Mary Ann Mason and Eve Mason Ekman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195182675
- eISBN:
- 9780199944019
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182675.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds ...
More
In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds has remained relatively stagnant. Why are so many women falling off the fast track? This book traces the career paths of the first generation of ambitious women who started careers in academia, law, medicine, business, and the media in large numbers in the 1970s and '80s. Many women who had started families but continued working had ended up veering off the path to upper management at a point the author calls “the second glass ceiling.” Rather than sticking to their original career goals, they allowed themselves to slide into a second tier of management that offers fewer hours, less pay, lower prestige, and limited upward mobility. Men who did likewise—entered the career world with high aspirations and then started families while working—not only did not show the same trend, they reached even higher levels of professional success than men who had no families at all. Along with her daughter, an aspiring journalist, the author has written a guide for young women who are facing the tough decision of when—and if—to start a family. It is also a guide for older women seeking a second chance to break through to the next level, as the author herself did in academia.Less
In the past few decades the number of women entering graduate and professional schools has been going up and up, while the number of women reaching the top rung of the corporate and academic worlds has remained relatively stagnant. Why are so many women falling off the fast track? This book traces the career paths of the first generation of ambitious women who started careers in academia, law, medicine, business, and the media in large numbers in the 1970s and '80s. Many women who had started families but continued working had ended up veering off the path to upper management at a point the author calls “the second glass ceiling.” Rather than sticking to their original career goals, they allowed themselves to slide into a second tier of management that offers fewer hours, less pay, lower prestige, and limited upward mobility. Men who did likewise—entered the career world with high aspirations and then started families while working—not only did not show the same trend, they reached even higher levels of professional success than men who had no families at all. Along with her daughter, an aspiring journalist, the author has written a guide for young women who are facing the tough decision of when—and if—to start a family. It is also a guide for older women seeking a second chance to break through to the next level, as the author herself did in academia.
Debraj Ray
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0028
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay discusses a particular aspect of poverty: its close and brutal association with a failure of aspirations. This is not an assertion about individuals who are poor; it is a statement about ...
More
This essay discusses a particular aspect of poverty: its close and brutal association with a failure of aspirations. This is not an assertion about individuals who are poor; it is a statement about the condition of poverty itself. Poverty stifles dreams, or at least the process of attaining dreams. Thus, poverty and the failure of aspirations may be reciprocally linked in a self-sustaining trap. This essay seeks to draw out various aspects of this theme and, in the process, to introduce and discuss an aspirations-based view of individual behavior.Less
This essay discusses a particular aspect of poverty: its close and brutal association with a failure of aspirations. This is not an assertion about individuals who are poor; it is a statement about the condition of poverty itself. Poverty stifles dreams, or at least the process of attaining dreams. Thus, poverty and the failure of aspirations may be reciprocally linked in a self-sustaining trap. This essay seeks to draw out various aspects of this theme and, in the process, to introduce and discuss an aspirations-based view of individual behavior.
Alex Kirlik
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199765140
- eISBN:
- 9780199863358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765140.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Human-Technology Interaction
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the human-technology interaction (HTI) approach. It then explains the rationale behind the compilation of HTI research articles in this ...
More
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the human-technology interaction (HTI) approach. It then explains the rationale behind the compilation of HTI research articles in this volume. A recurring theme across these articles was a desire to not merely inform, but to reform. One can read the pieces collected here simultaneously as an extended complaint and, more importantly, a set of recommendations—or at least object lessons—for how HTI research ought to broaden both its perspective and its practical, even moral, aspirations.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the human-technology interaction (HTI) approach. It then explains the rationale behind the compilation of HTI research articles in this volume. A recurring theme across these articles was a desire to not merely inform, but to reform. One can read the pieces collected here simultaneously as an extended complaint and, more importantly, a set of recommendations—or at least object lessons—for how HTI research ought to broaden both its perspective and its practical, even moral, aspirations.
John Foster and Jason Potts
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290475
- eISBN:
- 9780191603495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290474.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter argues that evolutionary economics should be founded upon complex systems theory rather than neo-Darwinian analogies concerning natural selection, which focus on supply side ...
