Carl-Ulrik Schierup
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198280521
- eISBN:
- 9780191603730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280521.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
In the early 1990s, politicians, media, and public opinion perceived the growing entries of migrants and asylum seekers to Western and southern Europe as a ‘migration crisis’ likely to threaten ...
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In the early 1990s, politicians, media, and public opinion perceived the growing entries of migrants and asylum seekers to Western and southern Europe as a ‘migration crisis’ likely to threaten economic prosperity and national identity. In fact, migration declined in the mid-1990s, only to grow again at the beginning of the new century. At the same time, descendents of earlier migrants formed visible new minorities. The growing porosity of borders and diversity of populations coincided with a fundamental change in the character of welfare states and class relations in Europe. This chapter charts the ‘turning points’ in the process that has undermined traditional ideas of monocultural identities, discusses the challenges this poses for European societies, and examines a range of approaches to managing migration and diversity.Less
In the early 1990s, politicians, media, and public opinion perceived the growing entries of migrants and asylum seekers to Western and southern Europe as a ‘migration crisis’ likely to threaten economic prosperity and national identity. In fact, migration declined in the mid-1990s, only to grow again at the beginning of the new century. At the same time, descendents of earlier migrants formed visible new minorities. The growing porosity of borders and diversity of populations coincided with a fundamental change in the character of welfare states and class relations in Europe. This chapter charts the ‘turning points’ in the process that has undermined traditional ideas of monocultural identities, discusses the challenges this poses for European societies, and examines a range of approaches to managing migration and diversity.
Carl-Ulrik Schierup
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198280521
- eISBN:
- 9780191603730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280521.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of ...
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This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of migrant integration together with its interventions in the area of immigration and asylum. A new anti-discrimination orientation is being turned into mandatory EU directives and EU-sponsored transnational development programmes, but this reorientation towards diversity, social inclusion, and equal opportunity is part of a new European Social Model, which is conditioned by a neo-liberal policy dynamic. The contours of the EU’s modernized Social Model are those of a post-national workfare regime. This has critical implications for the transformation of the frameworks of citizenship marking the post-war European welfare states in general, and the incorporation of immigrants and ethnic minorities in European societies in particular. The first part of the chapter explores the changing conditionality posed by the neo-liberal turn and changing frameworks of citizenship with regard to the inclusion of resident denizens and citizens with migrant background. That is, it focuses on the actual condition of being a citizen. The second half of the chapter discusses the changing conditions for becoming (or not becoming) a citizen, framed by a newly emerging supranational political economy of border control, migration management, and asylum.Less
This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of migrant integration together with its interventions in the area of immigration and asylum. A new anti-discrimination orientation is being turned into mandatory EU directives and EU-sponsored transnational development programmes, but this reorientation towards diversity, social inclusion, and equal opportunity is part of a new European Social Model, which is conditioned by a neo-liberal policy dynamic. The contours of the EU’s modernized Social Model are those of a post-national workfare regime. This has critical implications for the transformation of the frameworks of citizenship marking the post-war European welfare states in general, and the incorporation of immigrants and ethnic minorities in European societies in particular. The first part of the chapter explores the changing conditionality posed by the neo-liberal turn and changing frameworks of citizenship with regard to the inclusion of resident denizens and citizens with migrant background. That is, it focuses on the actual condition of being a citizen. The second half of the chapter discusses the changing conditions for becoming (or not becoming) a citizen, framed by a newly emerging supranational political economy of border control, migration management, and asylum.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
During the 1980s the global refugee population expanded rapidly as a result of regional conflicts and refugee crises in Indochina, Afghanistan, Central America, Horn of Africa, and southern Africa. ...
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During the 1980s the global refugee population expanded rapidly as a result of regional conflicts and refugee crises in Indochina, Afghanistan, Central America, Horn of Africa, and southern Africa. Huge care and maintenance programmes were established in nearby asylum countries under the auspices of the fifth High Commissioner, Poul Hartling. The global refugee total tripled and the UNHCR's budgets and programmes quintupled. The emphasis on aid delivery also reflected Western governments’ desire to assist refugee warrior communities fighting Soviet‐backed regimes, resulting in most refugee problems in regions of superpower conflict becoming protracted. At the same time asylum crises arose in Western Europe and North America.Less
During the 1980s the global refugee population expanded rapidly as a result of regional conflicts and refugee crises in Indochina, Afghanistan, Central America, Horn of Africa, and southern Africa. Huge care and maintenance programmes were established in nearby asylum countries under the auspices of the fifth High Commissioner, Poul Hartling. The global refugee total tripled and the UNHCR's budgets and programmes quintupled. The emphasis on aid delivery also reflected Western governments’ desire to assist refugee warrior communities fighting Soviet‐backed regimes, resulting in most refugee problems in regions of superpower conflict becoming protracted. At the same time asylum crises arose in Western Europe and North America.
