Jack Hayward
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199216314
- eISBN:
- 9780191712265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216314.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The contrast between an urbanizing and industrializing society and an enduring peasant and artisan population is emphasized, while the business-political elite networks achieved maximum power by the ...
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The contrast between an urbanizing and industrializing society and an enduring peasant and artisan population is emphasized, while the business-political elite networks achieved maximum power by the late 19th century. The clerical-anti-clerical struggle for control of education results in the victory of secularism. Committed historians shaped the dominant political culture, although writers (Chateaubriand, Balzac, Stendhal, Lamartine, Baudelaire, Hugo) and artists (Delacroix, Daumier, Courbet) were influential.Less
The contrast between an urbanizing and industrializing society and an enduring peasant and artisan population is emphasized, while the business-political elite networks achieved maximum power by the late 19th century. The clerical-anti-clerical struggle for control of education results in the victory of secularism. Committed historians shaped the dominant political culture, although writers (Chateaubriand, Balzac, Stendhal, Lamartine, Baudelaire, Hugo) and artists (Delacroix, Daumier, Courbet) were influential.
Jun Suzuki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the importance of artisan workshops in the development of the machine manufacturing industry. Silk-reeling and coal mining, which played the significant role in Japan’s ...
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This chapter discusses the importance of artisan workshops in the development of the machine manufacturing industry. Silk-reeling and coal mining, which played the significant role in Japan’s industrialization, depended on these workshops with low priced boilers and pumps. This association is an example of the way positive linkages worked between small-scale production and leading export-oriented industries. Similar interconnections contributed to the establishment of modern machine manufacturing factories by providing training for skilled workers and forming markets for machinery.Less
This chapter discusses the importance of artisan workshops in the development of the machine manufacturing industry. Silk-reeling and coal mining, which played the significant role in Japan’s industrialization, depended on these workshops with low priced boilers and pumps. This association is an example of the way positive linkages worked between small-scale production and leading export-oriented industries. Similar interconnections contributed to the establishment of modern machine manufacturing factories by providing training for skilled workers and forming markets for machinery.
Nicholas P. Cushner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195307566
- eISBN:
- 9780199784936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195307569.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The visual presentations of the new religion were found mainly in the colonial art and architecture of Christian churches. Workshops functioned as places where native artisans could learn the new ...
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The visual presentations of the new religion were found mainly in the colonial art and architecture of Christian churches. Workshops functioned as places where native artisans could learn the new motifs that were current in places of worship. Jesuit schools, following the European tradition of Jesuit Theatre, enacted plays that provided entertainment but were didactic as well.Less
The visual presentations of the new religion were found mainly in the colonial art and architecture of Christian churches. Workshops functioned as places where native artisans could learn the new motifs that were current in places of worship. Jesuit schools, following the European tradition of Jesuit Theatre, enacted plays that provided entertainment but were didactic as well.
J. Rixey Ruffin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326512
- eISBN:
- 9780199870417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326512.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The prologue narrates both the formative years of Bentley's life before his call to the East Church in 1783 and also the history of that church before that date. Born the son of an artisan father in ...
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The prologue narrates both the formative years of Bentley's life before his call to the East Church in 1783 and also the history of that church before that date. Born the son of an artisan father in Boston's North End in 1759 but educated at Harvard thanks to his own intellectual skills and the financial largesse of his maternal grandfather, Bentley began and continued through his life straddling two social worlds, a tension that would later help drive his ideological changes. Meanwhile, members of the East Church were no longer satisfied with their pastor after the Revolutionary War. They wanted a corresponding change of leadership in their own spiritual community. They could not easily dismiss their existing pastor, but they could call an assistant pastor in order to bring the conflict to a head. In Bentley they found their man and in 1783 invited him up to Salem.Less
The prologue narrates both the formative years of Bentley's life before his call to the East Church in 1783 and also the history of that church before that date. Born the son of an artisan father in Boston's North End in 1759 but educated at Harvard thanks to his own intellectual skills and the financial largesse of his maternal grandfather, Bentley began and continued through his life straddling two social worlds, a tension that would later help drive his ideological changes. Meanwhile, members of the East Church were no longer satisfied with their pastor after the Revolutionary War. They wanted a corresponding change of leadership in their own spiritual community. They could not easily dismiss their existing pastor, but they could call an assistant pastor in order to bring the conflict to a head. In Bentley they found their man and in 1783 invited him up to Salem.