More
This chapter argues that evolutionary economics should be founded upon complex systems theory rather than neo-Darwinian analogies concerning natural selection, which focus on supply side considerations and competition amongst firms and technologies. It suggests that conceptions such as production and consumption functions should be replaced by network representations, in which the preferences or, more correctly, the aspirations of consumers are fundamental and, as such, the primary drivers of economic growth. Technological innovation is viewed as a process that is intermediate between these aspirational networks, and the organizational networks in which goods and services are produced. Consumer knowledge becomes at least as important as producer knowledge in determining how economic value is generated. It becomes clear that the stability afforded by connective systems of rules is essential for economic flexibility to exist, but that too many rules result in inert and structurally unstable states. In contrast, too few rules result in a more stable state, but at a low level of ordered complexity. Economic evolution from this perspective is explored using random and scale free network representations of complex systems.Less
This chapter argues that evolutionary economics should be founded upon complex systems theory rather than neo-Darwinian analogies concerning natural selection, which focus on supply side considerations and competition amongst firms and technologies. It suggests that conceptions such as production and consumption functions should be replaced by network representations, in which the preferences or, more correctly, the aspirations of consumers are fundamental and, as such, the primary drivers of economic growth. Technological innovation is viewed as a process that is intermediate between these aspirational networks, and the organizational networks in which goods and services are produced. Consumer knowledge becomes at least as important as producer knowledge in determining how economic value is generated. It becomes clear that the stability afforded by connective systems of rules is essential for economic flexibility to exist, but that too many rules result in inert and structurally unstable states. In contrast, too few rules result in a more stable state, but at a low level of ordered complexity. Economic evolution from this perspective is explored using random and scale free network representations of complex systems.
Alison Sharrock
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198277125
- eISBN:
- 9780191684159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198277125.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of the book, which is about the political condition of the Arab Minority in the State of Israel during ...
More
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of the book, which is about the political condition of the Arab Minority in the State of Israel during the period 1967—1991. This book examines various aspects of the process of alienation among a part of the Arab minority in terms of achieving full equality in Israel and promoting nationalist Arab aspirations. This study is based on observations of the political behaviour of the Arab minority in Israel, its electoral trends, problems of identity, and political organizations.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of the book, which is about the political condition of the Arab Minority in the State of Israel during the period 1967—1991. This book examines various aspects of the process of alienation among a part of the Arab minority in terms of achieving full equality in Israel and promoting nationalist Arab aspirations. This study is based on observations of the political behaviour of the Arab minority in Israel, its electoral trends, problems of identity, and political organizations.
Alexandra Barahona de Brito
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280385
- eISBN:
- 9780191598852
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280386.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This book analyses the Uruguayan and Chilean experiences with the transitional politics of truth and justice regarding past human rights violations. These policies are shaped by the legacy of ...
More
This book analyses the Uruguayan and Chilean experiences with the transitional politics of truth and justice regarding past human rights violations. These policies are shaped by the legacy of repressive rule, and the dynamics of the politics of transition and of the balance of power under the new democratic governments peculiar to each country. The issue is central to the politics of transition for ethical, symbolic, practical and political reasons: politically it is the most explosive transitional issue; on a practical level, only official acknowledgement can resolve pending legal questions for survivors and families of victims; ethically, it is hard to generate democratic consensus or social endorsement for social reform without involving principles and ideals that appeal to the underlying values and aspirations of the citizenry. Dealing with legacies of state repression permits the beginning of the process of ‘deconstruction of cultures of fear’ without which democratization cannot occur. This is not only desirable and necessary; some kind of truth telling policy has proved to be both required and feasible in a wide range of contemporary regime transitions. However, justice is not always possible: limitations on prosecutions are more self-imposed than 'structural', more political than institutional, and clearly there is a tension between the conditions necessary to ensure accountability and those that govern periods of transition. Unconsolidated democracies are not able to practise the politics of a consolidated democracy; the politics of consolidated democracies includes the capacity to call the powerful to account. This is perhaps the yardstick with which to measure consolidation. Instead of practising the politics of consolidated democracy, what these countries have to engage in is the politics of democratic consolidation. Although truth and justice policies may remain relevant after the transition and 'leak into' the politics of democratization, (where they can continue to be a source of conflict in the judicial system and of latent or overt painful and deep-seated social animosities), the resolution of the issue in the formal political arena can and does make it marginal in terms of day-to-day politics. Consolidation depends more crucially on the reform of key institutions that permitted abuse and impunity: the thorough reform of the judiciary and of the forces of repression. If a government does not undertake a proper reform of the institutions that made abuse and impunity possible, the democracy it presides over will be lame and incomplete.Less