Frances Finnegan
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195174601
- eISBN:
- 9780199849901
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174601.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This book traces the development of Ireland's Magdalen Asylums, which are the homes that were founded in the mid-nineteenth century for the detention of prostitutes undergoing reform. The inmates of ...
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This book traces the development of Ireland's Magdalen Asylums, which are the homes that were founded in the mid-nineteenth century for the detention of prostitutes undergoing reform. The inmates of these asylums were discouraged (and many forcibly prevented) from leaving, and sometimes were detained for life. Put to work without pay in adjoining laundries, these women were subject to penance, harsh discipline, enforced silence, and prayer. As the numbers of prostitutes began to dwindle, the church looked elsewhere for this free labor, targeting other “fallen” women such as unwed mothers and wayward or abused girls. Some were incarcerated simply for being “too beautiful”, and therefore in danger of sin. Others were mentally retarded. Most of them were brought to the asylums by their families or priests, and many were forcibly prevented from leaving. Unbelievably, the last of these asylums was closed only in 1996. Drawing on hitherto unpublished material, the author presents case histories of individual women and their experiences in Magdalen homes, which claimed some 30,000 women in all.Less
This book traces the development of Ireland's Magdalen Asylums, which are the homes that were founded in the mid-nineteenth century for the detention of prostitutes undergoing reform. The inmates of these asylums were discouraged (and many forcibly prevented) from leaving, and sometimes were detained for life. Put to work without pay in adjoining laundries, these women were subject to penance, harsh discipline, enforced silence, and prayer. As the numbers of prostitutes began to dwindle, the church looked elsewhere for this free labor, targeting other “fallen” women such as unwed mothers and wayward or abused girls. Some were incarcerated simply for being “too beautiful”, and therefore in danger of sin. Others were mentally retarded. Most of them were brought to the asylums by their families or priests, and many were forcibly prevented from leaving. Unbelievably, the last of these asylums was closed only in 1996. Drawing on hitherto unpublished material, the author presents case histories of individual women and their experiences in Magdalen homes, which claimed some 30,000 women in all.
Georg Menz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533886
- eISBN:
- 9780191714771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533886.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter provides a synopsis of the multilayered argument developed in this book, outlining the effects that divergent systems of political economy will have on the preferences of labor market ...
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This chapter provides a synopsis of the multilayered argument developed in this book, outlining the effects that divergent systems of political economy will have on the preferences of labor market interest associations and the way in which organizational characteristics condition the effectiveness of lobbying strategies for liberalized labor migration policy. But migration policy also encompasses asylum and is shaped by the lobbying activities of humanitarian nongovernmental organizations. In addition, the politics in this domain play out over several arenas and in the form of two-level games; top-down Europeanization is influential, but national governments will also attempt to set the agenda through bottom-up Europeanization by importing their own regulatory pattern to the European level for use as a blueprint. Migration policy is also increasingly influenced by competition state prerogatives. This chapter situates this book within broader theoretical debates, discusses the specific contributions made to existing bodies of literature, and covers the methodological approach adopted.Less
This chapter provides a synopsis of the multilayered argument developed in this book, outlining the effects that divergent systems of political economy will have on the preferences of labor market interest associations and the way in which organizational characteristics condition the effectiveness of lobbying strategies for liberalized labor migration policy. But migration policy also encompasses asylum and is shaped by the lobbying activities of humanitarian nongovernmental organizations. In addition, the politics in this domain play out over several arenas and in the form of two-level games; top-down Europeanization is influential, but national governments will also attempt to set the agenda through bottom-up Europeanization by importing their own regulatory pattern to the European level for use as a blueprint. Migration policy is also increasingly influenced by competition state prerogatives. This chapter situates this book within broader theoretical debates, discusses the specific contributions made to existing bodies of literature, and covers the methodological approach adopted.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was created over 50 years ago to be a human rights and advocacy organization. But governments also created the agency to promote regional ...
