Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297369
- eISBN:
- 9780191600272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829736X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
If mafia groups are present in a market, they must be organized in some form. Two questions have generated a heated and long-running debate among scholars of the mafias: first, are criminal groups ...
More
If mafia groups are present in a market, they must be organized in some form. Two questions have generated a heated and long-running debate among scholars of the mafias: first, are criminal groups organized in a hierarchical and military fashion or, on the contrary, are they loose networks of individuals, getting together to perform a specific task; second, are these groups territorially or functionally organized? Chapter 6 addresses these two questions with reference to the city of Perm, which is in the Gulag Archipelago in the Ural region of Russia. It pieces together some elements in the history of Perm’s criminality at the time of the transition from the Soviet economic and political system to the market economy, discussing the legacy of the Gulag (in the shape of the criminal fraternity of the vory-v-zakone – thieves-with-a-code-of-honour – that flourished in the Soviet labour camps between the 1920s and the 1950s, and re-emerged in the 1970s) in relation to the contemporary criminal situation, the post-Soviet criminal groups that emerged in the city, and inter-group relations and conflicts. Lastly, it analyses the organizational arrangements (structure, size, and internal division of labour) of the mafia groups in Perm, and compares them with other gangs and mafias (principally the Sicilian Mafia or Cosa Nostra).Less
If mafia groups are present in a market, they must be organized in some form. Two questions have generated a heated and long-running debate among scholars of the mafias: first, are criminal groups organized in a hierarchical and military fashion or, on the contrary, are they loose networks of individuals, getting together to perform a specific task; second, are these groups territorially or functionally organized? Chapter 6 addresses these two questions with reference to the city of Perm, which is in the Gulag Archipelago in the Ural region of Russia. It pieces together some elements in the history of Perm’s criminality at the time of the transition from the Soviet economic and political system to the market economy, discussing the legacy of the Gulag (in the shape of the criminal fraternity of the vory-v-zakone – thieves-with-a-code-of-honour – that flourished in the Soviet labour camps between the 1920s and the 1950s, and re-emerged in the 1970s) in relation to the contemporary criminal situation, the post-Soviet criminal groups that emerged in the city, and inter-group relations and conflicts. Lastly, it analyses the organizational arrangements (structure, size, and internal division of labour) of the mafia groups in Perm, and compares them with other gangs and mafias (principally the Sicilian Mafia or Cosa Nostra).
Chandran Kukathas
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257546
- eISBN:
- 9780191599705
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925754X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This book seeks an answer to the question: what is the principled basis of a free society marked by cultural diversity and group loyalties? It contends that a free society is an open society whose ...
More
This book seeks an answer to the question: what is the principled basis of a free society marked by cultural diversity and group loyalties? It contends that a free society is an open society whose fundamental principle is the principle of freedom of association. It advances an idea of a liberal archipelago which provides a better metaphor of the free society.Less
This book seeks an answer to the question: what is the principled basis of a free society marked by cultural diversity and group loyalties? It contends that a free society is an open society whose fundamental principle is the principle of freedom of association. It advances an idea of a liberal archipelago which provides a better metaphor of the free society.
Chandran Kukathas
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257546
- eISBN:
- 9780191599705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925754X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter discusses the theory proposed in this book. It argues that this theory is indeed a liberal theory despite the fact that it is at odds with contemporary liberalism. It presents ...
More
This chapter discusses the theory proposed in this book. It argues that this theory is indeed a liberal theory despite the fact that it is at odds with contemporary liberalism. It presents discussions on political philosophy and modern society, and the liberal archipelago.Less
This chapter discusses the theory proposed in this book. It argues that this theory is indeed a liberal theory despite the fact that it is at odds with contemporary liberalism. It presents discussions on political philosophy and modern society, and the liberal archipelago.
Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter considers the prospect of a deeper understanding of social interactions in urban settings as well as their significance for the functioning and future role of cities and regions. It ...
More
This chapter considers the prospect of a deeper understanding of social interactions in urban settings as well as their significance for the functioning and future role of cities and regions. It introduces broader sets of tools for exploring the properties of urban networks, from the lowest microscale up to the highest levels of aggregation. Graph theory, for example, offers a promising means of elucidating the urban social fabric and the interactions that define it, and more specifically the link between urban infrastructure and aspatial social networks. The chapter also compares individuals and their social interactions to an archipelago, a metaphor that offers a picture of the magic of the city. It concludes by emphasizing the interdependence between the creation of cities over physical space, on the one hand, and the urban archipelago and its internal social and economic structures, which are man-made, on the other.Less
This chapter considers the prospect of a deeper understanding of social interactions in urban settings as well as their significance for the functioning and future role of cities and regions. It introduces broader sets of tools for exploring the properties of urban networks, from the lowest microscale up to the highest levels of aggregation. Graph theory, for example, offers a promising means of elucidating the urban social fabric and the interactions that define it, and more specifically the link between urban infrastructure and aspatial social networks. The chapter also compares individuals and their social interactions to an archipelago, a metaphor that offers a picture of the magic of the city. It concludes by emphasizing the interdependence between the creation of cities over physical space, on the one hand, and the urban archipelago and its internal social and economic structures, which are man-made, on the other.
