in which the earliest hominids became modern Homo sapiens. To this end, it considers how humans were able to maintain the high level of selectiveness needed for speedy evolution without falling apart as a species. It also examines how evolutionary change is connected to the creation of variation, the mechanism by which variation is brought about, and how stress-induced mutation enabled humans to domesticate selectiveness. Finally, it discusses the so-called ratchet principle, the notion of fleeing forward as an adaptive response that brings about a new regime of selectiveness, and how this adaptive response must have transmuted into what might be termed “hyperadaptation”.
John Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014601
- eISBN:
- 9780262289795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014601.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter endeavors to explain how the proto-paradigm of enaction fulfills the two requirements of any paradigm in cognitive science: The provision of a genuine resolution to the mind–body problem ...
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This chapter endeavors to explain how the proto-paradigm of enaction fulfills the two requirements of any paradigm in cognitive science: The provision of a genuine resolution to the mind–body problem and the provision of a genuine core articulation between a multiplicity of disciplines. First, the paradigm of enaction solves the mind–body problem by grounding all cognition as an essential feature of living organisms. Schematically, the root of the answer lies in the theory of autopoiesis. Second, it provides a core articulation between the various areas and disciplines involved in cognitive science by following the natural process of the genesis of living forms. The interdisciplinary articulation is achieved by mobilizing all the relevant disciplines around this common project of studying how cognition has evolved and developed over time.Less
This chapter endeavors to explain how the proto-paradigm of enaction fulfills the two requirements of any paradigm in cognitive science: The provision of a genuine resolution to the mind–body problem and the provision of a genuine core articulation between a multiplicity of disciplines. First, the paradigm of enaction solves the mind–body problem by grounding all cognition as an essential feature of living organisms. Schematically, the root of the answer lies in the theory of autopoiesis. Second, it provides a core articulation between the various areas and disciplines involved in cognitive science by following the natural process of the genesis of living forms. The interdisciplinary articulation is achieved by mobilizing all the relevant disciplines around this common project of studying how cognition has evolved and developed over time.