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The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was created over 50 years ago to be a human rights and advocacy organization. But governments also created the agency to promote regional and international stability and to serve the interest of states. Consequently, the UNHCR has always trod a perilous path between its mandate to protect refugees and asylum seekers and the demands placed upon it by states to be a relevant actor in international relations. A key focus is to examine the extent to which the evolution of the UNHCR has been framed by the crucial events of international politics and international security during the past half century and how, in turn, the actions of the first eight High Commissioners have helped shape the course of world history. A central objective is to analyse the development of national and international refugee policies and actions, placing these within the broader contexts of the changing global political and security environments in the Cold War and post–Cold War eras. One of the core findings is that UNHCR has over‐stretched itself in recent decades and has strayed from its central human rights protection role.Less
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was created over 50 years ago to be a human rights and advocacy organization. But governments also created the agency to promote regional and international stability and to serve the interest of states. Consequently, the UNHCR has always trod a perilous path between its mandate to protect refugees and asylum seekers and the demands placed upon it by states to be a relevant actor in international relations. A key focus is to examine the extent to which the evolution of the UNHCR has been framed by the crucial events of international politics and international security during the past half century and how, in turn, the actions of the first eight High Commissioners have helped shape the course of world history. A central objective is to analyse the development of national and international refugee policies and actions, placing these within the broader contexts of the changing global political and security environments in the Cold War and post–Cold War eras. One of the core findings is that UNHCR has over‐stretched itself in recent decades and has strayed from its central human rights protection role.
Frances Finnegan
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195174601
- eISBN:
- 9780199849901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174601.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The two major responses to prostitution in nineteenth-century Britain were the so called Rescue or Penitentiary Movement, and the Contagious Diseases legislation. In Ireland, admittedly, women had ...
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The two major responses to prostitution in nineteenth-century Britain were the so called Rescue or Penitentiary Movement, and the Contagious Diseases legislation. In Ireland, admittedly, women had little involvement in outside Rescue Work. Nevertheless, they were extremely active in “recommending” women to Magdalen Asylums; and more significantly, where family members were responsible for such admissions, 72% of those “brought” to the Good Shepherd Homes were consigned to the institutions by female relatives. Further, the largest, most successful and most enduring Refuges to which penitents were confined were staffed and managed exclusively by nuns. Continuing to operate even when the Women's Movement was at its height, the Magdalen System in Ireland lingered on unnoticed, its victims not, apparently, a matter of concern. Tragically, scores of penitents (or “ladies” as they were latterly called) were still in the Homes in the early 1990s, when these once thriving empires were belatedly sold.Less
The two major responses to prostitution in nineteenth-century Britain were the so called Rescue or Penitentiary Movement, and the Contagious Diseases legislation. In Ireland, admittedly, women had little involvement in outside Rescue Work. Nevertheless, they were extremely active in “recommending” women to Magdalen Asylums; and more significantly, where family members were responsible for such admissions, 72% of those “brought” to the Good Shepherd Homes were consigned to the institutions by female relatives. Further, the largest, most successful and most enduring Refuges to which penitents were confined were staffed and managed exclusively by nuns. Continuing to operate even when the Women's Movement was at its height, the Magdalen System in Ireland lingered on unnoticed, its victims not, apparently, a matter of concern. Tragically, scores of penitents (or “ladies” as they were latterly called) were still in the Homes in the early 1990s, when these once thriving empires were belatedly sold.
Frances Finnegan
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195174601
- eISBN:
- 9780199849901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174601.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Mother St. Euphrasia Pelletier, the Foundress and first Superior-General of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd of Angers, was beatified in 1933. A total of 9,556 Good ...
