Douglas A. Chalmers, Scott B. Martin, and Kerianne Piester
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Despite renewed awareness of poverty and inequality, there has been a marked absence of past forms of popular mobilization. Populist, corporatist, clientelist, and broad mobilization around parties ...
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Despite renewed awareness of poverty and inequality, there has been a marked absence of past forms of popular mobilization. Populist, corporatist, clientelist, and broad mobilization around parties broke down in the 1970s and have not dominated in the new period of democratization. Citing the evidence presented in the articles in this volume, it is argued that new forms of popular representation are emerging, denoted as ‘associative networks’. Polycentric decision‐making, internationalized politics, the importance of new forms of communication, and the search for new policy answers had led to a new form of representation characterized by bringing a diversity of actors and organizations together in networks that rapidly reconfigure with changing circumstances, an emphasis on ‘cognitive politics’ and a more flexible style of conflict than direct confrontation. These are not pluralist ‘interest groups’, nor simply organizations in civil society, but varied links that tie civil society and polycentric government. A political process dominated by associative networks is not necessarily more democratic than other forms of popular representation. Whether it is democratic depends on institutions that link these networks and policy making (including parties and legislatures), and especially manage their rapid change as challenges and conditions change. Democracy also depends on whether citizens have the rights and resources to form and participate in such networks, and whether popular leaders find strategies that will take advantage of these new forms that require going beyond simple confrontation.Less
Despite renewed awareness of poverty and inequality, there has been a marked absence of past forms of popular mobilization. Populist, corporatist, clientelist, and broad mobilization around parties broke down in the 1970s and have not dominated in the new period of democratization. Citing the evidence presented in the articles in this volume, it is argued that new forms of popular representation are emerging, denoted as ‘associative networks’. Polycentric decision‐making, internationalized politics, the importance of new forms of communication, and the search for new policy answers had led to a new form of representation characterized by bringing a diversity of actors and organizations together in networks that rapidly reconfigure with changing circumstances, an emphasis on ‘cognitive politics’ and a more flexible style of conflict than direct confrontation. These are not pluralist ‘interest groups’, nor simply organizations in civil society, but varied links that tie civil society and polycentric government. A political process dominated by associative networks is not necessarily more democratic than other forms of popular representation. Whether it is democratic depends on institutions that link these networks and policy making (including parties and legislatures), and especially manage their rapid change as challenges and conditions change. Democracy also depends on whether citizens have the rights and resources to form and participate in such networks, and whether popular leaders find strategies that will take advantage of these new forms that require going beyond simple confrontation.
Sharon B. Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195110371
- eISBN:
- 9780199865680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195110371.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review ...
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This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review of the structure and function of the brain, and goes on to explore cognitive models of mind, including associative network and parallel distributive processing models of organized memories (or schemas), and declarative and procedural forms of knowledge. The chapter discusses points of convergence among these conceptions, their contributions to the C-I perspective, and their practical utility in informing practice. In particular, emphasis is given to processes involved in helping clients transform declarative or descriptive knowledge into procedural or how-to knowledge.Less
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review of the structure and function of the brain, and goes on to explore cognitive models of mind, including associative network and parallel distributive processing models of organized memories (or schemas), and declarative and procedural forms of knowledge. The chapter discusses points of convergence among these conceptions, their contributions to the C-I perspective, and their practical utility in informing practice. In particular, emphasis is given to processes involved in helping clients transform declarative or descriptive knowledge into procedural or how-to knowledge.
Scott B. Martin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto ...
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Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto manufacturing, in the ‘sectoral chamber’ of the auto industry. The two national accords that were negotiated helped re‐activate slumping demand, assist productive modernization, and protect job security and enhance wages for autoworkers. This chapter finds that, despite superficial similarities, the sectoral chamber experience cannot be explained with reference to the ‘societal corporatist’ framework, most closely associated with post‐war Western Europe. The author finds that key preconditions for successful, sector‐wide negotiations were (1) the prior establishment of representative unions and business associations with legitimate negotiating authority and (2) incipient bonds of labour‐management trust that had emerged through iterative encounters over productive restructuring issues. Social network ties, along the lines elaborated by the co‐editors in the concluding essay in their ‘associative network’ model, were fundamental to the rise, evolution, and ultimate decline of the auto sectoral chamber.Less
Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto manufacturing, in the ‘sectoral chamber’ of the auto industry. The two national accords that were negotiated helped re‐activate slumping demand, assist productive modernization, and protect job security and enhance wages for autoworkers. This chapter finds that, despite superficial similarities, the sectoral chamber experience cannot be explained with reference to the ‘societal corporatist’ framework, most closely associated with post‐war Western Europe. The author finds that key preconditions for successful, sector‐wide negotiations were (1) the prior establishment of representative unions and business associations with legitimate negotiating authority and (2) incipient bonds of labour‐management trust that had emerged through iterative encounters over productive restructuring issues. Social network ties, along the lines elaborated by the co‐editors in the concluding essay in their ‘associative network’ model, were fundamental to the rise, evolution, and ultimate decline of the auto sectoral chamber.