Jonathan Glixon and Beth Glixon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154160
- eISBN:
- 9780199868483
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154160.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This book explores public opera in its infancy, from 1637 to 1677, when theater owners and impresarios, drawing on the models of the already existent theaters for comedy, established Venice as the ...
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This book explores public opera in its infancy, from 1637 to 1677, when theater owners and impresarios, drawing on the models of the already existent theaters for comedy, established Venice as the operatic capital of Europe. Based on new documentation, the book studies all of the components necessary for opera production, from the financial backing and the issue of patronage to the commissioning and creation of the libretto and score; the recruitment and employment of singers, dancers, and instrumentalists; the production of the scenery and the costumes; and the nature of the audience. The book examines the challenges faced by four separate Venetian theaters during the 17th century, focusing on the progress of Marco Faustini, the Venetian impresario most well known today. Faustini — a lawyer by profession — made his way from one of Venice's smallest theaters to one of the largest and most important, and his advancement provides a personal view of an impresario and his partners, who ranged from Venetian patricians to artisans. Throughout the book, Venice emerges as a city that prized novelty over economy, with new repertory, scenery, costumes, and expensive singers the rule rather than the exception.Less
This book explores public opera in its infancy, from 1637 to 1677, when theater owners and impresarios, drawing on the models of the already existent theaters for comedy, established Venice as the operatic capital of Europe. Based on new documentation, the book studies all of the components necessary for opera production, from the financial backing and the issue of patronage to the commissioning and creation of the libretto and score; the recruitment and employment of singers, dancers, and instrumentalists; the production of the scenery and the costumes; and the nature of the audience. The book examines the challenges faced by four separate Venetian theaters during the 17th century, focusing on the progress of Marco Faustini, the Venetian impresario most well known today. Faustini — a lawyer by profession — made his way from one of Venice's smallest theaters to one of the largest and most important, and his advancement provides a personal view of an impresario and his partners, who ranged from Venetian patricians to artisans. Throughout the book, Venice emerges as a city that prized novelty over economy, with new repertory, scenery, costumes, and expensive singers the rule rather than the exception.
Tirthankar Roy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198063780
- eISBN:
- 9780199080144
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063780.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This book chronicles how the concept of organizing people to serve economic ends emerged in early modern and colonial India. It examines rules of cooperation, why people decided to join forces, how ...
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This book chronicles how the concept of organizing people to serve economic ends emerged in early modern and colonial India. It examines rules of cooperation, why people decided to join forces, how disputes were settled, and how cooperative communities became increasingly unstable in more modern times. It focuses on five dimensions: actor, agent, time, purpose, and region. The leading actors are peasants, labourers, artisans, merchants/bankers, and the states. The rules of cooperation that formed inside communities of merchants and others were respected by the states. However, these rules would eventually become unstable due to the integration of India within a global-industrial economy and the introduction of a new rule of law in the old guise of ‘custom’. As a result, the endogamous guild, a kind of collective that used marriage rules to secure cooperative ties, became weaker, to be supplanted by other forms of organization. Collectives controlled property, managed resources, supplied training, and conducted negotiations. The regional angle is important because regions differed on the composition of enterprise, and globalization and colonialism unfolded unevenly across space. The book presents an economic history of institutional change in South Asia.Less
This book chronicles how the concept of organizing people to serve economic ends emerged in early modern and colonial India. It examines rules of cooperation, why people decided to join forces, how disputes were settled, and how cooperative communities became increasingly unstable in more modern times. It focuses on five dimensions: actor, agent, time, purpose, and region. The leading actors are peasants, labourers, artisans, merchants/bankers, and the states. The rules of cooperation that formed inside communities of merchants and others were respected by the states. However, these rules would eventually become unstable due to the integration of India within a global-industrial economy and the introduction of a new rule of law in the old guise of ‘custom’. As a result, the endogamous guild, a kind of collective that used marriage rules to secure cooperative ties, became weaker, to be supplanted by other forms of organization. Collectives controlled property, managed resources, supplied training, and conducted negotiations. The regional angle is important because regions differed on the composition of enterprise, and globalization and colonialism unfolded unevenly across space. The book presents an economic history of institutional change in South Asia.
