Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
In the early 1900s, the language of America was becoming colloquial English — the language of the businessman, manager, and professional. Since college and high school education were far from ...
More
In the early 1900s, the language of America was becoming colloquial English — the language of the businessman, manager, and professional. Since college and high school education were far from universal, many people turned to correspondence education — that era's distance learning — to learn the art of speaking and writing. By the 1920s and 1930s, thousands were ordering Sherwin Cody's 100% Self‐correcting Course in the English Language, a patented mail‐order course in English that was taken by over 150,000 people. This book tells the story of Sherwin Cody and his famous English course, situating both the man and the course in early 20th century cultural history. The book recounts how Cody became a businessman — a writer, grammatical entrepreneur, and mass‐marketer whose ads proclaimed “Good Money in Good English” and asked “Is Good English Worth 25 Cents to You?” and “Do You Make These Mistakes in English?” Sherwin Cody's home‐study approach was perhaps the most widely‐advertised English education program in history, and it provides a unique window into popular views of language and culture and their connection to ideas of success. Cody's work was also part of a larger shift of attitudes about self‐improvement and success. Using Cody's course as a reference point, this book examines the self‐improvement ethic reflected in such products as the Harvard Classics, The Book of Etiquette, the Book‐of‐the‐Month Club, the U.S. School of Music, and the Charles Atlas and Dale Carnegie courses to illustrate how culture became popular and how self‐reliance evolved into self‐improvement.Less
In the early 1900s, the language of America was becoming colloquial English — the language of the businessman, manager, and professional. Since college and high school education were far from universal, many people turned to correspondence education — that era's distance learning — to learn the art of speaking and writing. By the 1920s and 1930s, thousands were ordering Sherwin Cody's 100% Self‐correcting Course in the English Language, a patented mail‐order course in English that was taken by over 150,000 people. This book tells the story of Sherwin Cody and his famous English course, situating both the man and the course in early 20th century cultural history. The book recounts how Cody became a businessman — a writer, grammatical entrepreneur, and mass‐marketer whose ads proclaimed “Good Money in Good English” and asked “Is Good English Worth 25 Cents to You?” and “Do You Make These Mistakes in English?” Sherwin Cody's home‐study approach was perhaps the most widely‐advertised English education program in history, and it provides a unique window into popular views of language and culture and their connection to ideas of success. Cody's work was also part of a larger shift of attitudes about self‐improvement and success. Using Cody's course as a reference point, this book examines the self‐improvement ethic reflected in such products as the Harvard Classics, The Book of Etiquette, the Book‐of‐the‐Month Club, the U.S. School of Music, and the Charles Atlas and Dale Carnegie courses to illustrate how culture became popular and how self‐reliance evolved into self‐improvement.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
This chapter continues the survey of home study products and courses with The Book of Etiquette, the US School of Music and the body‐building course of Charles Atlas.
This chapter continues the survey of home study products and courses with The Book of Etiquette, the US School of Music and the body‐building course of Charles Atlas.
Roger Kain and Catherine Delano-smith
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262863
- eISBN:
- 9780191734076
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262863.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Population and Demography
Professional geographers use maps to reveal spatial patterns in their data and to seek correlations in those patterns, although they no longer always do so by the time-honoured method of simple ...
More
Professional geographers use maps to reveal spatial patterns in their data and to seek correlations in those patterns, although they no longer always do so by the time-honoured method of simple visual comparison of distributions on a series of paper maps. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are founded on maps stored electronically. In most British geography departments, cartography has been distanced from geography. This chapter discusses the use of maps in geography, quantification and spatial science, maps and public policy in Britain, thematic mapping, compilation of atlases and reading of maps.Less
Professional geographers use maps to reveal spatial patterns in their data and to seek correlations in those patterns, although they no longer always do so by the time-honoured method of simple visual comparison of distributions on a series of paper maps. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are founded on maps stored electronically. In most British geography departments, cartography has been distanced from geography. This chapter discusses the use of maps in geography, quantification and spatial science, maps and public policy in Britain, thematic mapping, compilation of atlases and reading of maps.