This book analyses the Uruguayan and Chilean experiences with the transitional politics of truth and justice regarding past human rights violations. These policies are shaped by the legacy of repressive rule, and the dynamics of the politics of transition and of the balance of power under the new democratic governments peculiar to each country. The issue is central to the politics of transition for ethical, symbolic, practical and political reasons: politically it is the most explosive transitional issue; on a practical level, only official acknowledgement can resolve pending legal questions for survivors and families of victims; ethically, it is hard to generate democratic consensus or social endorsement for social reform without involving principles and ideals that appeal to the underlying values and aspirations of the citizenry. Dealing with legacies of state repression permits the beginning of the process of ‘deconstruction of cultures of fear’ without which democratization cannot occur. This is not only desirable and necessary; some kind of truth telling policy has proved to be both required and feasible in a wide range of contemporary regime transitions. However, justice is not always possible: limitations on prosecutions are more self-imposed than 'structural', more political than institutional, and clearly there is a tension between the conditions necessary to ensure accountability and those that govern periods of transition. Unconsolidated democracies are not able to practise the politics of a consolidated democracy; the politics of consolidated democracies includes the capacity to call the powerful to account. This is perhaps the yardstick with which to measure consolidation. Instead of practising the politics of consolidated democracy, what these countries have to engage in is the politics of democratic consolidation. Although truth and justice policies may remain relevant after the transition and 'leak into' the politics of democratization, (where they can continue to be a source of conflict in the judicial system and of latent or overt painful and deep-seated social animosities), the resolution of the issue in the formal political arena can and does make it marginal in terms of day-to-day politics. Consolidation depends more crucially on the reform of key institutions that permitted abuse and impunity: the thorough reform of the judiciary and of the forces of repression. If a government does not undertake a proper reform of the institutions that made abuse and impunity possible, the democracy it presides over will be lame and incomplete.
Jonathan Bendor, Daniel Diermeier, David A. Siegel, and Michael M. Ting
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135076
- eISBN:
- 9781400836802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135076.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses some general properties of aspiration-based adaptive rules (ABARs). It begins with an overview of propensity and aspiration-based adjustment, using axioms to represent three ...
More
This chapter discusses some general properties of aspiration-based adaptive rules (ABARs). It begins with an overview of propensity and aspiration-based adjustment, using axioms to represent three premises: agents have aspirations, they compare payoffs to aspirations, and these comparisons determine the key qualitative properties of how agents adjust their action propensities. It then considers stochastic processes such as Markov chains before turning to some useful types of ABARs, along with realistic aspirations and how the behavior and performance of ABARs are associated with the existence of relations of Pareto dominance among alternatives. It also examines the empirical content of ABAR-driven models and concludes with an analysis of some evidence regarding aspiration-based adaptation, paying attention to behavior and hedonics.Less
This chapter discusses some general properties of aspiration-based adaptive rules (ABARs). It begins with an overview of propensity and aspiration-based adjustment, using axioms to represent three premises: agents have aspirations, they compare payoffs to aspirations, and these comparisons determine the key qualitative properties of how agents adjust their action propensities. It then considers stochastic processes such as Markov chains before turning to some useful types of ABARs, along with realistic aspirations and how the behavior and performance of ABARs are associated with the existence of relations of Pareto dominance among alternatives. It also examines the empirical content of ABAR-driven models and concludes with an analysis of some evidence regarding aspiration-based adaptation, paying attention to behavior and hedonics.
Stephen Gaukroger
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296446
- eISBN:
- 9780191711985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296446.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This introductory chapter sets out the basic ideas that motivate the book. First, science in the West from the early modern era onwards has developed in a very distinctive way that distinguishes it ...