Beth L. Glixon and Jonathan E. Glixon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154160
- eISBN:
- 9780199868483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154160.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
After discussing the management of comedy theaters in Venice, this chapter examines the financial structure behind the opera business, exploring various sources of income, such as investors, loans, ...
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After discussing the management of comedy theaters in Venice, this chapter examines the financial structure behind the opera business, exploring various sources of income, such as investors, loans, rental of seats and boxes, advances from the printer, and ticket sales. While the renters and managers of the comedy theaters usually came from the noble class, opera theaters tended to be run by artisans or members of the professional class. The opera business was sustained through the availability of guarantors who would repay loans and other debts remaining at the end of the season.Less
After discussing the management of comedy theaters in Venice, this chapter examines the financial structure behind the opera business, exploring various sources of income, such as investors, loans, rental of seats and boxes, advances from the printer, and ticket sales. While the renters and managers of the comedy theaters usually came from the noble class, opera theaters tended to be run by artisans or members of the professional class. The opera business was sustained through the availability of guarantors who would repay loans and other debts remaining at the end of the season.
Tirthankar Roy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198063780
- eISBN:
- 9780199080144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063780.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This book has examined how rules of cooperation emerged in South Asia and how they changed in more modern times. The actions of merchants, peasants, artisans, and workers in the pre-colonial business ...
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This book has examined how rules of cooperation emerged in South Asia and how they changed in more modern times. The actions of merchants, peasants, artisans, and workers in the pre-colonial business world were coordinated by guilds composed of kinsmen. These endogamous guilds, aided by regional states, were respected by rulers and regulated the accumulation and use of labour, capital, land, and knowledge. From the late eighteenth century, personal ties were weakened by an emerging new economy shaped by industrialization, foreign trade, and colonial rule. The informal and personal ways of doing business disappeared, resulting in unstable collectives. Among merchants and bankers, there was an imperceptible creative destruction of the community following the rise to prominence of individuals, families, and other associational rules. Entrepreneurs became successful by relying on old ties and formal institutions. Compromise and dualism were also evident among peasants, workers, and artisans in the twentieth century.Less
This book has examined how rules of cooperation emerged in South Asia and how they changed in more modern times. The actions of merchants, peasants, artisans, and workers in the pre-colonial business world were coordinated by guilds composed of kinsmen. These endogamous guilds, aided by regional states, were respected by rulers and regulated the accumulation and use of labour, capital, land, and knowledge. From the late eighteenth century, personal ties were weakened by an emerging new economy shaped by industrialization, foreign trade, and colonial rule. The informal and personal ways of doing business disappeared, resulting in unstable collectives. Among merchants and bankers, there was an imperceptible creative destruction of the community following the rise to prominence of individuals, families, and other associational rules. Entrepreneurs became successful by relying on old ties and formal institutions. Compromise and dualism were also evident among peasants, workers, and artisans in the twentieth century.
Joseph Shatzmiller
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156996
- eISBN:
- 9781400846092
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156996.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This concluding chapter explains how it was no surprise that Christian artisans did not shy away from decorating Jewish objects for devotional purposes. When exceptional situations like the movement ...
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This concluding chapter explains how it was no surprise that Christian artisans did not shy away from decorating Jewish objects for devotional purposes. When exceptional situations like the movement of the artisans' services back and forth are observed, instances of peaceful exchange and probably even friendly coexistence, even if ephemeral, do emerge. Such “moments of grace” did not occur only among members of the artistic community. While a mass of documentation records the hostility and violence that marked Christian–Jewish relationships during these centuries, instances of tolerance surface in the documents as well, if only occasionally. The chapter contends that in the future, more rich archives are sure to reveal information about cordial Jewish relationships between Jews and Christians in past centuries.Less
This concluding chapter explains how it was no surprise that Christian artisans did not shy away from decorating Jewish objects for devotional purposes. When exceptional situations like the movement of the artisans' services back and forth are observed, instances of peaceful exchange and probably even friendly coexistence, even if ephemeral, do emerge. Such “moments of grace” did not occur only among members of the artistic community. While a mass of documentation records the hostility and violence that marked Christian–Jewish relationships during these centuries, instances of tolerance surface in the documents as well, if only occasionally. The chapter contends that in the future, more rich archives are sure to reveal information about cordial Jewish relationships between Jews and Christians in past centuries.