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Mother St. Euphrasia Pelletier, the Foundress and first Superior-General of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd of Angers, was beatified in 1933. A total of 9,556 Good Shepherd Sisters were involving themselves in the “spiritual direction” of 2,600 “Sisters Magdalens”, 1,300 “Auxiliaries” and 47,692 “pupils and children”. In Ireland, where they were still referred to by the public as “Magdalens”, penitents continued in confinement until the domestic washing machine made the vast laundries no longer profitable, but it was not until the 1990s that the last of the Convent Magdalen Asylums were eventually closed. Attempts have been made to class the nuns as victims in order to portray them as powerless instruments of a patriarchal rule. For feminists, the knowledge that many penitents were victims, helplessly submitting to their situation, is unappealing. In the eyes of the Church, then, they were no longer ordinary beings, and perhaps this is how such women should be viewed.Less
Mother St. Euphrasia Pelletier, the Foundress and first Superior-General of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd of Angers, was beatified in 1933. A total of 9,556 Good Shepherd Sisters were involving themselves in the “spiritual direction” of 2,600 “Sisters Magdalens”, 1,300 “Auxiliaries” and 47,692 “pupils and children”. In Ireland, where they were still referred to by the public as “Magdalens”, penitents continued in confinement until the domestic washing machine made the vast laundries no longer profitable, but it was not until the 1990s that the last of the Convent Magdalen Asylums were eventually closed. Attempts have been made to class the nuns as victims in order to portray them as powerless instruments of a patriarchal rule. For feminists, the knowledge that many penitents were victims, helplessly submitting to their situation, is unappealing. In the eyes of the Church, then, they were no longer ordinary beings, and perhaps this is how such women should be viewed.
Arthur C. Helton
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250318
- eISBN:
- 9780191599477
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250316.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The refugee policy toolbox includes such remedies as territorial asylum, local integration in countries of asylum, and resettlement abroad, as well as new variations on these themes. Efforts at ...
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The refugee policy toolbox includes such remedies as territorial asylum, local integration in countries of asylum, and resettlement abroad, as well as new variations on these themes. Efforts at internal protection before individuals have fled their home countries, have had mixed results. While the quality of asylum for refugees is hardly uniform given the wide discretion permitted to states, under international law, providing access to the territory of an asylum state will continue to be the primary form of protection. The experience in Germany is reflective of a recent trend by states, particularly in Europe, away from asylum as a refugee protection response.Policy planning relating to forced migration is embryonic. The absence of resources, staff, and time devoted to developing strategies to mitigate crises is a glaring deficit in humanitarian action. At the international and national levels, new strategic planning capacities outside of the UN system are necessary.Less
The refugee policy toolbox includes such remedies as territorial asylum, local integration in countries of asylum, and resettlement abroad, as well as new variations on these themes. Efforts at internal protection before individuals have fled their home countries, have had mixed results. While the quality of asylum for refugees is hardly uniform given the wide discretion permitted to states, under international law, providing access to the territory of an asylum state will continue to be the primary form of protection. The experience in Germany is reflective of a recent trend by states, particularly in Europe, away from asylum as a refugee protection response.
Policy planning relating to forced migration is embryonic. The absence of resources, staff, and time devoted to developing strategies to mitigate crises is a glaring deficit in humanitarian action. At the international and national levels, new strategic planning capacities outside of the UN system are necessary.
Christian Joppke
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295402
- eISBN:
- 9780191599576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295405.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter investigates the reasons why immigration to Germany continued after the 1973 ban on recruiting guest workers, despite official declarations that Germany was ‘not a country of ...
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This chapter investigates the reasons why immigration to Germany continued after the 1973 ban on recruiting guest workers, despite official declarations that Germany was ‘not a country of immigration’. First, judicial decisions supported the right of migrant workers to stay. This was accentuated by further judicial support for family reunification on humanitarian grounds, which was confirmed by legislation in 1990. Finally, the legacy of Nazi‐era guilt has operated to confirm a liberal interpretation of asylum law, which has made Germany the world's major asylum‐granting country.Less
This chapter investigates the reasons why immigration to Germany continued after the 1973 ban on recruiting guest workers, despite official declarations that Germany was ‘not a country of immigration’. First, judicial decisions supported the right of migrant workers to stay. This was accentuated by further judicial support for family reunification on humanitarian grounds, which was confirmed by legislation in 1990. Finally, the legacy of Nazi‐era guilt has operated to confirm a liberal interpretation of asylum law, which has made Germany the world's major asylum‐granting country.
Christian Joppke
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295402
- eISBN:
- 9780191599576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295405.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter shows how Great Britain, sometimes described as having a ‘weak’ immigration control policy compared to continental Europe, has in fact displayed an exceptionally strong stance. The ...