Andrew Cliff and Peter Haggett
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262863
- eISBN:
- 9780191734076
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262863.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Population and Demography
Over the course of the last century, the confused landscape that lies on the marchland of two very ancient subjects — geography and medicine — has been explored from several directions. Occasionally, ...
More
Over the course of the last century, the confused landscape that lies on the marchland of two very ancient subjects — geography and medicine — has been explored from several directions. Occasionally, scientists and practitioners from the hugely powerful medical state have travelled confidently into geographical terrain. Less often and less confidently, a scholar or two from the smaller neighbour has wandered into medical country. This chapter describes some of the terrain explored, the body of knowledge that has grown up around these contacts, and the extraordinary growth of research activity that has occurred in the last couple of decades. The chapter is confined to the twentieth century and is constrained geographically to ‘British’ research. In concentrating on the geography of disease distributions, this chapter surveys only some small part of the wider field of overlap between geography and medicine. It also discusses epidemiology and epidemiological modelling in Britain, cancer mapping, tropical diseases, atlases and the emergence of medical geography.Less
Over the course of the last century, the confused landscape that lies on the marchland of two very ancient subjects — geography and medicine — has been explored from several directions. Occasionally, scientists and practitioners from the hugely powerful medical state have travelled confidently into geographical terrain. Less often and less confidently, a scholar or two from the smaller neighbour has wandered into medical country. This chapter describes some of the terrain explored, the body of knowledge that has grown up around these contacts, and the extraordinary growth of research activity that has occurred in the last couple of decades. The chapter is confined to the twentieth century and is constrained geographically to ‘British’ research. In concentrating on the geography of disease distributions, this chapter surveys only some small part of the wider field of overlap between geography and medicine. It also discusses epidemiology and epidemiological modelling in Britain, cancer mapping, tropical diseases, atlases and the emergence of medical geography.
Colin J. Bibby
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520863
- eISBN:
- 9780191706189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520863.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The chapter focuses on the design and methods of bird survey programmes. It deals with issues such as survey design and selection of study areas, effect of time of day and time of year on counts, how ...
More
The chapter focuses on the design and methods of bird survey programmes. It deals with issues such as survey design and selection of study areas, effect of time of day and time of year on counts, how to find and count different kinds of birds, standardizing census efforts in time and space, and problems of bird detectability and survey comparability in different habitats. Mapping or ‘atlas’ methodology, based on grid cells, is also discussed, as well as methods of estimating species richness and diversity, and the storage and accessibility of data. The key points in designing bird surveys are listed. No survey method is perfect; the method chosen should be suited to both purpose and resources, in terms of money, manpower, and skill levels.Less
The chapter focuses on the design and methods of bird survey programmes. It deals with issues such as survey design and selection of study areas, effect of time of day and time of year on counts, how to find and count different kinds of birds, standardizing census efforts in time and space, and problems of bird detectability and survey comparability in different habitats. Mapping or ‘atlas’ methodology, based on grid cells, is also discussed, as well as methods of estimating species richness and diversity, and the storage and accessibility of data. The key points in designing bird surveys are listed. No survey method is perfect; the method chosen should be suited to both purpose and resources, in terms of money, manpower, and skill levels.
John Darrell, Van Horn, and Arthur W. Toga
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0021
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
Large-scale archives of primary neuroimaging data of older populations are an essential element for contemporary research into normal and disease processes associated with aging. In this chapter, we ...
More
Large-scale archives of primary neuroimaging data of older populations are an essential element for contemporary research into normal and disease processes associated with aging. In this chapter, we describe the role of digital atlases of the human brain in aging research and how these resources are created, point to several such formal atlases that may be used for neuroimage data processing, as well as discuss why atlases require periodic revision. We also discuss neuroimaging data repositories related specifically to aging and to age-related disease, the role of databases in making inferences concerning functional activation, and their potential for data mining, meta-analysis, and model construction.Less
Large-scale archives of primary neuroimaging data of older populations are an essential element for contemporary research into normal and disease processes associated with aging. In this chapter, we describe the role of digital atlases of the human brain in aging research and how these resources are created, point to several such formal atlases that may be used for neuroimage data processing, as well as discuss why atlases require periodic revision. We also discuss neuroimaging data repositories related specifically to aging and to age-related disease, the role of databases in making inferences concerning functional activation, and their potential for data mining, meta-analysis, and model construction.