Siân Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199560424
- eISBN:
- 9780191741814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560424.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter describes the birth, upbringing, household and family of Marie-Jeanne Phlipon, using contemporary documents. The daughter of an engraver, her background is that of Parisian shopkeepers ...
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This chapter describes the birth, upbringing, household and family of Marie-Jeanne Phlipon, using contemporary documents. The daughter of an engraver, her background is that of Parisian shopkeepers and artisans. As an only surviving child, she receives hidden educational advantages, despite being a girl. A year in a convent school brings friendship with Sophie Cannet, addressee of a long correspondence.Less
This chapter describes the birth, upbringing, household and family of Marie-Jeanne Phlipon, using contemporary documents. The daughter of an engraver, her background is that of Parisian shopkeepers and artisans. As an only surviving child, she receives hidden educational advantages, despite being a girl. A year in a convent school brings friendship with Sophie Cannet, addressee of a long correspondence.
PAUL LAITY
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199248353
- eISBN:
- 9780191714672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248353.003.01
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists ...
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The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists were Painite radicals and ‘rational Christians’ who denied that the government was engaged in a defensive struggle and called for British neutrality. In 1816, the year after the fighting finally stopped, the first British peace association was formed: the short-lived, pacific-ist Society for Abolishing War. A more successful attempt was made the same year when a group of Quakers and other Christian pacifists launched the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, also known as the Peace Society. The Peace Society would be the most important British peace association for the next hundred years. This chapter also discusses the impact of the Crimean War on the peace movement in Britain, the emergence of Mazzinian artisan radicalism, the founding of the International Working Men's Association, and the Reform League.Less
The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists were Painite radicals and ‘rational Christians’ who denied that the government was engaged in a defensive struggle and called for British neutrality. In 1816, the year after the fighting finally stopped, the first British peace association was formed: the short-lived, pacific-ist Society for Abolishing War. A more successful attempt was made the same year when a group of Quakers and other Christian pacifists launched the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, also known as the Peace Society. The Peace Society would be the most important British peace association for the next hundred years. This chapter also discusses the impact of the Crimean War on the peace movement in Britain, the emergence of Mazzinian artisan radicalism, the founding of the International Working Men's Association, and the Reform League.
Catherine Kovesi Killerby
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247936
- eISBN:
- 9780191714733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247936.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter begins by explaining that sumptuary legislation cannot be ‘linked in a simple or satisfying way to contemporary economic opinion or conditions’. It then investigates the importance for ...
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This chapter begins by explaining that sumptuary legislation cannot be ‘linked in a simple or satisfying way to contemporary economic opinion or conditions’. It then investigates the importance for late medieval and Renaissance Italian governments of preserving and encouraging the two resources of money and people by means of sumptuary laws. It stresses that the laws stated that expenditure itself was not discouraged for it was recognised that the circulation of money was vital to the maintenance and improvement of trade and industry. It clarifies that the laws considered useless expenditure to be universally condemned. It argues that an apparent flaw in these governments' economic thought here is their failure to consider that expenditure by the wealthy, though possibly foolish, provided income for artisans. It stresses that sumptuary laws were not employed as a useless, rhetorical exercise of moral catharsis, but as a practical means of dealing with practical problems.Less
This chapter begins by explaining that sumptuary legislation cannot be ‘linked in a simple or satisfying way to contemporary economic opinion or conditions’. It then investigates the importance for late medieval and Renaissance Italian governments of preserving and encouraging the two resources of money and people by means of sumptuary laws. It stresses that the laws stated that expenditure itself was not discouraged for it was recognised that the circulation of money was vital to the maintenance and improvement of trade and industry. It clarifies that the laws considered useless expenditure to be universally condemned. It argues that an apparent flaw in these governments' economic thought here is their failure to consider that expenditure by the wealthy, though possibly foolish, provided income for artisans. It stresses that sumptuary laws were not employed as a useless, rhetorical exercise of moral catharsis, but as a practical means of dealing with practical problems.
R. W. Hoyle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208747
- eISBN:
- 9780191716980
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208747.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The 1536 rising at Louth was founded on the expectation that the plate and other liturgical gold and silver of the parish church would be confiscated on Monday, October 2. The rising at Horncastle ...