More
This introductory chapter sets out the basic ideas that motivate the book. First, science in the West from the early modern era onwards has developed in a very distinctive way that distinguishes it from earlier forms of scientific activity, which had traditionally exhibited a pattern of slow, irregular, intermittent growth that alternated with substantial periods of stagnation. Second, the emergence of a scientific culture reveals that the distinctive features of scientific culture are not sui generis, something to be elucidated merely through reflection on the supposed nature of science. Rather, they have arisen as a result of specific and contingent challenges that have emerged since the 17th century, challenges which are generated in an intellectual culture that goes beyond developments internal to particular scientific programmes. Third, this distinctiveness of Western scientific practice and its cultural and cognitive standing derives in large part from the legitimatory aspirations that it takes on in the course of the 17th century.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the basic ideas that motivate the book. First, science in the West from the early modern era onwards has developed in a very distinctive way that distinguishes it from earlier forms of scientific activity, which had traditionally exhibited a pattern of slow, irregular, intermittent growth that alternated with substantial periods of stagnation. Second, the emergence of a scientific culture reveals that the distinctive features of scientific culture are not sui generis, something to be elucidated merely through reflection on the supposed nature of science. Rather, they have arisen as a result of specific and contingent challenges that have emerged since the 17th century, challenges which are generated in an intellectual culture that goes beyond developments internal to particular scientific programmes. Third, this distinctiveness of Western scientific practice and its cultural and cognitive standing derives in large part from the legitimatory aspirations that it takes on in the course of the 17th century.
Robert Merrihew Adams
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207510
- eISBN:
- 9780191708824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207510.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter examines questions about holistic ascriptions of virtue or good character. It argues that such ascriptions may imply possession of some but not all particular virtues. Some virtues may ...
More
This chapter examines questions about holistic ascriptions of virtue or good character. It argues that such ascriptions may imply possession of some but not all particular virtues. Some virtues may find a place only in certain situations, vocations, or ways of life. Personal moral integration remains an important goal of moral aspiration, though it probably will, and should, never be finished, but rather require recurrent renegotiation.Less
This chapter examines questions about holistic ascriptions of virtue or good character. It argues that such ascriptions may imply possession of some but not all particular virtues. Some virtues may find a place only in certain situations, vocations, or ways of life. Personal moral integration remains an important goal of moral aspiration, though it probably will, and should, never be finished, but rather require recurrent renegotiation.
Jan De Vries
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263471
- eISBN:
- 9780191734786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263471.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter examines the scope and intensity of productive labour and its relationship to consumer aspirations. It demonstrates that changes in consumption demands play a role in the process of ...
More
This chapter examines the scope and intensity of productive labour and its relationship to consumer aspirations. It demonstrates that changes in consumption demands play a role in the process of industrialization. The first ‘industrious revolution’ within the household sector reinforced significant changes in business organization, affecting both the international wholesale trade and the retail provision of goods. This phenomenon paved the way for the Industrial Revolution, which was advanced by new technologies and changes in organization.Less
This chapter examines the scope and intensity of productive labour and its relationship to consumer aspirations. It demonstrates that changes in consumption demands play a role in the process of industrialization. The first ‘industrious revolution’ within the household sector reinforced significant changes in business organization, affecting both the international wholesale trade and the retail provision of goods. This phenomenon paved the way for the Industrial Revolution, which was advanced by new technologies and changes in organization.
Prudence L. Carter
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195168624
- eISBN:
- 9780199943968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168624.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume, which is about the influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on the success of low-income African American and Latino students in school. ...
More
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume, which is about the influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on the success of low-income African American and Latino students in school. It focuses on the experiences of groups of low-income African American and Latino male and female youths living in particular families and attending specific schools in Yonkers, New York. It examines the social tension between students' educational and career aspirations and their confrontations with a hierarchy of cultural meanings within schools. It analyzes how these minority students deploy culture to gain status, a complex story that is better understood as a continuum of cultural attachments rather than a reflection of their educational values.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume, which is about the influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on the success of low-income African American and Latino students in school. It focuses on the experiences of groups of low-income African American and Latino male and female youths living in particular families and attending specific schools in Yonkers, New York. It examines the social tension between students' educational and career aspirations and their confrontations with a hierarchy of cultural meanings within schools. It analyzes how these minority students deploy culture to gain status, a complex story that is better understood as a continuum of cultural attachments rather than a reflection of their educational values.
Thomas F. Haddox
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823225217
- eISBN:
- 9780823236947
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823225217.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
This book charts what has been a largely unexplored literary landscape, looking at the work of such diverse writers as the gens de couleur libre poets of antebellum New Orleans, Kate ...
