David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter provides an outline of how to start implementing knowledge retention programs. It illustrates the uses of a risk assessment or a knowledge audit, as well as an attrition profile and ...
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This chapter provides an outline of how to start implementing knowledge retention programs. It illustrates the uses of a risk assessment or a knowledge audit, as well as an attrition profile and social network analysis, to identify where turnover and lost knowledge will have the greatest impacts. These steps are necessary to build the business case for investing in the implementation of a variety of knowledge retention initiatives. In addition, change management strategies are outlined to address the cultural barriers and resource constraints that can threaten to undermine the implementation process.Less
This chapter provides an outline of how to start implementing knowledge retention programs. It illustrates the uses of a risk assessment or a knowledge audit, as well as an attrition profile and social network analysis, to identify where turnover and lost knowledge will have the greatest impacts. These steps are necessary to build the business case for investing in the implementation of a variety of knowledge retention initiatives. In addition, change management strategies are outlined to address the cultural barriers and resource constraints that can threaten to undermine the implementation process.
Shehzad Nadeem
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147871
- eISBN:
- 9781400836697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147871.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the cultural dynamics of the offshore workplace from the perspective of Tyler Pfeifer, an American executive in Bombay. Pfeifer had come to India armed with a firm belief in the ...
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This chapter examines the cultural dynamics of the offshore workplace from the perspective of Tyler Pfeifer, an American executive in Bombay. Pfeifer had come to India armed with a firm belief in the promises of globalization. Instead, he found a hopelessly muddled reality. This chapter considers what it is like for an American to manage Indian workers by assessing Pfeifer's experience. It traces Pfeifer's journey from intense optimism about globalization, when he cofounded an outsourcing company, to the melancholic uncertainty that made him decide to leave India. It also discusses Pfeifer's views on attrition, the benefits of global capitalism, India and Indian workers, and the social costs of modernization.Less
This chapter examines the cultural dynamics of the offshore workplace from the perspective of Tyler Pfeifer, an American executive in Bombay. Pfeifer had come to India armed with a firm belief in the promises of globalization. Instead, he found a hopelessly muddled reality. This chapter considers what it is like for an American to manage Indian workers by assessing Pfeifer's experience. It traces Pfeifer's journey from intense optimism about globalization, when he cofounded an outsourcing company, to the melancholic uncertainty that made him decide to leave India. It also discusses Pfeifer's views on attrition, the benefits of global capitalism, India and Indian workers, and the social costs of modernization.
Jacob W. Kipp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599486
- eISBN:
- 9780191595806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599486.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
This chapter analyses the evolution of Soviet‐Russian operational art from the perspectives of both war and society. The chapter begins by examining the ideas developed by officer‐scholars such as ...
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This chapter analyses the evolution of Soviet‐Russian operational art from the perspectives of both war and society. The chapter begins by examining the ideas developed by officer‐scholars such as Aleksandr A. Svechin and Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the former emphasizing a form of attrition as an alternative to destruction of the enemy army and the latter focusing on ‘deep operations’ and their linkage to the strategy of annihilation. The author examines operational art in various campaigns and battles during the Second World War, from the Soviet–Finnish War of 1939–40 to the linked operations Bagration and Lvov‐Sandomierz in the summer of 1944 which is characterized as an ‘outstanding example of Soviet operational art’.Less
This chapter analyses the evolution of Soviet‐Russian operational art from the perspectives of both war and society. The chapter begins by examining the ideas developed by officer‐scholars such as Aleksandr A. Svechin and Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the former emphasizing a form of attrition as an alternative to destruction of the enemy army and the latter focusing on ‘deep operations’ and their linkage to the strategy of annihilation. The author examines operational art in various campaigns and battles during the Second World War, from the Soviet–Finnish War of 1939–40 to the linked operations Bagration and Lvov‐Sandomierz in the summer of 1944 which is characterized as an ‘outstanding example of Soviet operational art’.