Christopher D. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801477423
- eISBN:
- 9780801464065
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801477423.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
The work of German cultural theorist and art historian Aby Warburg (1866–1929) has had a lasting effect on how we think about images. This book focuses on his last project, the encyclopedic Atlas of ...
More
The work of German cultural theorist and art historian Aby Warburg (1866–1929) has had a lasting effect on how we think about images. This book focuses on his last project, the encyclopedic Atlas of Images: Mnemosyne. Begun in 1927, and left unfinished at the time of Warburg's death in 1929, the Atlas consisted of sixty-three large wooden panels covered with black cloth. On these panels Warburg carefully arranged some one thousand black-and-white photographs of classical and Renaissance art objects, as well as of astrological and astronomical images ranging from ancient Babylon to Weimar Germany. Here and there, he also included maps, manuscript pages, and contemporary images taken from newspapers. Trying to make visible the many polarities that fueled antiquity's afterlife, Warburg envisioned the Atlas as a vital form of metaphoric thought. While the nondiscursive, frequently digressive character of the Atlas complicates any linear narrative of its themes and contents, the book traces several thematic sequences in the panels. By drawing on Warburg's published and unpublished writings and by attending to Warburg's cardinal idea that “pathos formulas” structure the West's cultural memory, the book maps numerous tensions between word and image in the Atlas. In addition, it considers the literary, philosophical, and intellectual-historical implications of the Atlas. The book demonstrates that the Atlas is not simply the culmination of Warburg's lifelong study of Renaissance culture but the ultimate expression of his now literal, now metaphoric search for syncretic solutions to the urgent problems posed by the history of art and culture.Less
The work of German cultural theorist and art historian Aby Warburg (1866–1929) has had a lasting effect on how we think about images. This book focuses on his last project, the encyclopedic Atlas of Images: Mnemosyne. Begun in 1927, and left unfinished at the time of Warburg's death in 1929, the Atlas consisted of sixty-three large wooden panels covered with black cloth. On these panels Warburg carefully arranged some one thousand black-and-white photographs of classical and Renaissance art objects, as well as of astrological and astronomical images ranging from ancient Babylon to Weimar Germany. Here and there, he also included maps, manuscript pages, and contemporary images taken from newspapers. Trying to make visible the many polarities that fueled antiquity's afterlife, Warburg envisioned the Atlas as a vital form of metaphoric thought. While the nondiscursive, frequently digressive character of the Atlas complicates any linear narrative of its themes and contents, the book traces several thematic sequences in the panels. By drawing on Warburg's published and unpublished writings and by attending to Warburg's cardinal idea that “pathos formulas” structure the West's cultural memory, the book maps numerous tensions between word and image in the Atlas. In addition, it considers the literary, philosophical, and intellectual-historical implications of the Atlas. The book demonstrates that the Atlas is not simply the culmination of Warburg's lifelong study of Renaissance culture but the ultimate expression of his now literal, now metaphoric search for syncretic solutions to the urgent problems posed by the history of art and culture.
Marzio Nessi
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199669165
- eISBN:
- 9780191749346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199669165.003.0017
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Knowledge Management
In a very personal reflective essay, Marzio Nessi, the technical coordinator of the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN, recounts Max Boisot’s work and interaction with the particle physics community at ...