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The 1536 rising at Louth was founded on the expectation that the plate and other liturgical gold and silver of the parish church would be confiscated on Monday, October 2. The rising at Horncastle was founded on the lie that the confiscation had taken place. As Louth had a considerable investment to protect, it is easy to appreciate why these fears should have had a particular resonance amongst its inhabitants; but there is no sign that Horncastle, as the smaller town, had a similar investment in church goods. In both towns the revolutionary vanguard was drawn from the artisans of the town. This may particularly be seen in Louth. Obviously, much of the rebels' success turns on the twin advantages of surprise and numbers, but the speed with which the rebellion spread outside the towns indicates the receptivity of Lincolnshire rural society to their message.Less
The 1536 rising at Louth was founded on the expectation that the plate and other liturgical gold and silver of the parish church would be confiscated on Monday, October 2. The rising at Horncastle was founded on the lie that the confiscation had taken place. As Louth had a considerable investment to protect, it is easy to appreciate why these fears should have had a particular resonance amongst its inhabitants; but there is no sign that Horncastle, as the smaller town, had a similar investment in church goods. In both towns the revolutionary vanguard was drawn from the artisans of the town. This may particularly be seen in Louth. Obviously, much of the rebels' success turns on the twin advantages of surprise and numbers, but the speed with which the rebellion spread outside the towns indicates the receptivity of Lincolnshire rural society to their message.
John Merriman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195072532
- eISBN:
- 9780199867790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072532.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the daily routines of policing France's growing urban world. Prostitution, illegal gambling, notorious drinking spots, the brawling rivalries between groups of artisans, or ...
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This chapter examines the daily routines of policing France's growing urban world. Prostitution, illegal gambling, notorious drinking spots, the brawling rivalries between groups of artisans, or compagnons, the surveillance of ex-convicts, and the search for missing persons were part of the expected work of policemen. But there was also the unexpected, as commissaires de police confronted the tragedies of fires, suicides, infanticide, and child abandonment.Less
This chapter examines the daily routines of policing France's growing urban world. Prostitution, illegal gambling, notorious drinking spots, the brawling rivalries between groups of artisans, or compagnons, the surveillance of ex-convicts, and the search for missing persons were part of the expected work of policemen. But there was also the unexpected, as commissaires de police confronted the tragedies of fires, suicides, infanticide, and child abandonment.
Alan Ryder
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207367
- eISBN:
- 9780191708718
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207367.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This book examines the fate that overtook the principality of Catalonia in the 15th century, reducing it from dominance within the state of Aragon to a marginal role in the Iberian power created by ...
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This book examines the fate that overtook the principality of Catalonia in the 15th century, reducing it from dominance within the state of Aragon to a marginal role in the Iberian power created by the union of Aragon and Castile. Part one studies the tensions destabilizing Catalonia: unrest among a peasantry resentful of outdated burdens; merchants and artisans struggling to wrest control of the towns from entrenched oligarchies; an aristocracy devoted to endless feuding; and a monarchy thrown into disarray by the extinction of the Catalan line and its replacement by a Castilian dynasty. In 1462, Catalonia degenerated into a civil war that lasted ten years. Part two seeks to explain how and why the king, Juan II, emerged victorious. The economic and military resources of the two camps, their tactics, and the lines along which Catalan society divided are examined. The book looks at the crucial part played by foreign powers in the conflict, who intervened on both sides until Juan turned the tables with his gamble on a Castilian crown for his heir, Fernando. The surrender of the insurgents in 1472 left Catalonia chaotic, devastated, and mired in many more years of war with France as Juan struggled to recover the territories he had surrendered in return for French aid. Catalonia was then helpless before Fernando, the Catholic King of Castile, who became ruler of Catalonia in 1479. The measures he imposed to restore order and subject the principality to the new ‘Spanish’ state are the theme of the final chapter. The events discussed have a continuing resonance in Spain today.Less
This book examines the fate that overtook the principality of Catalonia in the 15th century, reducing it from dominance within the state of Aragon to a marginal role in the Iberian power created by the union of Aragon and Castile. Part one studies the tensions destabilizing Catalonia: unrest among a peasantry resentful of outdated burdens; merchants and artisans struggling to wrest control of the towns from entrenched oligarchies; an aristocracy devoted to endless feuding; and a monarchy thrown into disarray by the extinction of the Catalan line and its replacement by a Castilian dynasty. In 1462, Catalonia degenerated into a civil war that lasted ten years. Part two seeks to explain how and why the king, Juan II, emerged victorious. The economic and military resources of the two camps, their tactics, and the lines along which Catalan society divided are examined. The book looks at the crucial part played by foreign powers in the conflict, who intervened on both sides until Juan turned the tables with his gamble on a Castilian crown for his heir, Fernando. The surrender of the insurgents in 1472 left Catalonia chaotic, devastated, and mired in many more years of war with France as Juan struggled to recover the territories he had surrendered in return for French aid. Catalonia was then helpless before Fernando, the Catholic King of Castile, who became ruler of Catalonia in 1479. The measures he imposed to restore order and subject the principality to the new ‘Spanish’ state are the theme of the final chapter. The events discussed have a continuing resonance in Spain today.