Leanne Hinton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195327359
- eISBN:
- 9780199870639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327359.003.0020
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter is an examination of the personal side of language maintenance and language shift in the United States, as told by Asian‐Americans from immigrant families. Pertinent selections were ...
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This chapter is an examination of the personal side of language maintenance and language shift in the United States, as told by Asian‐Americans from immigrant families. Pertinent selections were taken for over 250 “language autobiographies” submitted over several years in a course at the University of California at Berkeley. In these autobiographies, the students reveal their struggles with learning English and the concomitant decline of their heritage tongue. They describe from a personal point of view the processes of language attrition and the embarrassments, intergenerational isolation and ultimate regrets coming from their own illiteracy, incomplete learning and attrition of their family's native language. The conclusion points out the waste of heritage languages which, if supported better in the school system, could be important resources for the United States.Less
This chapter is an examination of the personal side of language maintenance and language shift in the United States, as told by Asian‐Americans from immigrant families. Pertinent selections were taken for over 250 “language autobiographies” submitted over several years in a course at the University of California at Berkeley. In these autobiographies, the students reveal their struggles with learning English and the concomitant decline of their heritage tongue. They describe from a personal point of view the processes of language attrition and the embarrassments, intergenerational isolation and ultimate regrets coming from their own illiteracy, incomplete learning and attrition of their family's native language. The conclusion points out the waste of heritage languages which, if supported better in the school system, could be important resources for the United States.
D. Gary Miller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199583430
- eISBN:
- 9780191595288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583430.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
Positional correlations and linearization changes mark the transition to morphology and syntax. On most theoretical accounts, morphology is not autonomous, but interacts with at least three other ...
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Positional correlations and linearization changes mark the transition to morphology and syntax. On most theoretical accounts, morphology is not autonomous, but interacts with at least three other domains: (i) phonology and perception, (ii) the lexicon/culture, and (iii) syntax. The first is treated extensively in Volume I. The second is illustrated with the rise of the feminine gender in Indo‐European, and the third by documentation of the changes from Latin to Romance in the shift from morphological to syntactic coding of reflexive, anticausative, middle, and passive. In morphological change, both inflectional and derivational markers are shown to spread by lexical diffusion. Syntactic change is (micro)parametric and is typically motivated by changes in lexical features combined with morphological attrition and/or principles of efficient computation. The latter are especially important for frequent crosslinguistic changes, including the numerous shifts from lexical to functional content as well as changes within functional categories. The volume closes with the genesis of creole inflectional, derivational, and syntactic categories, involving the interaction of contact phenomena with morphological and syntactic change.Less
Positional correlations and linearization changes mark the transition to morphology and syntax. On most theoretical accounts, morphology is not autonomous, but interacts with at least three other domains: (i) phonology and perception, (ii) the lexicon/culture, and (iii) syntax. The first is treated extensively in Volume I. The second is illustrated with the rise of the feminine gender in Indo‐European, and the third by documentation of the changes from Latin to Romance in the shift from morphological to syntactic coding of reflexive, anticausative, middle, and passive. In morphological change, both inflectional and derivational markers are shown to spread by lexical diffusion. Syntactic change is (micro)parametric and is typically motivated by changes in lexical features combined with morphological attrition and/or principles of efficient computation. The latter are especially important for frequent crosslinguistic changes, including the numerous shifts from lexical to functional content as well as changes within functional categories. The volume closes with the genesis of creole inflectional, derivational, and syntactic categories, involving the interaction of contact phenomena with morphological and syntactic change.
Lyn C. Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199232130
- eISBN:
- 9780191715914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232130.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Finance
This chapter begins by reviewing the role of behavioural scoring and risk/reward matrices in the way a lender manages borrowers. It points out that current methods do not allow for the future changes ...