More
In a very personal reflective essay, Marzio Nessi, the technical coordinator of the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN, recounts Max Boisot’s work and interaction with the particle physics community at ATLAS and CERN, whose research on the Higgs particle, the famous “God particle”, has attracted a lot of media attention. Boisot was interested in the creation of knowledge at ATLAS and studied its unique organization, characterized by collaborative behavior, a bottom-up approach, and a consensus-driven management style, which has enabled this Big Science institution to create a new way of dealing with extreme complexity. Boisot was fascinated by how a scientific collaboration as large as ATLAS generates and sustains creative and constructive interactions among thousands of researchers from diverse cultures, traditions and habits. He believed that the self-organizational capability of the collaboration was the key to success. Boisot’s research also laid the ground for studying how scientific and technical progress is made and how the value of basic research can be captured for society.Less
In a very personal reflective essay, Marzio Nessi, the technical coordinator of the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN, recounts Max Boisot’s work and interaction with the particle physics community at ATLAS and CERN, whose research on the Higgs particle, the famous “God particle”, has attracted a lot of media attention. Boisot was interested in the creation of knowledge at ATLAS and studied its unique organization, characterized by collaborative behavior, a bottom-up approach, and a consensus-driven management style, which has enabled this Big Science institution to create a new way of dealing with extreme complexity. Boisot was fascinated by how a scientific collaboration as large as ATLAS generates and sustains creative and constructive interactions among thousands of researchers from diverse cultures, traditions and habits. He believed that the self-organizational capability of the collaboration was the key to success. Boisot’s research also laid the ground for studying how scientific and technical progress is made and how the value of basic research can be captured for society.
Max Boisot, Markus Nordberg, Saïd Yami, and Bertrand Nicquevert (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
After twenty-five years of preparation, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva, is finally running its intensive scientific experiments into high-energy particle physics. These experiments, which ...
More
After twenty-five years of preparation, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva, is finally running its intensive scientific experiments into high-energy particle physics. These experiments, which have so captured the public's imagination, take the world of physics to a new energy level — the terascale — at which elementary particles are accelerated to one millionth of a percent of the speed of light and made to smash into each other with a combined energy of around fourteen trillion electron-volts. What new world opens up at the terascale? No one really knows, but the confident expectation is that radically new phenomena will come into view. The kind of Big Science being pursued at CERN, however, is becoming ever more uncertain and costly. Do the anticipated benefits justify the efforts and the costs? This book aims to give a broad organizational and strategic understanding of the nature of Big Science by analyzing one of the major experiments that uses the Large Hadron Collider, the ATLAS Collaboration. It examines such issues as: the flow of ‘interlaced’ knowledge between specialist teams; the intra- and inter-organizational dynamics of Big Science; the new knowledge capital being created for the workings of the experiment by individual researchers, suppliers, and e-science and ICTs; the leadership implications of a collaboration of nearly three thousand members; and the benefits for the wider societal setting. This book aims to examine how, in the face of high levels of uncertainty and risk, ambitious scientific aims can be achieved by complex organizational networks characterized by cultural diversity, informality, and trust — and where Big Science can head next.Less
After twenty-five years of preparation, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva, is finally running its intensive scientific experiments into high-energy particle physics. These experiments, which have so captured the public's imagination, take the world of physics to a new energy level — the terascale — at which elementary particles are accelerated to one millionth of a percent of the speed of light and made to smash into each other with a combined energy of around fourteen trillion electron-volts. What new world opens up at the terascale? No one really knows, but the confident expectation is that radically new phenomena will come into view. The kind of Big Science being pursued at CERN, however, is becoming ever more uncertain and costly. Do the anticipated benefits justify the efforts and the costs? This book aims to give a broad organizational and strategic understanding of the nature of Big Science by analyzing one of the major experiments that uses the Large Hadron Collider, the ATLAS Collaboration. It examines such issues as: the flow of ‘interlaced’ knowledge between specialist teams; the intra- and inter-organizational dynamics of Big Science; the new knowledge capital being created for the workings of the experiment by individual researchers, suppliers, and e-science and ICTs; the leadership implications of a collaboration of nearly three thousand members; and the benefits for the wider societal setting. This book aims to examine how, in the face of high levels of uncertainty and risk, ambitious scientific aims can be achieved by complex organizational networks characterized by cultural diversity, informality, and trust — and where Big Science can head next.
K. David Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195181920
- eISBN:
- 9780199870622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181920.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This chapter begins by discussing the writer's experiences while trekking the Sayan Mountains in search for Tofa language speakers. It then explains how the Tofa oriented themselves firstly by rivers ...