More
This book charts what has been a largely unexplored literary landscape, looking at the work of such diverse writers as the gens de couleur libre poets of antebellum New Orleans, Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Carson McCullers, Margaret Mitchell, Allen Tate, Caroline Gordon, Flannery O'Connor, Walker Percy, and John Kennedy Toole. It shows that Catholicism and its Church have always been a presence, albeit in different ways, in the southern cultural tradition. For some, Catholicism has been associated with miscegenation and with the political aspirations of African Americans; for others, it has served as the model for the feudal and patriarchal society that some southern whites sought to establish; for still others, it has presented a gorgeous aesthetic spectacle associated with decadence and homoeroticism; and for still others, it has marked a quotidian, do-it-yourself “lifestyle” attractive for its lack of concern with southern anxieties about honor. By focusing on the shifting and contradictory ways Catholicism has signified within southern literature and culture, this book contributes to a more nuanced understanding of American and southern literary and cultural history.Less
This book charts what has been a largely unexplored literary landscape, looking at the work of such diverse writers as the gens de couleur libre poets of antebellum New Orleans, Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Carson McCullers, Margaret Mitchell, Allen Tate, Caroline Gordon, Flannery O'Connor, Walker Percy, and John Kennedy Toole. It shows that Catholicism and its Church have always been a presence, albeit in different ways, in the southern cultural tradition. For some, Catholicism has been associated with miscegenation and with the political aspirations of African Americans; for others, it has served as the model for the feudal and patriarchal society that some southern whites sought to establish; for still others, it has presented a gorgeous aesthetic spectacle associated with decadence and homoeroticism; and for still others, it has marked a quotidian, do-it-yourself “lifestyle” attractive for its lack of concern with southern anxieties about honor. By focusing on the shifting and contradictory ways Catholicism has signified within southern literature and culture, this book contributes to a more nuanced understanding of American and southern literary and cultural history.
Wesley A. Kort
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143423
- eISBN:
- 9780199834389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143426.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Houses are important as setting and metaphor in Lewis's fiction and theory. Houses join memories and aspirations. He understands a Christian's being in the world as like a child's exploratory and ...
More
Houses are important as setting and metaphor in Lewis's fiction and theory. Houses join memories and aspirations. He understands a Christian's being in the world as like a child's exploratory and appreciative location in a large and complex house. He also viewed Christianity itself as a large, variegated, and accommodating house.Less
Houses are important as setting and metaphor in Lewis's fiction and theory. Houses join memories and aspirations. He understands a Christian's being in the world as like a child's exploratory and appreciative location in a large and complex house. He also viewed Christianity itself as a large, variegated, and accommodating house.
Sarasij Majumder
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780823282425
- eISBN:
- 9780823284849
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823282425.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
People's Car explores one of the major movements for resisting the acquisition of land by the government in the interests of siting a Tata Motors car factory in Singur, India. The factory becomes the ...
More
People's Car explores one of the major movements for resisting the acquisition of land by the government in the interests of siting a Tata Motors car factory in Singur, India. The factory becomes the alibi for nuanced interrogations that are both material and theoretical on resistance, changing rural realities in globalizing India and the very nature and idea of land. It asks why such long drawn resistances against corporate industrialization coexist with political rhetoric and slogans promoting fast paced industrialization. It argues that such contradictory rhetoric and promises target divided sentiments in rural India where land is more than a simple agricultural plot to middle caste small and marginal landowners aspiring nonfarm futures. People's Car breaks new ground by ethnographically establishing the incommensurability between land and money. Such incommensurability or non-equivalence, the book shows, simultaneously drives protests against land acquisition and fuels the demands for non-farm jobs and industrialization, the crux of rural middle-caste aspirational politics. It questions the dominant trend of romanticizing rural life and associated anti-development protests that uses the clichéd dichotomous tropes—rural Bharat vs. urban India.Less
People's Car explores one of the major movements for resisting the acquisition of land by the government in the interests of siting a Tata Motors car factory in Singur, India. The factory becomes the alibi for nuanced interrogations that are both material and theoretical on resistance, changing rural realities in globalizing India and the very nature and idea of land. It asks why such long drawn resistances against corporate industrialization coexist with political rhetoric and slogans promoting fast paced industrialization. It argues that such contradictory rhetoric and promises target divided sentiments in rural India where land is more than a simple agricultural plot to middle caste small and marginal landowners aspiring nonfarm futures. People's Car breaks new ground by ethnographically establishing the incommensurability between land and money. Such incommensurability or non-equivalence, the book shows, simultaneously drives protests against land acquisition and fuels the demands for non-farm jobs and industrialization, the crux of rural middle-caste aspirational politics. It questions the dominant trend of romanticizing rural life and associated anti-development protests that uses the clichéd dichotomous tropes—rural Bharat vs. urban India.