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This chapter begins by reviewing the role of behavioural scoring and risk/reward matrices in the way a lender manages borrowers. It points out that current methods do not allow for the future changes in customer behaviour nor do they optimize the expected profit. It then shows how two approaches — Markov chain models and survival analysis ideas — can lead to dynamic profitability based models. In particular, the extension of Markov chains to Markov decision processes allows one to optimize decisions such as how to adjust the credit limit. In survival analysis, the proportional hazard models lead to hazard scores which play the same role as credit scores but work on all future performance periods. Moreover, the ideas of competing risk in survival analysis allows one to build profitability models that allow for default, prepayment, and attrition.Less
This chapter begins by reviewing the role of behavioural scoring and risk/reward matrices in the way a lender manages borrowers. It points out that current methods do not allow for the future changes in customer behaviour nor do they optimize the expected profit. It then shows how two approaches — Markov chain models and survival analysis ideas — can lead to dynamic profitability based models. In particular, the extension of Markov chains to Markov decision processes allows one to optimize decisions such as how to adjust the credit limit. In survival analysis, the proportional hazard models lead to hazard scores which play the same role as credit scores but work on all future performance periods. Moreover, the ideas of competing risk in survival analysis allows one to build profitability models that allow for default, prepayment, and attrition.
Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195104233
- eISBN:
- 9780199864294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0028
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter draws upon the cases of selected individual patients, mostly from personal clinical experience, to focus on the apparent wider clinical relevance of white matter anatomy and disorders. ...
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This chapter draws upon the cases of selected individual patients, mostly from personal clinical experience, to focus on the apparent wider clinical relevance of white matter anatomy and disorders. It discusses diseases of the white matter that cause dementia, selected examples of focal white matter lesions that produce cognitive and sensorimotor manifestations, and the phenomena of white matter attrition and pruning. Finally, it addresses the question of the effect of lesion location on recovery from neurological deficit.Less
This chapter draws upon the cases of selected individual patients, mostly from personal clinical experience, to focus on the apparent wider clinical relevance of white matter anatomy and disorders. It discusses diseases of the white matter that cause dementia, selected examples of focal white matter lesions that produce cognitive and sensorimotor manifestations, and the phenomena of white matter attrition and pruning. Finally, it addresses the question of the effect of lesion location on recovery from neurological deficit.
Ezra Susser, Sharon Schwartz, Alfredo Morabia, and Evelyn J. Bromet
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195101812
- eISBN:
- 9780199864096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101812.003.11
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
A cohort study is always a kind of ‘thought experiment’. One needs to imagine what results ‘would have been’ if the exposed and the unexposed groups had in fact been fully comparable. This chapter ...
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A cohort study is always a kind of ‘thought experiment’. One needs to imagine what results ‘would have been’ if the exposed and the unexposed groups had in fact been fully comparable. This chapter sets up a framework for conducting this thought experiment in a systematic way. The exposed and unexposed may differ on (1) other causes of the disease (confounding); (2) the length of time over which they are observed (unequal attrition); and (3) the accuracy with which cases are ascertained (differential misclassification). Each of these factors may account for part, or even all, of an apparent association between the exposure and the disease. They can also suppress an association or reverse it. The process of causal inference depends upon the identification and evaluation of these alternative explanations for results. This chapter shows how confounding, unequal attrition, and differential misclassification can produce an association between exposure and disease.Less
A cohort study is always a kind of ‘thought experiment’. One needs to imagine what results ‘would have been’ if the exposed and the unexposed groups had in fact been fully comparable. This chapter sets up a framework for conducting this thought experiment in a systematic way. The exposed and unexposed may differ on (1) other causes of the disease (confounding); (2) the length of time over which they are observed (unequal attrition); and (3) the accuracy with which cases are ascertained (differential misclassification). Each of these factors may account for part, or even all, of an apparent association between the exposure and the disease. They can also suppress an association or reverse it. The process of causal inference depends upon the identification and evaluation of these alternative explanations for results. This chapter shows how confounding, unequal attrition, and differential misclassification can produce an association between exposure and disease.