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This chapter shows how Great Britain, sometimes described as having a ‘weak’ immigration control policy compared to continental Europe, has in fact displayed an exceptionally strong stance. The principle of parliamentary sovereignty and common law restraints have neutralized the courts as effective opponents of the executive, resulting in absolute Home Office control over immigration policy. Even family reunification and asylum‐granting decisions have been reduced to a trickle.Less
This chapter shows how Great Britain, sometimes described as having a ‘weak’ immigration control policy compared to continental Europe, has in fact displayed an exceptionally strong stance. The principle of parliamentary sovereignty and common law restraints have neutralized the courts as effective opponents of the executive, resulting in absolute Home Office control over immigration policy. Even family reunification and asylum‐granting decisions have been reduced to a trickle.
Virginie Guiraudon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199283958
- eISBN:
- 9780191603297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199283958.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The transfer of competence in areas considered emblematic of national sovereignty, like immigration and citizenship, should be a litmus test of the ‘polity’ ambitions of the EU. As of the early ...
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The transfer of competence in areas considered emblematic of national sovereignty, like immigration and citizenship, should be a litmus test of the ‘polity’ ambitions of the EU. As of the early 1980s, national officials in charge of migration sought to avoid judicial constraints and conflicting bureaucratic views that that were experiencing at the national level. They consequently moved to relocate some of their decision-making to a secretive intergovernmental forum at the EU level. This chapter develops this analysis of motives for cooperation at the EU level in terms of political ‘venue shopping’.Less
The transfer of competence in areas considered emblematic of national sovereignty, like immigration and citizenship, should be a litmus test of the ‘polity’ ambitions of the EU. As of the early 1980s, national officials in charge of migration sought to avoid judicial constraints and conflicting bureaucratic views that that were experiencing at the national level. They consequently moved to relocate some of their decision-making to a secretive intergovernmental forum at the EU level. This chapter develops this analysis of motives for cooperation at the EU level in terms of political ‘venue shopping’.
Christian Joppke
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292296
- eISBN:
- 9780191599569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292295.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyses two claims on the capacity of states to control immigration: that this capacity is declining, and that this decline is related to the rise of an international human rights ...
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This chapter analyses two claims on the capacity of states to control immigration: that this capacity is declining, and that this decline is related to the rise of an international human rights regime that restricts the ability of states to determine the entry and exit of migrants. The asylum policies of three major countries are studied: United States, Germany, and Britain. It is argued that asylum policy is conditioned by the dual and increasingly opposite nation-state principles of human rights protection and popular sovereignty; the strength of both varying with time and place.Less
This chapter analyses two claims on the capacity of states to control immigration: that this capacity is declining, and that this decline is related to the rise of an international human rights regime that restricts the ability of states to determine the entry and exit of migrants. The asylum policies of three major countries are studied: United States, Germany, and Britain. It is argued that asylum policy is conditioned by the dual and increasingly opposite nation-state principles of human rights protection and popular sovereignty; the strength of both varying with time and place.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as ...
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Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as efforts were made to regularize the status and control of stateless and denationalized people. During and after World War II, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) further expanded the international organizational framework for refugees. Since 1951, an international refugee regime—composed of UNHCR and a network of other international agencies, national governments, and voluntary or non‐governmental organizations—has developed a response strategy that permits some refugees to remain in their countries of first asylum, enables some to resettle in third countries and arranges for still others to be repatriated to their countries of origin.Less
Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as efforts were made to regularize the status and control of stateless and denationalized people. During and after World War II, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) further expanded the international organizational framework for refugees. Since 1951, an international refugee regime—composed of UNHCR and a network of other international agencies, national governments, and voluntary or non‐governmental organizations—has developed a response strategy that permits some refugees to remain in their countries of first asylum, enables some to resettle in third countries and arranges for still others to be repatriated to their countries of origin.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
To relieve the costs that long‐term care for protracted refugee populations imposed, donor governments began in the mid‐1980s to promote alternative approaches to the refugee problem, particularly ...
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To relieve the costs that long‐term care for protracted refugee populations imposed, donor governments began in the mid‐1980s to promote alternative approaches to the refugee problem, particularly repatriation. The sixth High Commissioner, Jean‐Pierre Hocke, advocated a new strategy that required the UNHCR to deal not only with asylum countries but also with countries of origin and the root causes of refugee exoduses. Cold war politics continued to paralyse diplomatic initiatives to break the deadlock of regional conflicts in most of Africa, Asia, and Central America. Donor governments became disillusioned with the UNHCR, leading to a major financial crisis for the agency with which the seventh High Commissioner, Thorvald Stoltenberg, had to deal.Less
To relieve the costs that long‐term care for protracted refugee populations imposed, donor governments began in the mid‐1980s to promote alternative approaches to the refugee problem, particularly repatriation. The sixth High Commissioner, Jean‐Pierre Hocke, advocated a new strategy that required the UNHCR to deal not only with asylum countries but also with countries of origin and the root causes of refugee exoduses. Cold war politics continued to paralyse diplomatic initiatives to break the deadlock of regional conflicts in most of Africa, Asia, and Central America. Donor governments became disillusioned with the UNHCR, leading to a major financial crisis for the agency with which the seventh High Commissioner, Thorvald Stoltenberg, had to deal.