More
This chapter begins by discussing the writer's experiences while trekking the Sayan Mountains in search for Tofa language speakers. It then explains how the Tofa oriented themselves firstly by rivers and secondarily by mountains. It adds that their basic unit of distance is called a kösh, denoting the actual distance one can cover in a day on reindeer back depending on terrain, snowfall, and other conditions. It states that Tofa elders possess intricate knowledge of the rivers, streams and tributaries of the Uda River basin which drain a thousand square miles of forest simply by keeping a virtual atlas of Tofa-land in their heads. It explains that by a combination of the elders' forgetfulness and the their capability to trek their territory, as well as by the decline of reindeer-herding, language shift, and cultural change, the transmission of Tofa topographic knowledge has been fully interrupted.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the writer's experiences while trekking the Sayan Mountains in search for Tofa language speakers. It then explains how the Tofa oriented themselves firstly by rivers and secondarily by mountains. It adds that their basic unit of distance is called a kösh, denoting the actual distance one can cover in a day on reindeer back depending on terrain, snowfall, and other conditions. It states that Tofa elders possess intricate knowledge of the rivers, streams and tributaries of the Uda River basin which drain a thousand square miles of forest simply by keeping a virtual atlas of Tofa-land in their heads. It explains that by a combination of the elders' forgetfulness and the their capability to trek their territory, as well as by the decline of reindeer-herding, language shift, and cultural change, the transmission of Tofa topographic knowledge has been fully interrupted.
Gian Francesco Giudice
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581917
- eISBN:
- 9780191723001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581917.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ...
More
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ATLAS and CMS. The four main components common to both detectors are the trackers, the electromagnetic calorimeters, the hadron calorimeters, and the muon chambers. Both the ATLAS and the CMS detectors are built around powerful magnets that are needed to bend the trajectories of the charged particles produced in the collisions. This chapter also describes the trigger, which is the electronic system for identifying potentially interesting collisions events that are retained for offline analysis. The other experiments at the LHC are shortly presented. The chapter concludes with some observations on the human aspects of scientific international collaborations.Less
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ATLAS and CMS. The four main components common to both detectors are the trackers, the electromagnetic calorimeters, the hadron calorimeters, and the muon chambers. Both the ATLAS and the CMS detectors are built around powerful magnets that are needed to bend the trajectories of the charged particles produced in the collisions. This chapter also describes the trigger, which is the electronic system for identifying potentially interesting collisions events that are retained for offline analysis. The other experiments at the LHC are shortly presented. The chapter concludes with some observations on the human aspects of scientific international collaborations.
Max Boisot, Markus Nordberg, Saïd Yami, and Bertrand Nicquevert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
With the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-energy physics (HEP) community appears to be putting all its eggs in one basket. The choice is framed by opponents as being between ...
More
With the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-energy physics (HEP) community appears to be putting all its eggs in one basket. The choice is framed by opponents as being between a single uncertain and risky Big Science project and several smaller, less risky, and more immediately useful ones. Many physicists assume that their discipline is in some sense foundational and generative of other kinds of knowledge. In the philosophy of science, this assumption has a name: reductionism. It is by no means universally shared. The stakes are high and getting higher as the scale of physics experiments increases and the competition for scarce research resources intensifies. There is a need for a more nuanced understanding of what the pay-offs of this kind of research might be and for whom. This book offers different perspectives on how these issues play out; not at the broad level of HEP, but at the more concrete level of one of the four major experiments that will use the LHC: the ATLAS Collaboration. A number of management scholars as well as participants in the ATLAS Collaboration came together to explore the different organizational, institutional, and cultural issues confronting an experiment like ATLAS. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less
With the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-energy physics (HEP) community appears to be putting all its eggs in one basket. The choice is framed by opponents as being between a single uncertain and risky Big Science project and several smaller, less risky, and more immediately useful ones. Many physicists assume that their discipline is in some sense foundational and generative of other kinds of knowledge. In the philosophy of science, this assumption has a name: reductionism. It is by no means universally shared. The stakes are high and getting higher as the scale of physics experiments increases and the competition for scarce research resources intensifies. There is a need for a more nuanced understanding of what the pay-offs of this kind of research might be and for whom. This book offers different perspectives on how these issues play out; not at the broad level of HEP, but at the more concrete level of one of the four major experiments that will use the LHC: the ATLAS Collaboration. A number of management scholars as well as participants in the ATLAS Collaboration came together to explore the different organizational, institutional, and cultural issues confronting an experiment like ATLAS. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Peter Jenni, Markus Nordberg, and Max Boisot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
ATLAS is a new high-energy physics (HEP) detector built by an international community of researchers and located at CERN just outside Geneva. ATLAS is big, global, and exciting. Together with three ...