Ezra Susser, Sharon Schwartz, Alfredo Morabia, and Evelyn J. Bromet
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195101812
- eISBN:
- 9780199864096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101812.003.13
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides a framework for the prevention and control of bias due to unequal attrition in cohort studies. Like the effects of third-variable confounding, the effects of unequal attrition ...
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This chapter provides a framework for the prevention and control of bias due to unequal attrition in cohort studies. Like the effects of third-variable confounding, the effects of unequal attrition can be limited by the design, as well as the analysis, of a cohort study. The most problematic kind of attrition is differential. This kind of attrition causes a bias that may not be remediable. The chapter uses sensitivity analysis to gauge the potential bias.Less
This chapter provides a framework for the prevention and control of bias due to unequal attrition in cohort studies. Like the effects of third-variable confounding, the effects of unequal attrition can be limited by the design, as well as the analysis, of a cohort study. The most problematic kind of attrition is differential. This kind of attrition causes a bias that may not be remediable. The chapter uses sensitivity analysis to gauge the potential bias.
Ezra Susser, Sharon Schwartz, Alfredo Morabia, and Evelyn J. Bromet
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195101812
- eISBN:
- 9780199864096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101812.003.18
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The validity of a case-control study depends upon sampling controls from the noncases in an unbiased way, that is, independent of exposure status. Although this safeguard will prevent introducing ...
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The validity of a case-control study depends upon sampling controls from the noncases in an unbiased way, that is, independent of exposure status. Although this safeguard will prevent introducing bias when the controls are selected, any bias already present in the underlying cohort will still be reflected in the case-control study. When the exposed and unexposed groups in the underlying cohort are not fully comparable, the resulting odds ratio will not reflect the causal effect of the exposure. It will be biased. In general, bias are handled in parallel fashion for cohort and case-control studies. But the logical connections between the problem and its resolution are more difficult to see in the context of the case-control design. This chapter explains these connections and their practical implications for the selection of controls. It discusses in turn the main sources of noncomparability: confounding, unequal attrition, and differential misclassification. It uses the nested case-control study to portray a logic that in large part also applies to the ordinary case-control study.Less
The validity of a case-control study depends upon sampling controls from the noncases in an unbiased way, that is, independent of exposure status. Although this safeguard will prevent introducing bias when the controls are selected, any bias already present in the underlying cohort will still be reflected in the case-control study. When the exposed and unexposed groups in the underlying cohort are not fully comparable, the resulting odds ratio will not reflect the causal effect of the exposure. It will be biased. In general, bias are handled in parallel fashion for cohort and case-control studies. But the logical connections between the problem and its resolution are more difficult to see in the context of the case-control design. This chapter explains these connections and their practical implications for the selection of controls. It discusses in turn the main sources of noncomparability: confounding, unequal attrition, and differential misclassification. It uses the nested case-control study to portray a logic that in large part also applies to the ordinary case-control study.
Ezra Susser, Sharon Schwartz, Alfredo Morabia, and Evelyn J. Bromet
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195101812
- eISBN:
- 9780199864096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101812.003.26
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes statistical methods for taking account of unequal attrition, that is, different follow-up times across exposed and unexposed groups in a cohort study. It considers methods for ...
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This chapter describes statistical methods for taking account of unequal attrition, that is, different follow-up times across exposed and unexposed groups in a cohort study. It considers methods for analyzing time to an event as an outcome in its own right. The chapter defines the outcome as the time until disease onset. From this perspective, a nondiseased subject in the study is not a control as in a case-control study, but someone who has not yet developed the disease. To analyze disease incidence data from this perspective, methods that come under the interchangeable headings of survival analysis, time-to-event analysis, or failure-time analysis are used.Less
This chapter describes statistical methods for taking account of unequal attrition, that is, different follow-up times across exposed and unexposed groups in a cohort study. It considers methods for analyzing time to an event as an outcome in its own right. The chapter defines the outcome as the time until disease onset. From this perspective, a nondiseased subject in the study is not a control as in a case-control study, but someone who has not yet developed the disease. To analyze disease incidence data from this perspective, methods that come under the interchangeable headings of survival analysis, time-to-event analysis, or failure-time analysis are used.