Ingrid Tieken‐Boon van Ostade
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199579273
- eISBN:
- 9780191595219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579273.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, English Language
Lowth's life and career on the basis of unpublished private documents: his correspondence, a memoir, his will. It depicts him as a clergyman with social aspirations for himself and his family, whose ...
More
Lowth's life and career on the basis of unpublished private documents: his correspondence, a memoir, his will. It depicts him as a clergyman with social aspirations for himself and his family, whose status, as an individual but also as a grammarian, made him sensitive to different sociolinguistic norms.Less
Lowth's life and career on the basis of unpublished private documents: his correspondence, a memoir, his will. It depicts him as a clergyman with social aspirations for himself and his family, whose status, as an individual but also as a grammarian, made him sensitive to different sociolinguistic norms.
Bernard Bailyn
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264249
- eISBN:
- 9780191734045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264249.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture discusses a ‘recipe for bloodshed’ in terms of the popular derivatives of Isaiah Berlin's doctrines, instead of the formal discourses he discussed. It presents a sketch of the fate of ...
More
This lecture discusses a ‘recipe for bloodshed’ in terms of the popular derivatives of Isaiah Berlin's doctrines, instead of the formal discourses he discussed. It presents a sketch of the fate of perfectionist aspirations in the open amplitudes of the Western Hemisphere. The lecture presents a review of several perfectionist projects of Atlantic dimensions, concluding that the horrors Berlin deplored were derived not from the search for perfection, but from the uses and misuses of power.Less
This lecture discusses a ‘recipe for bloodshed’ in terms of the popular derivatives of Isaiah Berlin's doctrines, instead of the formal discourses he discussed. It presents a sketch of the fate of perfectionist aspirations in the open amplitudes of the Western Hemisphere. The lecture presents a review of several perfectionist projects of Atlantic dimensions, concluding that the horrors Berlin deplored were derived not from the search for perfection, but from the uses and misuses of power.
Karolyn Tyson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199736447
- eISBN:
- 9780199943951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736447.003.0021
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter addresses high-achieving adolescents' vulnerability to peer cultures that are oppositional to the norms and values of schools. These include youth subcultures in which students are ...
More
This chapter addresses high-achieving adolescents' vulnerability to peer cultures that are oppositional to the norms and values of schools. These include youth subcultures in which students are ridiculed for achievement-related behaviors in both racialized and non-racialized ways. Whereas the previous chapter considered where and when taunts of acting white for achievement-related behaviors occur, the present chapter investigates why some high-achieving black adolescents succumb to pressure to conform to oppositional aspects of the peer environment at their schools while others are able to resist and reject such pressures. It demonstrates that there are conditions (both internal and external) that help high-achieving adolescents resist, reject, or ignore this type of negative peer pressure. These include, for example, a strong sense of identity (who they are and are not) and clear post-high school goals and aspirations. The chapter also shows that the age at which adolescents develop the characteristics and goals that keep them focused on academic achievement varies.Less
This chapter addresses high-achieving adolescents' vulnerability to peer cultures that are oppositional to the norms and values of schools. These include youth subcultures in which students are ridiculed for achievement-related behaviors in both racialized and non-racialized ways. Whereas the previous chapter considered where and when taunts of acting white for achievement-related behaviors occur, the present chapter investigates why some high-achieving black adolescents succumb to pressure to conform to oppositional aspects of the peer environment at their schools while others are able to resist and reject such pressures. It demonstrates that there are conditions (both internal and external) that help high-achieving adolescents resist, reject, or ignore this type of negative peer pressure. These include, for example, a strong sense of identity (who they are and are not) and clear post-high school goals and aspirations. The chapter also shows that the age at which adolescents develop the characteristics and goals that keep them focused on academic achievement varies.
Jonathan Bendor, Daniel Diermeier, David A. Siegel, and Michael M. Ting
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135076
- eISBN:
- 9781400836802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135076.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This book discusses a behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality. As a research program, bounded rationality contains a set of alternative formulations, rather than a single theory ...