Robert Garland
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161051
- eISBN:
- 9781400850259
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161051.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
Most classical authors and modern historians depict the ancient Greek world as essentially stable and even static, once the so-called colonization movement came to an end. But this book argues that ...
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Most classical authors and modern historians depict the ancient Greek world as essentially stable and even static, once the so-called colonization movement came to an end. But this book argues that the Greeks were highly mobile, that their movement was essential to the survival, success, and sheer sustainability of their society, and that this wandering became a defining characteristic of their culture. Addressing a neglected but essential subject, this book focuses on the diaspora of tens of thousands of people between about 700 and 325 BCE, demonstrating the degree to which Greeks were liable to be forced to leave their homes due to political upheaval, oppression, poverty, warfare, or simply a desire to better themselves. Attempting to enter into the mind-set of these wanderers, the book provides an insightful and sympathetic account of what it meant for ancient Greeks to part from everyone and everything they held dear, to start a new life elsewhere—or even to become homeless, living on the open road or on the high seas with no end to their journey in sight. Each chapter identifies a specific kind of “wanderer,” including the overseas settler, the deportee, the evacuee, the asylum-seeker, the fugitive, the economic migrant, and the itinerant, and the book also addresses repatriation and the idea of the “portable polis.” The result is a vivid and unique portrait of ancient Greece as a culture of displaced persons.Less
Most classical authors and modern historians depict the ancient Greek world as essentially stable and even static, once the so-called colonization movement came to an end. But this book argues that the Greeks were highly mobile, that their movement was essential to the survival, success, and sheer sustainability of their society, and that this wandering became a defining characteristic of their culture. Addressing a neglected but essential subject, this book focuses on the diaspora of tens of thousands of people between about 700 and 325 BCE, demonstrating the degree to which Greeks were liable to be forced to leave their homes due to political upheaval, oppression, poverty, warfare, or simply a desire to better themselves. Attempting to enter into the mind-set of these wanderers, the book provides an insightful and sympathetic account of what it meant for ancient Greeks to part from everyone and everything they held dear, to start a new life elsewhere—or even to become homeless, living on the open road or on the high seas with no end to their journey in sight. Each chapter identifies a specific kind of “wanderer,” including the overseas settler, the deportee, the evacuee, the asylum-seeker, the fugitive, the economic migrant, and the itinerant, and the book also addresses repatriation and the idea of the “portable polis.” The result is a vivid and unique portrait of ancient Greece as a culture of displaced persons.
Damian Alan Pargas (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056036
- eISBN:
- 9780813053806
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056036.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America examines and contrasts the experiences of various groups of African-American slaves who tried to escape bondage between the revolutionary era ...
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Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America examines and contrasts the experiences of various groups of African-American slaves who tried to escape bondage between the revolutionary era and the U.S. Civil War. Whereas much of the existing scholarship tends to focus on fugitive slaves in very localized settings (especially in communities and regions north of the Mason-Dixon line), the eleven contributions in this volume bring together the latest scholarship on runaway slaves in a diverse range of geographic settings throughout North America—from Canada to Virginia and from Mexico to the British Bahamas—providing a broader and more continental perspective on slave refugee migration. The volume innovatively distinguishes between various “spaces of freedom” to which runaway slaves fled, specifically sites of formal freedom (free-soil regions where slavery had been abolished and refugees were legally free, even if the meanings of freedom in these places were heavily contested); semi-formal freedom (free-soil regions where slavery had been abolished but asylum for runaway slaves was either denied or contested, such as the northern U.S., where state abolition laws were curtailed by federal fugitive slave laws); and informal freedom (places within the slaveholding South where runaways formed maroon communities or attempted to blend in with free black populations and pass for free). This edited volume encourages scholars to reroute and reconceptualize the geography of slavery and freedom in antebellum North America.Less
Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America examines and contrasts the experiences of various groups of African-American slaves who tried to escape bondage between the revolutionary era and the U.S. Civil War. Whereas much of the existing scholarship tends to focus on fugitive slaves in very localized settings (especially in communities and regions north of the Mason-Dixon line), the eleven contributions in this volume bring together the latest scholarship on runaway slaves in a diverse range of geographic settings throughout North America—from Canada to Virginia and from Mexico to the British Bahamas—providing a broader and more continental perspective on slave refugee migration. The volume innovatively distinguishes between various “spaces of freedom” to which runaway slaves fled, specifically sites of formal freedom (free-soil regions where slavery had been abolished and refugees were legally free, even if the meanings of freedom in these places were heavily contested); semi-formal freedom (free-soil regions where slavery had been abolished but asylum for runaway slaves was either denied or contested, such as the northern U.S., where state abolition laws were curtailed by federal fugitive slave laws); and informal freedom (places within the slaveholding South where runaways formed maroon communities or attempted to blend in with free black populations and pass for free). This edited volume encourages scholars to reroute and reconceptualize the geography of slavery and freedom in antebellum North America.