Carol Myers-Scotton
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198299530
- eISBN:
- 9780191708107
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299530.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
Contact Linguistics is a critical investigation of grammatical structures when bilingual speakers use their two or more languages in the same clause. Myers-Scotton examines major contact ...
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Contact Linguistics is a critical investigation of grammatical structures when bilingual speakers use their two or more languages in the same clause. Myers-Scotton examines major contact phenomena, such as lexical borrowing, convergence, attrition, mixed languages, and creole formation, but especially codeswitching. She argues that different contact phenomena result from the same grammatical principles and processes. They provide a set of limited options so that predictions are possible about expected outcomes, even if social milieux differ. She extends her earlier analysis of codeswitching under the Matrix Language Frame model and develops further the role of asymmetry and the Uniform Structure Principle in contact phenomena in general. Two new models make analyses more precise. The 4-M model of morpheme classification recognizes the abstract basis of four types of morphemes and their differential distribution across contact phenomena. The Abstract Level model proposes that new lexical elements are formed by splitting and recombining levels of abstract structure.Less
Contact Linguistics is a critical investigation of grammatical structures when bilingual speakers use their two or more languages in the same clause. Myers-Scotton examines major contact phenomena, such as lexical borrowing, convergence, attrition, mixed languages, and creole formation, but especially codeswitching. She argues that different contact phenomena result from the same grammatical principles and processes. They provide a set of limited options so that predictions are possible about expected outcomes, even if social milieux differ. She extends her earlier analysis of codeswitching under the Matrix Language Frame model and develops further the role of asymmetry and the Uniform Structure Principle in contact phenomena in general. Two new models make analyses more precise. The 4-M model of morpheme classification recognizes the abstract basis of four types of morphemes and their differential distribution across contact phenomena. The Abstract Level model proposes that new lexical elements are formed by splitting and recombining levels of abstract structure.
CAROL MYERS-SCOTTON
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198299530
- eISBN:
- 9780191708107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299530.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter indicates similarities and differences between convergence and attrition. It defines convergence as the restructuring of a clause's frame, and attrition as a replacement of either ...
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This chapter indicates similarities and differences between convergence and attrition. It defines convergence as the restructuring of a clause's frame, and attrition as a replacement of either lexical or grammatical elements or both. Attrition is surveyed in most detail, with the argument that critical grammatical morphemes (i.e., late system morphemes under the 4-M model) are the last to be replaced. Attrition data comes from Scottish Gaelic, German, and Turkish.Less
This chapter indicates similarities and differences between convergence and attrition. It defines convergence as the restructuring of a clause's frame, and attrition as a replacement of either lexical or grammatical elements or both. Attrition is surveyed in most detail, with the argument that critical grammatical morphemes (i.e., late system morphemes under the 4-M model) are the last to be replaced. Attrition data comes from Scottish Gaelic, German, and Turkish.
Aziz al-Azmeh
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474447461
- eISBN:
- 9781474480697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474447461.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter examines the flowering of explicitly secular culture in the period of independent Arab national states, especially after the Second World War. This was generally critical of religious ...