More
This book discusses a behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality. As a research program, bounded rationality contains a set of alternative formulations, rather than a single theory or model. The issues raised by the bounded rationality program—the impact of cognitive constraints on behavior—are as pertinent to politics as they are to markets, perhaps even more so. This is evident in the subfield of elections. This chapter considers two major topics that are central to a behavioral theory of elections: framing and heuristics. It also explores aspiration-based adaptive rules (ABARs), the relation between the research programs of bounded rationality and rational choice, voter turnout, and the cognitive capacities of voters and politicians. Finally, it provides an overview of the topics tackled in the book.Less
This book discusses a behavioral theory of elections based on bounded rationality. As a research program, bounded rationality contains a set of alternative formulations, rather than a single theory or model. The issues raised by the bounded rationality program—the impact of cognitive constraints on behavior—are as pertinent to politics as they are to markets, perhaps even more so. This is evident in the subfield of elections. This chapter considers two major topics that are central to a behavioral theory of elections: framing and heuristics. It also explores aspiration-based adaptive rules (ABARs), the relation between the research programs of bounded rationality and rational choice, voter turnout, and the cognitive capacities of voters and politicians. Finally, it provides an overview of the topics tackled in the book.
Jonathan Bendor, Daniel Diermeier, David A. Siegel, and Michael M. Ting
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135076
- eISBN:
- 9781400836802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135076.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter considers the voter’s choice between candidates. In the context of voter choice, aspirations are internal evaluation thresholds which code an incumbent’s performance as good or bad, ...
More
This chapter considers the voter’s choice between candidates. In the context of voter choice, aspirations are internal evaluation thresholds which code an incumbent’s performance as good or bad, satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Good performance is rewarded with increased support, and bad with less support. This chapter introduces a behavioral model of voter choice that allows voters to use the identity of the incumbent’s party in their decision making. It first presents the model, along with a few definitions necessary to structure later results, before discussing the difference between naïve and sophisticated retrospective voting. Using the model, it examines aggregate electoral outcomes in large populations of voters all responding independently to an incumbent. Using simple retrospective voting rules, citizens can generate endogenous party affiliations. This creates ideological polarization when aggregated over the entire population.Less
This chapter considers the voter’s choice between candidates. In the context of voter choice, aspirations are internal evaluation thresholds which code an incumbent’s performance as good or bad, satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Good performance is rewarded with increased support, and bad with less support. This chapter introduces a behavioral model of voter choice that allows voters to use the identity of the incumbent’s party in their decision making. It first presents the model, along with a few definitions necessary to structure later results, before discussing the difference between naïve and sophisticated retrospective voting. Using the model, it examines aggregate electoral outcomes in large populations of voters all responding independently to an incumbent. Using simple retrospective voting rules, citizens can generate endogenous party affiliations. This creates ideological polarization when aggregated over the entire population.
Jonathan Bendor, Daniel Diermeier, David A. Siegel, and Michael M. Ting
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135076
- eISBN:
- 9781400836802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135076.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter introduces a model of two-party elections that integrates the focused models of party competition, turnout, and voter choice. To address the complexity of this synthetic model, ...
More
This chapter introduces a model of two-party elections that integrates the focused models of party competition, turnout, and voter choice. To address the complexity of this synthetic model, computation is used as the main way to generate results (predictions). The model yields a “general equilibrium” of the election game. It also allows for greater heterogeneity within each coalition while taking into account the link between payoffs and aspirations. The chapter first describes the proposed computational model for two parties before discussing some results of the basic integrated model. It also considers several new questions that the model can address, such as: who votes and who votes correctly. Finally, it examines the dynamics that lead to equilibrium behavior.Less
This chapter introduces a model of two-party elections that integrates the focused models of party competition, turnout, and voter choice. To address the complexity of this synthetic model, computation is used as the main way to generate results (predictions). The model yields a “general equilibrium” of the election game. It also allows for greater heterogeneity within each coalition while taking into account the link between payoffs and aspirations. The chapter first describes the proposed computational model for two parties before discussing some results of the basic integrated model. It also considers several new questions that the model can address, such as: who votes and who votes correctly. Finally, it examines the dynamics that lead to equilibrium behavior.