More
ATLAS is a new high-energy physics (HEP) detector built by an international community of researchers and located at CERN just outside Geneva. ATLAS is big, global, and exciting. Together with three other detectors, it forms an integral part of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a project that, because of the much higher particle-collision energies and production rates it achieves compared to existing accelerators, opens up challenging new frontiers in particle physics. This chapter presents background material on the ATLAS Collaboration that will help to clarify the chapters that follow. It briefly describes the ATLAS detector and the role it will play in the LHC experiments. It also offers a jargon-free outline of some of the physics that underpins the experiments and the technical challenges that had to be overcome. The history and the organization of the ATLAS Collaboration are also presented, as are its relationships with the host laboratory, CERN, and with the many firms and institutions that helped to build the detector.Less
ATLAS is a new high-energy physics (HEP) detector built by an international community of researchers and located at CERN just outside Geneva. ATLAS is big, global, and exciting. Together with three other detectors, it forms an integral part of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a project that, because of the much higher particle-collision energies and production rates it achieves compared to existing accelerators, opens up challenging new frontiers in particle physics. This chapter presents background material on the ATLAS Collaboration that will help to clarify the chapters that follow. It briefly describes the ATLAS detector and the role it will play in the LHC experiments. It also offers a jargon-free outline of some of the physics that underpins the experiments and the technical challenges that had to be overcome. The history and the organization of the ATLAS Collaboration are also presented, as are its relationships with the host laboratory, CERN, and with the many firms and institutions that helped to build the detector.
Max Boisot and Markus Nordberg
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
The ATLAS experiment at CERN, having entered the operational phase in September 2008, is designed to run for fifteen to twenty years. In terms of its aims, its sheer size, its complexity, and the ...
More
The ATLAS experiment at CERN, having entered the operational phase in September 2008, is designed to run for fifteen to twenty years. In terms of its aims, its sheer size, its complexity, and the number of scientists involved, it is one of the most challenging scientific enterprises ever undertaken. What is the nature of this enterprise? The ATLAS detector itself can be thought of as a giant measuring instrument that interposes itself between the experimenter and the phenomenal world. Much of an experimenter's time is devoted to tending the instrument in collaboration with others. This tending process has been described as care of the self. Such care, when undertaken collectively, is dependent upon the effective flow of information and knowledge between the different groups inside the collaboration that are responsible for the ‘caring’. Since information and knowledge flows constitute the lifeblood of all organizational processes — the focus in this book — this chapter presents a conceptual framework, the Information-Space or I-Space, that helps with the exploration the nature of these knowledge and information flows in the chapters that follow.Less
The ATLAS experiment at CERN, having entered the operational phase in September 2008, is designed to run for fifteen to twenty years. In terms of its aims, its sheer size, its complexity, and the number of scientists involved, it is one of the most challenging scientific enterprises ever undertaken. What is the nature of this enterprise? The ATLAS detector itself can be thought of as a giant measuring instrument that interposes itself between the experimenter and the phenomenal world. Much of an experimenter's time is devoted to tending the instrument in collaboration with others. This tending process has been described as care of the self. Such care, when undertaken collectively, is dependent upon the effective flow of information and knowledge between the different groups inside the collaboration that are responsible for the ‘caring’. Since information and knowledge flows constitute the lifeblood of all organizational processes — the focus in this book — this chapter presents a conceptual framework, the Information-Space or I-Space, that helps with the exploration the nature of these knowledge and information flows in the chapters that follow.