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This chapter examines the flowering of explicitly secular culture in the period of independent Arab national states, especially after the Second World War. This was generally critical of religious heritage. It sometimes took decidedly anti-religious turns, and was on occasion libertine, and often deployed religious symbols in profane contexts. The political and ideological templates of political and social thought and criticism in this period, and the issue of women’s emancipation, are discussed in these contexts. All these issues occasioned increasingly concerted polemical and other attacks from religious organisms and parties, now better organised and funded than hitherto. Most of this had been made possible by secularising states which, in moves more firmly to institutionalise religious institutions. The weakening of central Arab states after the war of 1967, and oil wealth, together ushered in a period which made it possible for religious institutions and religious cultures, hitherto marginal, to commence a process of reassertion and a move from the margins to the centre. Muslim reformism tended to take a conservative turn to protect its flank, and Reformism properly speaking was pushed increasingly into marginal positions.Less
This chapter examines the flowering of explicitly secular culture in the period of independent Arab national states, especially after the Second World War. This was generally critical of religious heritage. It sometimes took decidedly anti-religious turns, and was on occasion libertine, and often deployed religious symbols in profane contexts. The political and ideological templates of political and social thought and criticism in this period, and the issue of women’s emancipation, are discussed in these contexts. All these issues occasioned increasingly concerted polemical and other attacks from religious organisms and parties, now better organised and funded than hitherto. Most of this had been made possible by secularising states which, in moves more firmly to institutionalise religious institutions. The weakening of central Arab states after the war of 1967, and oil wealth, together ushered in a period which made it possible for religious institutions and religious cultures, hitherto marginal, to commence a process of reassertion and a move from the margins to the centre. Muslim reformism tended to take a conservative turn to protect its flank, and Reformism properly speaking was pushed increasingly into marginal positions.
A. Wess Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196442
- eISBN:
- 9781400889969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196442.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter details the struggle with Prussia, from Frederick the Great’s first invasion of Silesia to the stalemate of the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79). Though a member of the German ...
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This chapter details the struggle with Prussia, from Frederick the Great’s first invasion of Silesia to the stalemate of the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79). Though a member of the German Reich and titular supplicant to the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor, Prussia possessed predatory ambitions and a military machine with which to realize them. Under Frederick II (the Great), Prussia launched a series of wars against the Habsburg lands that would span four decades and bring the Habsburg Monarchy to the brink of collapse. Though physically larger than Prussia, Austria was rarely able to defeat Frederick’s armies in the field. Instead, it used strategies of attrition, centered on terrain and time management, to draw out the contests and mobilize advantages in population, resources, and allies. First, in the period of greatest crisis (1740–48), Austria used tactics of delay to separate, wear down, and repel the numerically superior armies of Frederick and his allies. Second, from 1748 to 1763, Austria engineered allied coalitions and reorganized its field army to offset Prussian advantages and force Frederick onto the strategic defensive. Third, from 1764 to 1779, it built fortifications to deter Prussia and finally seal off the northern frontier. Together, these techniques enabled Austria to survive repeated invasions, contain the threat from Prussia, and reincorporate it into the Habsburg-led German system.Less
This chapter details the struggle with Prussia, from Frederick the Great’s first invasion of Silesia to the stalemate of the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79). Though a member of the German Reich and titular supplicant to the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor, Prussia possessed predatory ambitions and a military machine with which to realize them. Under Frederick II (the Great), Prussia launched a series of wars against the Habsburg lands that would span four decades and bring the Habsburg Monarchy to the brink of collapse. Though physically larger than Prussia, Austria was rarely able to defeat Frederick’s armies in the field. Instead, it used strategies of attrition, centered on terrain and time management, to draw out the contests and mobilize advantages in population, resources, and allies. First, in the period of greatest crisis (1740–48), Austria used tactics of delay to separate, wear down, and repel the numerically superior armies of Frederick and his allies. Second, from 1748 to 1763, Austria engineered allied coalitions and reorganized its field army to offset Prussian advantages and force Frederick onto the strategic defensive. Third, from 1764 to 1779, it built fortifications to deter Prussia and finally seal off the northern frontier. Together, these techniques enabled Austria to survive repeated invasions, contain the threat from Prussia, and reincorporate it into the Habsburg-led German system.
Isabella Ginor and Gideon Remez
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190693480
- eISBN:
- 9780190943240
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190693480.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
Russia's forceful re-entry into the Middle Eastern arena, and the accentuated continuity of Soviet policy and methods of the 1960s and '70s, highlight the topicality of this groundbreaking study, ...