Torben Grodal
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159834
- eISBN:
- 9780191673719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159834.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter demonstrates the means by which visual communication relies on attention hierarchies structured as associative networks. It discusses the ways in which central mental models rely on ...
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This chapter demonstrates the means by which visual communication relies on attention hierarchies structured as associative networks. It discusses the ways in which central mental models rely on visuo-motor categorization and analogous forms of representation relate to language.Less
This chapter demonstrates the means by which visual communication relies on attention hierarchies structured as associative networks. It discusses the ways in which central mental models rely on visuo-motor categorization and analogous forms of representation relate to language.
Emery Schubert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199568086
- eISBN:
- 9780191731044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568086.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
From its evolutionary origins, our culture has organized and shaped the role of creativity in music. For example, many people in Western culture will agree that Beethoven was a creative genius, and ...
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From its evolutionary origins, our culture has organized and shaped the role of creativity in music. For example, many people in Western culture will agree that Beethoven was a creative genius, and that his third symphony was a creative work, if not a hallmark of creativity in that era. Cultural momentum has perpetuated and reinforced, and at various times re-invigorated, these kinds of beliefs about creativity. The same is true of the child composing a piece in primary school, or a soloist improvising; our culture has established some more or less unwritten rules about which versions of these products (the composition and improvisation) are creative, or creative to some degree. The evolutionary pressure to be creative was associated with some concomitant use or development of brain function associated with creativity. This chapter explores a cognitive model that can be used to explain the mental functions of creative processing, and particularly for music. It draws on principles of spreading activation in associative networks.Less
From its evolutionary origins, our culture has organized and shaped the role of creativity in music. For example, many people in Western culture will agree that Beethoven was a creative genius, and that his third symphony was a creative work, if not a hallmark of creativity in that era. Cultural momentum has perpetuated and reinforced, and at various times re-invigorated, these kinds of beliefs about creativity. The same is true of the child composing a piece in primary school, or a soloist improvising; our culture has established some more or less unwritten rules about which versions of these products (the composition and improvisation) are creative, or creative to some degree. The evolutionary pressure to be creative was associated with some concomitant use or development of brain function associated with creativity. This chapter explores a cognitive model that can be used to explain the mental functions of creative processing, and particularly for music. It draws on principles of spreading activation in associative networks.
Edmund T. Rolls and Alessandro Treves
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524328
- eISBN:
- 9780191724466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524328.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter examines the fundamental operation involved in pattern association memory. It provides a diagram showing the essential elements necessary for pattern association, forming what could be ...
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This chapter examines the fundamental operation involved in pattern association memory. It provides a diagram showing the essential elements necessary for pattern association, forming what could be called a prototypical pattern associator network. It also discusses the importance of distributed representations for pattern associators, associative neuronal networks with non-linear neurons, and the implications of different types of coding for storage in pattern associators.Less
This chapter examines the fundamental operation involved in pattern association memory. It provides a diagram showing the essential elements necessary for pattern association, forming what could be called a prototypical pattern associator network. It also discusses the importance of distributed representations for pattern associators, associative neuronal networks with non-linear neurons, and the implications of different types of coding for storage in pattern associators.
John T.E. Richardson
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195100990
- eISBN:
- 9780199846849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195100990.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines the evolution of the concept of working memory. It explains that the expression of working memory was first used in the book Plans and the Structure of Behavior, which is widely ...
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This chapter examines the evolution of the concept of working memory. It explains that the expression of working memory was first used in the book Plans and the Structure of Behavior, which is widely acknowledged to be a milestone in the early development of cognitive psychology. The chapter discusses the production-system and associative-network models of working memory, and evaluates the relation between working memory and reading comprehension. It describes multicomponent models of working memory and explores the role of inhibitory processes in working-memory capacity.Less
This chapter examines the evolution of the concept of working memory. It explains that the expression of working memory was first used in the book Plans and the Structure of Behavior, which is widely acknowledged to be a milestone in the early development of cognitive psychology. The chapter discusses the production-system and associative-network models of working memory, and evaluates the relation between working memory and reading comprehension. It describes multicomponent models of working memory and explores the role of inhibitory processes in working-memory capacity.
Hans-Jörg Schmid
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- February 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198814771
- eISBN:
- 9780191852466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
The chapter discusses the cognitive activities which are performed in usage events and entrenched, if repeated. The key cognitive activity is association in the associative network, with four types ...