Conor Lucey
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526119940
- eISBN:
- 9781526138699
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526119940.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
This book advances an innovative look at a well known, if arguably often misunderstood, historic building typology: the eighteenth-century brick terraced (or row) house. Created for the upper tier of ...
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This book advances an innovative look at a well known, if arguably often misunderstood, historic building typology: the eighteenth-century brick terraced (or row) house. Created for the upper tier of the social spectrum, these houses were largely designed and built by what is customarily regarded as the lower tier of the architectural hierarchy; that is, by artisan communities of bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers and related tradesmen. From London and Dublin to Boston and Philadelphia, these houses collectively formed the streets and squares that became the links and pivots of ‘enlightened’ city plans, and remain central to their respective historic and cultural identities. But while the scenographic quality of Bath and the stuccoed interiors of Dublin have long enjoyed critical approbation, the ‘typical’ house is understood less in terms of design and more in terms of production: consequently, historians have emphasized the commercial motivations of this artisan class at the expense of how they satisfied the demands of an elite, and taste-conscious, real estate market. Drawing on extensive primary source material, from property deeds and architectural drawings to trade cards and newspaper advertising, this book rehabilitates the status of the house builder by examining his negotiation of both the manual and intellectual dimensions of the building process. For the first time, Building Reputations considers the artisan as both a figure of building production and an agent of architectural taste.Less
This book advances an innovative look at a well known, if arguably often misunderstood, historic building typology: the eighteenth-century brick terraced (or row) house. Created for the upper tier of the social spectrum, these houses were largely designed and built by what is customarily regarded as the lower tier of the architectural hierarchy; that is, by artisan communities of bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers and related tradesmen. From London and Dublin to Boston and Philadelphia, these houses collectively formed the streets and squares that became the links and pivots of ‘enlightened’ city plans, and remain central to their respective historic and cultural identities. But while the scenographic quality of Bath and the stuccoed interiors of Dublin have long enjoyed critical approbation, the ‘typical’ house is understood less in terms of design and more in terms of production: consequently, historians have emphasized the commercial motivations of this artisan class at the expense of how they satisfied the demands of an elite, and taste-conscious, real estate market. Drawing on extensive primary source material, from property deeds and architectural drawings to trade cards and newspaper advertising, this book rehabilitates the status of the house builder by examining his negotiation of both the manual and intellectual dimensions of the building process. For the first time, Building Reputations considers the artisan as both a figure of building production and an agent of architectural taste.
Martin Ceadel
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241170
- eISBN:
- 9780191696893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241170.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
For the first time in 1867, the peace movement acquired continental counterparts and an extended franchise helped Henry Richard enter the parliament. There are also other significant events that ...
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For the first time in 1867, the peace movement acquired continental counterparts and an extended franchise helped Henry Richard enter the parliament. There are also other significant events that contributed to the recovery of the peace movement including the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1 which not only prompted the establishment of a Workmen's Peace Association but sparked interest in international law, arbitration, and codification among the academics, intellectuals, and ‘the leading jurists of Christendom’. Peace activists, however, had to face violence over the Eastern Question and the Afghan Wars but seemed to be making steady progress as the Egyptian crisis blew up in June 1882. The Anti-Aggression League also faltered despite having protected itself from the peace-at-any-price mantra.Less
For the first time in 1867, the peace movement acquired continental counterparts and an extended franchise helped Henry Richard enter the parliament. There are also other significant events that contributed to the recovery of the peace movement including the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1 which not only prompted the establishment of a Workmen's Peace Association but sparked interest in international law, arbitration, and codification among the academics, intellectuals, and ‘the leading jurists of Christendom’. Peace activists, however, had to face violence over the Eastern Question and the Afghan Wars but seemed to be making steady progress as the Egyptian crisis blew up in June 1882. The Anti-Aggression League also faltered despite having protected itself from the peace-at-any-price mantra.