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Russia's forceful re-entry into the Middle Eastern arena, and the accentuated continuity of Soviet policy and methods of the 1960s and '70s, highlight the topicality of this groundbreaking study, which confirms the USSR's role in shaping Middle Eastern and global history. This book covers the peak of the USSR's direct military involvement in the Egyptian-Israeli conflict. The head-on clash between US-armed Israeli forces and up to 20,000 Soviet servicemen (at a time) with state-of-the-art weaponry turned the Middle East into the hottest front of the Cold War. The Soviets' success in this war of attrition paved the way for their planning and support of Egypt's cross-canal offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Ginor and Remez challenge a series of long-accepted notions as to the scope, timeline and character of the Soviet intervention and overturn the conventional view that détente led to a curtailment of Egyptian ambitions to recapture the land it lost to Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967. Between this analytical rethink and the introduction of an entirely new genre of sources--memoirs and other publications by Soviet veterans themselves---The Soviet-Israeli War paves the way for scholars to revisit this pivotal moment in world history.Less
Russia's forceful re-entry into the Middle Eastern arena, and the accentuated continuity of Soviet policy and methods of the 1960s and '70s, highlight the topicality of this groundbreaking study, which confirms the USSR's role in shaping Middle Eastern and global history. This book covers the peak of the USSR's direct military involvement in the Egyptian-Israeli conflict. The head-on clash between US-armed Israeli forces and up to 20,000 Soviet servicemen (at a time) with state-of-the-art weaponry turned the Middle East into the hottest front of the Cold War. The Soviets' success in this war of attrition paved the way for their planning and support of Egypt's cross-canal offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Ginor and Remez challenge a series of long-accepted notions as to the scope, timeline and character of the Soviet intervention and overturn the conventional view that détente led to a curtailment of Egyptian ambitions to recapture the land it lost to Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967. Between this analytical rethink and the introduction of an entirely new genre of sources--memoirs and other publications by Soviet veterans themselves---The Soviet-Israeli War paves the way for scholars to revisit this pivotal moment in world history.
Ira A. Hunt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813126470
- eISBN:
- 9780813135656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813126470.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The division required every available infantryman operating in the paddies. It was obvious what had to be done for the division to build upon its experience to date and sharpen its combat edge. The ...
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The division required every available infantryman operating in the paddies. It was obvious what had to be done for the division to build upon its experience to date and sharpen its combat edge. The division initiated two important, concurrent efforts to enhance its operational capabilities. The first was to ensure that the maximum number of well-supported, healthy infantrymen were available and utilized on daily combat operations. The second was to fine-tune and adjust techniques and tactics to make U.S. infantrymen as efficient as possible in the performance of operations by attriting the enemy while insuring the safety and well-being of U.S. troops. This chapter discusses the steps taken to enhance the combat capabilities of the 9th Infantry Division, including the optimization of the infantry solider, helicopter assets, and integration intelligence.Less
The division required every available infantryman operating in the paddies. It was obvious what had to be done for the division to build upon its experience to date and sharpen its combat edge. The division initiated two important, concurrent efforts to enhance its operational capabilities. The first was to ensure that the maximum number of well-supported, healthy infantrymen were available and utilized on daily combat operations. The second was to fine-tune and adjust techniques and tactics to make U.S. infantrymen as efficient as possible in the performance of operations by attriting the enemy while insuring the safety and well-being of U.S. troops. This chapter discusses the steps taken to enhance the combat capabilities of the 9th Infantry Division, including the optimization of the infantry solider, helicopter assets, and integration intelligence.
Leah F. Vosko
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501742132
- eISBN:
- 9781501742156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501742132.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter explores challenges to maintaining strong bargaining units posed by threats of attrition, either through formal decertification or by other means producing similar outcomes. It first ...