Anne E. Parsons
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469640631
- eISBN:
- 9781469640655
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640631.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
To many, insane asylums are a relic of a bygone era. State governments took steps between 1950 and 1990 to minimize the involuntary confinement of people in mental hospitals, and many mental health ...
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To many, insane asylums are a relic of a bygone era. State governments took steps between 1950 and 1990 to minimize the involuntary confinement of people in mental hospitals, and many mental health facilities closed down. Yet, as this book reveals, the asylum did not die during deinstitutionalization. Instead, it returned in the modern prison industrial complex as the government shifted to a more punitive, institutional approach to social deviance, mental illness, and people with disabilities. Focusing on Pennsylvania, the state that ran one of the largest mental health systems in the country, the author tracks how the lack of community-based services, a fear-based politics around mental illness, and the economics of institutions meant that closing mental hospitals fed a cycle of incarceration that became an epidemic.
This groundbreaking book recasts the political narrative of the late twentieth century, as the book charts how the history of asylums and prisons were inextricably intertwined. It argues that the politics of mass incarceration shaped the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric hospitals and social welfare policy, and vice versa. The book offers critical insight into how the prison took the place of the asylum and shaped the rise of the prison industrial complex and creating new forms of social marginality.Less
To many, insane asylums are a relic of a bygone era. State governments took steps between 1950 and 1990 to minimize the involuntary confinement of people in mental hospitals, and many mental health facilities closed down. Yet, as this book reveals, the asylum did not die during deinstitutionalization. Instead, it returned in the modern prison industrial complex as the government shifted to a more punitive, institutional approach to social deviance, mental illness, and people with disabilities. Focusing on Pennsylvania, the state that ran one of the largest mental health systems in the country, the author tracks how the lack of community-based services, a fear-based politics around mental illness, and the economics of institutions meant that closing mental hospitals fed a cycle of incarceration that became an epidemic.
This groundbreaking book recasts the political narrative of the late twentieth century, as the book charts how the history of asylums and prisons were inextricably intertwined. It argues that the politics of mass incarceration shaped the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric hospitals and social welfare policy, and vice versa. The book offers critical insight into how the prison took the place of the asylum and shaped the rise of the prison industrial complex and creating new forms of social marginality.
David Wright
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246397
- eISBN:
- 9780191715235
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246397.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book contributes to the growing scholarly interest in the history of disability by investigating the emergence of the so-called idiot asylums in England during the Victorian period. Using the ...