Alice Jenkins (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846311406
- eISBN:
- 9781846313554
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846313554
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
In 1818 Michael Faraday and a handful of other London artisans formed a self-help group with the aim of teaching themselves to write like gentlemen. For a year and a half Faraday's essay-circle met ...
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In 1818 Michael Faraday and a handful of other London artisans formed a self-help group with the aim of teaching themselves to write like gentlemen. For a year and a half Faraday's essay-circle met regularly to read aloud and criticize one another's writings. The ‘Mental Exercises’ they produced are a record of the life, literary tastes, and social and political ideas of Dissenting artisans in Regency London. This book publishes the essays and poems produced by Faraday's circle. The complete corpus of the essay-circle's writings is accompanied by detailed annotations, extracts from key sources, and a full-length introduction explaining the biographical, historical and literary context of the group.Less
In 1818 Michael Faraday and a handful of other London artisans formed a self-help group with the aim of teaching themselves to write like gentlemen. For a year and a half Faraday's essay-circle met regularly to read aloud and criticize one another's writings. The ‘Mental Exercises’ they produced are a record of the life, literary tastes, and social and political ideas of Dissenting artisans in Regency London. This book publishes the essays and poems produced by Faraday's circle. The complete corpus of the essay-circle's writings is accompanied by detailed annotations, extracts from key sources, and a full-length introduction explaining the biographical, historical and literary context of the group.
Gillian Feeley-Harnik
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263242
- eISBN:
- 9780191734014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263242.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture discusses and uses Radcliffe-Brown's insights to perform an ethnography of the science and popular culture of descent in the fertile decades of the mid-nineteenth-century. It focuses on ...
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This lecture discusses and uses Radcliffe-Brown's insights to perform an ethnography of the science and popular culture of descent in the fertile decades of the mid-nineteenth-century. It focuses on Darwin's work with people outside scholarly circles, such as artisans and tradespeople.Less
This lecture discusses and uses Radcliffe-Brown's insights to perform an ethnography of the science and popular culture of descent in the fertile decades of the mid-nineteenth-century. It focuses on Darwin's work with people outside scholarly circles, such as artisans and tradespeople.
Paola Bertucci
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300227413
- eISBN:
- 9780300231625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300227413.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
What would the Enlightenment look like from the perspective of artistes, the learned artisans with esprit, who presented themselves in contrast to philosophers, savants, and routine-bound craftsmen? ...
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What would the Enlightenment look like from the perspective of artistes, the learned artisans with esprit, who presented themselves in contrast to philosophers, savants, and routine-bound craftsmen? Making a radical change of historical protagonists, this book places the mechanical arts and the world of making at the heart of the Enlightenment. At a time of great colonial, commercial, and imperial concerns, artistes planned encyclopedic projects and sought an official role in the administration of the French state. The Société des Arts, which they envisioned as a state institution that would foster France's colonial and economic expansion, was the most ambitious expression of their collective aspirations. This book provides the first in-depth study of the Société, and demonstrates its legacy in scientific programs, academies, and the making of Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie. Through insightful analysis of textual, visual, and material sources, the book provides a ground-breaking perspective on the politics of writing on the mechanical arts and the development of key Enlightenment concepts such as improvement, utility, and progress.Less
What would the Enlightenment look like from the perspective of artistes, the learned artisans with esprit, who presented themselves in contrast to philosophers, savants, and routine-bound craftsmen? Making a radical change of historical protagonists, this book places the mechanical arts and the world of making at the heart of the Enlightenment. At a time of great colonial, commercial, and imperial concerns, artistes planned encyclopedic projects and sought an official role in the administration of the French state. The Société des Arts, which they envisioned as a state institution that would foster France's colonial and economic expansion, was the most ambitious expression of their collective aspirations. This book provides the first in-depth study of the Société, and demonstrates its legacy in scientific programs, academies, and the making of Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie. Through insightful analysis of textual, visual, and material sources, the book provides a ground-breaking perspective on the politics of writing on the mechanical arts and the development of key Enlightenment concepts such as improvement, utility, and progress.