Timo J. Santalainen, Markus Nordberg, Ram B. Baliga, and Max Boisot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
This chapter sets the scene for the chapters that follow. It describes a series of workshops in which the ATLAS Collaboration was explored with the collaboration's project leaders from a managerial ...
More
This chapter sets the scene for the chapters that follow. It describes a series of workshops in which the ATLAS Collaboration was explored with the collaboration's project leaders from a managerial perspective. The idea of these workshops, sponsored by the ATLAS management, was to impart a more strategic orientation to the collaboration's efforts. It did not quite work out that way, and the reasons for this have much to teach about the nature of Big Science. It turns out that the managers of knowledge-intensive organizations may have more to learn from how Big Science projects such as ATLAS are developed and run than the other way round.Less
This chapter sets the scene for the chapters that follow. It describes a series of workshops in which the ATLAS Collaboration was explored with the collaboration's project leaders from a managerial perspective. The idea of these workshops, sponsored by the ATLAS management, was to impart a more strategic orientation to the collaboration's efforts. It did not quite work out that way, and the reasons for this have much to teach about the nature of Big Science. It turns out that the managers of knowledge-intensive organizations may have more to learn from how Big Science projects such as ATLAS are developed and run than the other way round.
Philipp Tuertscher, Raghu Garud, Markus Nordberg, and Max Boisot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
The collective effort required to develop, build, and run the ATLAS detector has been structured as a ‘collaboration’, a distributed problem-solving network characteristic of Big Science, itself a ...
More
The collective effort required to develop, build, and run the ATLAS detector has been structured as a ‘collaboration’, a distributed problem-solving network characteristic of Big Science, itself a relatively recent kind of enterprise involving big budgets, big staffs, big machines, and numerous laboratories. While ATLAS is an archetypical example of this type of enterprise in high-energy physics (HEP), similar endeavours can be found in basic physics, astronomy, and the life sciences. This chapter presents research that investigates the development and construction of the complex technological system that makes up the ATLAS detector.Less
The collective effort required to develop, build, and run the ATLAS detector has been structured as a ‘collaboration’, a distributed problem-solving network characteristic of Big Science, itself a relatively recent kind of enterprise involving big budgets, big staffs, big machines, and numerous laboratories. While ATLAS is an archetypical example of this type of enterprise in high-energy physics (HEP), similar endeavours can be found in basic physics, astronomy, and the life sciences. This chapter presents research that investigates the development and construction of the complex technological system that makes up the ATLAS detector.
Saïd Yami, Markus Nordberg, Bertrand Nicquevert, and Max Boisot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
This chapter focuses on the inter- and intraorganizational dynamics that characterizes Big Science. It shows, first, that the high stakes associated with a unique, next-generation particle physics ...
More
This chapter focuses on the inter- and intraorganizational dynamics that characterizes Big Science. It shows, first, that the high stakes associated with a unique, next-generation particle physics experiment will lead actors to collaborate and share resources; secondly, that, given the uncertainties, a loosely coupled institutional framework is essential for the pursuit of such a collaborative approach. The way that the ATLAS Collaboration deals with the collective action problem holds valuable lessons for all organizations — commercial, government, voluntary, and so on — involved in the production of knowledge in the 21st century. The chapter begins by exploring the nature of collective strategies and the varying degrees of collaboration they engender from a theoretical perspective. It then briefly describes the functioning of the ATLAS Collaboration as a collective practice. In a discussion section, it brings theory and description together in order to make sense of such a practice. It concludes with a brief look at the implications of the analysis of Big Science collaborations for the scientific enterprise as a whole and for science-based commercial collaborations in particular.Less
This chapter focuses on the inter- and intraorganizational dynamics that characterizes Big Science. It shows, first, that the high stakes associated with a unique, next-generation particle physics experiment will lead actors to collaborate and share resources; secondly, that, given the uncertainties, a loosely coupled institutional framework is essential for the pursuit of such a collaborative approach. The way that the ATLAS Collaboration deals with the collective action problem holds valuable lessons for all organizations — commercial, government, voluntary, and so on — involved in the production of knowledge in the 21st century. The chapter begins by exploring the nature of collective strategies and the varying degrees of collaboration they engender from a theoretical perspective. It then briefly describes the functioning of the ATLAS Collaboration as a collective practice. In a discussion section, it brings theory and description together in order to make sense of such a practice. It concludes with a brief look at the implications of the analysis of Big Science collaborations for the scientific enterprise as a whole and for science-based commercial collaborations in particular.