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This chapter explores challenges to maintaining strong bargaining units posed by threats of attrition, either through formal decertification or by other means producing similar outcomes. It first documents trends in numerical attrition at Sidhu & Sons, in the context of Canada's introduction of other more highly deregulated temporary migrant work programs (TMWPs) operating in agriculture and those programs' subsequent growth. The size of the bargaining unit at Sidhu, comprised of SAWP employees exclusively, shrank after certain employees' attempt to decertify it, despite the fact that the Labour Relations Board (LRB) had refused to cancel its certification. Given the absence of an active attempt to decertify the bargaining unit, it is nevertheless difficult to determine how attrition continued at Sidhu. To demonstrate the how of this often subtle modality of deportability, the chapter then chronicles strategies fostering attrition in the bargaining unit encompassing SAWP employees at Floralia Plant Growers Ltd., which the union originally tried to draw into the foregoing complaint of unfair labor practices and coercion and intimidation directed at Sidhu.Less
This chapter explores challenges to maintaining strong bargaining units posed by threats of attrition, either through formal decertification or by other means producing similar outcomes. It first documents trends in numerical attrition at Sidhu & Sons, in the context of Canada's introduction of other more highly deregulated temporary migrant work programs (TMWPs) operating in agriculture and those programs' subsequent growth. The size of the bargaining unit at Sidhu, comprised of SAWP employees exclusively, shrank after certain employees' attempt to decertify it, despite the fact that the Labour Relations Board (LRB) had refused to cancel its certification. Given the absence of an active attempt to decertify the bargaining unit, it is nevertheless difficult to determine how attrition continued at Sidhu. To demonstrate the how of this often subtle modality of deportability, the chapter then chronicles strategies fostering attrition in the bargaining unit encompassing SAWP employees at Floralia Plant Growers Ltd., which the union originally tried to draw into the foregoing complaint of unfair labor practices and coercion and intimidation directed at Sidhu.
Alfonso Gonzales
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199973392
- eISBN:
- 9780199369911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199973392.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, Political Theory
This chapter explains how the anti-migrant bloc congealed in the aftermath of 9/11 and how it sought to expand the police power of the homeland security state in the 109th Congress. Through the use ...
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This chapter explains how the anti-migrant bloc congealed in the aftermath of 9/11 and how it sought to expand the police power of the homeland security state in the 109th Congress. Through the use of critical discourse analysis, it shows how the Republican-dominated House of Representatives of the 109th Congress sought to expand the repressive capabilities of the state by passing the Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act (HR 4437), the most repressive immigration legislation considered in a hundred years. The anti-migrant bloc did this by contextualizing the debate over the bill through the discourse of the “war on terror” and by exploiting historical stereotypes that associate immigrants and Mexicans in particular, with crime. The chapter illustrates how the leadership of the Democratic Party, as well as immigration reformers in civil society, adopted many of the policy proposals and the discourse of their Republican counterparts in the House floor debate over HR 4437 despite their opposition to the bill.Less
This chapter explains how the anti-migrant bloc congealed in the aftermath of 9/11 and how it sought to expand the police power of the homeland security state in the 109th Congress. Through the use of critical discourse analysis, it shows how the Republican-dominated House of Representatives of the 109th Congress sought to expand the repressive capabilities of the state by passing the Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act (HR 4437), the most repressive immigration legislation considered in a hundred years. The anti-migrant bloc did this by contextualizing the debate over the bill through the discourse of the “war on terror” and by exploiting historical stereotypes that associate immigrants and Mexicans in particular, with crime. The chapter illustrates how the leadership of the Democratic Party, as well as immigration reformers in civil society, adopted many of the policy proposals and the discourse of their Republican counterparts in the House floor debate over HR 4437 despite their opposition to the bill.
Douglas Cumming, Na Dai, and Sofia A. Johan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199862566
- eISBN:
- 9780199332762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199862566.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Chapter 10 discusses the survival of hedge funds. By analyzing what causes the failure of hedge funds, it is hoped that a better understanding of the risks in the hedge fund industry is developed.
Chapter 10 discusses the survival of hedge funds. By analyzing what causes the failure of hedge funds, it is hoped that a better understanding of the risks in the hedge fund industry is developed.