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The chapter discusses the cognitive activities which are performed in usage events and entrenched, if repeated. The key cognitive activity is association in the associative network, with four types of associations (symbolic, paradigmatic, syntagmatic, paradigmatic) being activated in predictive and probabilistic lexical and syntactic processing. Processing and representation take place in the form of entrenched patterns of associations. Language processing is explained in terms of the activation of associations. This activation is probabilistic and follows the principle of predictive coding. Lexical-semantic processing is understood in terms of dynamic and transient multidimensional activation patterns in the associative network targeting attractors in the network. A highly dynamic and flexible associative model of syntactic processing is proposed. It is first developed with reference to two examples and then described in general form. The model is very important for the understanding of entrenchment to be discussed in Part III.Less
The chapter discusses the cognitive activities which are performed in usage events and entrenched, if repeated. The key cognitive activity is association in the associative network, with four types of associations (symbolic, paradigmatic, syntagmatic, paradigmatic) being activated in predictive and probabilistic lexical and syntactic processing. Processing and representation take place in the form of entrenched patterns of associations. Language processing is explained in terms of the activation of associations. This activation is probabilistic and follows the principle of predictive coding. Lexical-semantic processing is understood in terms of dynamic and transient multidimensional activation patterns in the associative network targeting attractors in the network. A highly dynamic and flexible associative model of syntactic processing is proposed. It is first developed with reference to two examples and then described in general form. The model is very important for the understanding of entrenchment to be discussed in Part III.
Thomas B. Sheridan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305722
- eISBN:
- 9780199847723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305722.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Attention can be either voluntary or involuntary, and it can be either exteroceptive or non-exteroceptive. This chapter deals mostly with exteroceptive attention, because what produces attention by ...
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Attention can be either voluntary or involuntary, and it can be either exteroceptive or non-exteroceptive. This chapter deals mostly with exteroceptive attention, because what produces attention by the brain in the absence of overt, observable triggering events seems much more difficult to grapple with. Non-exteroceptive attention typically occurs over longer time periods (for example, reflecting on last night's party). Many different words seem to relate to attention but are not quite the same in meaning: situation awareness, mental workload, vigilance, fatigue, drowsiness, alertness, activation, and distraction. In the spirit of this book honoring Christopher Wickens, this chapter reviews several different behavior modeling ideas. It offers an engineering approach to attentional control, discussing how concepts such as fuzzy logic, Kalman estimators, Yufix virtual associative networks, and Bayesian logic might be used to provide quantitative predictions concerning the manner in which attention is allocated in complex tasks.Less
Attention can be either voluntary or involuntary, and it can be either exteroceptive or non-exteroceptive. This chapter deals mostly with exteroceptive attention, because what produces attention by the brain in the absence of overt, observable triggering events seems much more difficult to grapple with. Non-exteroceptive attention typically occurs over longer time periods (for example, reflecting on last night's party). Many different words seem to relate to attention but are not quite the same in meaning: situation awareness, mental workload, vigilance, fatigue, drowsiness, alertness, activation, and distraction. In the spirit of this book honoring Christopher Wickens, this chapter reviews several different behavior modeling ideas. It offers an engineering approach to attentional control, discussing how concepts such as fuzzy logic, Kalman estimators, Yufix virtual associative networks, and Bayesian logic might be used to provide quantitative predictions concerning the manner in which attention is allocated in complex tasks.
Suzanne Nalbantian and Paul M. Matthews (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190462321
- eISBN:
- 9780190462345
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190462321.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book draws from leading neuroscientists and scholars in the humanities and the arts to probe creativity in its many manifestations, including the everyday mind, the exceptional mind, the ...
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This book draws from leading neuroscientists and scholars in the humanities and the arts to probe creativity in its many manifestations, including the everyday mind, the exceptional mind, the pathological mind, the scientific mind, and the artistic mind. It offers a brand new interdisciplinary approach revealing secrets of creativity that emerge from our everyday lives and from the minds of exceptional individuals and their discoveries or creations. Neuroscientists, psychologists, and humanities researchers provide new insights about the workings of the creative brain. Components of creativity are specified with respect to types of memory, forms of intelligence, modes of experience, and kinds of emotion. Authors in this volume take on the challenge of simultaneously characterizing creativity at behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological levels. It becomes apparent to all our authors that, with creativity, there is an interaction between consciously controlled processing and spontaneous processing. Neuroscientists describe the functioning of the brain and its circuitry in creative acts of scientific discovery or aesthetic production. Humanists from the fields of literature, art, and music give analyses of creativity in major literary works, musical compositions, and works of visual art. This book brings together an interdisciplinary group of contributors for a novel discussion of creativity from the confluence of neuroscience and the arts.Less
This book draws from leading neuroscientists and scholars in the humanities and the arts to probe creativity in its many manifestations, including the everyday mind, the exceptional mind, the pathological mind, the scientific mind, and the artistic mind. It offers a brand new interdisciplinary approach revealing secrets of creativity that emerge from our everyday lives and from the minds of exceptional individuals and their discoveries or creations. Neuroscientists, psychologists, and humanities researchers provide new insights about the workings of the creative brain. Components of creativity are specified with respect to types of memory, forms of intelligence, modes of experience, and kinds of emotion. Authors in this volume take on the challenge of simultaneously characterizing creativity at behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological levels. It becomes apparent to all our authors that, with creativity, there is an interaction between consciously controlled processing and spontaneous processing. Neuroscientists describe the functioning of the brain and its circuitry in creative acts of scientific discovery or aesthetic production. Humanists from the fields of literature, art, and music give analyses of creativity in major literary works, musical compositions, and works of visual art. This book brings together an interdisciplinary group of contributors for a novel discussion of creativity from the confluence of neuroscience and the arts.