Olli Vuola and Max Boisot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
This chapter focuses on the constraints affecting the ATLAS Collaboration's procurement processes. The construction of ATLAS is an industrial-scale undertaking, and the collaboration therefore has to ...
More
This chapter focuses on the constraints affecting the ATLAS Collaboration's procurement processes. The construction of ATLAS is an industrial-scale undertaking, and the collaboration therefore has to turn to industry for help. In so far as it avails itself of CERN's procurement services to help manage its interactions with external players, it is constrained to follow its procedures, which, unsurprisingly, given that the laboratory is a public entity, are fairly detailed and bureaucratic. The competitive processes presupposed by CERN's procurement procedures, however, do not always square with the more open and cooperative relationships that the ATLAS Collaboration seeks to establish with its suppliers in order to confront the technical uncertainties that it encounters. Through three mini case studies, the chapter explores the issue and puts forward a way of addressing it.Less
This chapter focuses on the constraints affecting the ATLAS Collaboration's procurement processes. The construction of ATLAS is an industrial-scale undertaking, and the collaboration therefore has to turn to industry for help. In so far as it avails itself of CERN's procurement services to help manage its interactions with external players, it is constrained to follow its procedures, which, unsurprisingly, given that the laboratory is a public entity, are fairly detailed and bureaucratic. The competitive processes presupposed by CERN's procurement procedures, however, do not always square with the more open and cooperative relationships that the ATLAS Collaboration seeks to establish with its suppliers in order to confront the technical uncertainties that it encounters. Through three mini case studies, the chapter explores the issue and puts forward a way of addressing it.
Erkko Autio, Marilena Streit-Bianchi, Ari-Pekka Hameri, and Max Boisot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
This chapter draws on the results of a survey to look at what external suppliers get out of their interactions with the ATLAS Collaboration. The detector is a source of ‘stretch goals’ for the firms ...
More
This chapter draws on the results of a survey to look at what external suppliers get out of their interactions with the ATLAS Collaboration. The detector is a source of ‘stretch goals’ for the firms that supply its components, allowing the collaboration to present itself as a ‘lead user’ of innovative goods and services provided by these firms. In short, ATLAS acts as a stimulus to organization learning by its suppliers and helps them to build up the social capital necessary to profit from it.Less
This chapter draws on the results of a survey to look at what external suppliers get out of their interactions with the ATLAS Collaboration. The detector is a source of ‘stretch goals’ for the firms that supply its components, allowing the collaboration to present itself as a ‘lead user’ of innovative goods and services provided by these firms. In short, ATLAS acts as a stimulus to organization learning by its suppliers and helps them to build up the social capital necessary to profit from it.
Marko Arenius and Max Boisot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567928
- eISBN:
- 9780191728945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567928.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management, Organization Studies
Drawing on four short case studies of how the ATLAS collaboration selects and works with its suppliers, this chapter highlights some of the issues involved. First it briefly outlines and discusses ...
More
Drawing on four short case studies of how the ATLAS collaboration selects and works with its suppliers, this chapter highlights some of the issues involved. First it briefly outlines and discusses ATLAS's supplier selection process. It then presents a conceptual framework that helps categorize ATLAS suppliers. Finally, it presents the four cases and interprets them using both the framework and the I-Space. The chapter concludes by asking to what extent ATLAS's experience with its suppliers can be of use to other organizations.Less
Drawing on four short case studies of how the ATLAS collaboration selects and works with its suppliers, this chapter highlights some of the issues involved. First it briefly outlines and discusses ATLAS's supplier selection process. It then presents a conceptual framework that helps categorize ATLAS suppliers. Finally, it presents the four cases and interprets them using both the framework and the I-Space. The chapter concludes by asking to what extent ATLAS's experience with its suppliers can be of use to other organizations.