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This book contributes to the growing scholarly interest in the history of disability by investigating the emergence of the so-called idiot asylums in England during the Victorian period. Using the National Asylum for Idiots, now known as the Earlswood Asylum, as a case study, it investigates the social history of institutionalisation, privileging the relationship between the medical institution and the society whence its patients came. By concentrating on the importance of patient-centred admission documents, and utilising the benefits of nominal record linkage to other, non-medical sources, the book extends research on the confinement of the ‘insane’ to the networks of care and control that operated outside the walls of the asylum. The book contends that institutional confinement of mentally disabled and mentally ill individuals in the 19th century cannot be understood independently of a detailed analysis of familial and community patterns of care. In this book, the family plays a significant role in the history of the asylum, initiating the identification of mental disability, participating in the certification process, mediating medical treatment, and facilitating discharge back into the community. By exploring the patterns of confinement to the Earlswood Asylum, the book reveals the diversity of the insane population in Victorian England and the complexities of institutional committal in the 19th century. Moreover, by investigating the evolution of the Earlswood Asylum, it examines the history of the institution where John Langdon Down made his now famous identification of Mongolism, later renamed Down's Syndrome. He thus places the formulation of this archetype of mental disability within its historical, cultural, and scientific contexts.Less
This book contributes to the growing scholarly interest in the history of disability by investigating the emergence of the so-called idiot asylums in England during the Victorian period. Using the National Asylum for Idiots, now known as the Earlswood Asylum, as a case study, it investigates the social history of institutionalisation, privileging the relationship between the medical institution and the society whence its patients came. By concentrating on the importance of patient-centred admission documents, and utilising the benefits of nominal record linkage to other, non-medical sources, the book extends research on the confinement of the ‘insane’ to the networks of care and control that operated outside the walls of the asylum. The book contends that institutional confinement of mentally disabled and mentally ill individuals in the 19th century cannot be understood independently of a detailed analysis of familial and community patterns of care. In this book, the family plays a significant role in the history of the asylum, initiating the identification of mental disability, participating in the certification process, mediating medical treatment, and facilitating discharge back into the community. By exploring the patterns of confinement to the Earlswood Asylum, the book reveals the diversity of the insane population in Victorian England and the complexities of institutional committal in the 19th century. Moreover, by investigating the evolution of the Earlswood Asylum, it examines the history of the institution where John Langdon Down made his now famous identification of Mongolism, later renamed Down's Syndrome. He thus places the formulation of this archetype of mental disability within its historical, cultural, and scientific contexts.
Agnès Hurwitz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278381
- eISBN:
- 9780191706998
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Public International Law
In managing the growing number of refugees arriving in the industrialised world, beginning at the end of the 1970s, States have devised increasingly restrictive policies. The objectives of these ...
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In managing the growing number of refugees arriving in the industrialised world, beginning at the end of the 1970s, States have devised increasingly restrictive policies. The objectives of these measures have been to restrict access to the territory or, at least, to asylum procedures. Thus, while international co-operation in the refugee field traditionally focused on protection and assistance, the last two decades have been characterised by the emergence of transnational policies aimed at containing refugee flows, primarily on the European continent. The convoluted refugee routes — often described as ‘secondary’ or ‘irregular’ movements of refugees between countries of origin and their final destination — have been among States' major preoccupations. To combat what they often perceive to be proof of the fraudulent or manifestly unfounded nature of asylum claims, European States have passed legislation or agreed on international instruments designed to allocate and even evade responsibility for the examination of asylum applications. Even bolder solutions have been advocated more recently, such as the outsourcing of asylum procedures through regional or offshore schemes. This book presents a critical legal analysis of the mechanisms and arrangements devised by States to tackle secondary movements of refugees, and offers innovative solutions to the protection crisis afflicting the global refugee regime. After providing a breakdown of the various legal tools used by States to combat secondary refugee movements, it argues that, while the legality of these various arrangements is in doubt, the most appropriate way to address these protection failures is to strengthen and develop adequate international accountability mechanisms.Less
In managing the growing number of refugees arriving in the industrialised world, beginning at the end of the 1970s, States have devised increasingly restrictive policies. The objectives of these measures have been to restrict access to the territory or, at least, to asylum procedures. Thus, while international co-operation in the refugee field traditionally focused on protection and assistance, the last two decades have been characterised by the emergence of transnational policies aimed at containing refugee flows, primarily on the European continent. The convoluted refugee routes — often described as ‘secondary’ or ‘irregular’ movements of refugees between countries of origin and their final destination — have been among States' major preoccupations. To combat what they often perceive to be proof of the fraudulent or manifestly unfounded nature of asylum claims, European States have passed legislation or agreed on international instruments designed to allocate and even evade responsibility for the examination of asylum applications. Even bolder solutions have been advocated more recently, such as the outsourcing of asylum procedures through regional or offshore schemes. This book presents a critical legal analysis of the mechanisms and arrangements devised by States to tackle secondary movements of refugees, and offers innovative solutions to the protection crisis afflicting the global refugee regime. After providing a breakdown of the various legal tools used by States to combat secondary refugee movements, it argues that, while the legality of these various arrangements is in doubt, the most appropriate way to address these protection failures is to strengthen and develop adequate international accountability mechanisms.