Rodrigo H. Bustamante, Thomas A. Okey, and Stuart Banks
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the ...
More
This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the current state of the ecosystem. The chapter presents a model of the energetic pathways in the ecosystem and its predictions for fisheries yields and the role of key species. The history of exploitation is outlined as well as the role of the current marine protected areas to develop sustainable management system.Less
This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the current state of the ecosystem. The chapter presents a model of the energetic pathways in the ecosystem and its predictions for fisheries yields and the role of key species. The history of exploitation is outlined as well as the role of the current marine protected areas to develop sustainable management system.
Patrick Vinton Kirch
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520267251
- eISBN:
- 9780520947849
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520267251.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This book addresses a central problem in anthropological archaeology—the emergence of “archaic states,” whose distinctive feature was divine kingship—taking as its focus the Hawaiian archipelago, ...
More
This book addresses a central problem in anthropological archaeology—the emergence of “archaic states,” whose distinctive feature was divine kingship—taking as its focus the Hawaiian archipelago, commonly regarded as the archetype of a complex chiefdom. Integrating anthropology, linguistics, archaeology, traditional history, and theory, and drawing on significant contributions from four decades of research, it argues that Hawaiian polities had become states before the time of Captain Cook's voyage (1778–1779). The status of most archaic states is inferred from the archaeological record, but the book shows that because Hawai'i's kingdoms were established relatively recently, they could be observed and recorded by Cook and other European voyagers. The book contributes to the literature of precontact Hawai'i and illuminates Hawai'i's importance in the global theory and literature about divine kingship, archaic states, and sociopolitical evolution.Less
This book addresses a central problem in anthropological archaeology—the emergence of “archaic states,” whose distinctive feature was divine kingship—taking as its focus the Hawaiian archipelago, commonly regarded as the archetype of a complex chiefdom. Integrating anthropology, linguistics, archaeology, traditional history, and theory, and drawing on significant contributions from four decades of research, it argues that Hawaiian polities had become states before the time of Captain Cook's voyage (1778–1779). The status of most archaic states is inferred from the archaeological record, but the book shows that because Hawai'i's kingdoms were established relatively recently, they could be observed and recorded by Cook and other European voyagers. The book contributes to the literature of precontact Hawai'i and illuminates Hawai'i's importance in the global theory and literature about divine kingship, archaic states, and sociopolitical evolution.
Judah Schept
- Published in print:
- 1942
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479810710
- eISBN:
- 9781479802821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479810710.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Chapter Two looks specifically at the spatial dimensions of carceral habitus as expressed in the vision for the justice campus as well as in the growing scope of so called alternatives. First, the ...
More
Chapter Two looks specifically at the spatial dimensions of carceral habitus as expressed in the vision for the justice campus as well as in the growing scope of so called alternatives. First, the chapter examines some of the popular configurations of the justice campus that subsumed community welfare into carceral expansion. In this more expansive vision, community social services and the local safety net would exist on site with the jail, juvenile facility, and work release center that were the constitutive carceral institutions of the justice campus. The chapter discusses the contours of this vision of carceral welfare and then moves on to theorizing its prevalence and predominance among some of the more vocal campus supporters. The chapter then looks at some of the non-custodial alternatives that were expanding in the community at the same time, including several specialty courts. The chapter interrogates their designation as alternatives and considers the carceral logics that connected them to more overt practices of confinement.Less
Chapter Two looks specifically at the spatial dimensions of carceral habitus as expressed in the vision for the justice campus as well as in the growing scope of so called alternatives. First, the chapter examines some of the popular configurations of the justice campus that subsumed community welfare into carceral expansion. In this more expansive vision, community social services and the local safety net would exist on site with the jail, juvenile facility, and work release center that were the constitutive carceral institutions of the justice campus. The chapter discusses the contours of this vision of carceral welfare and then moves on to theorizing its prevalence and predominance among some of the more vocal campus supporters. The chapter then looks at some of the non-custodial alternatives that were expanding in the community at the same time, including several specialty courts. The chapter interrogates their designation as alternatives and considers the carceral logics that connected them to more overt practices of confinement.
Harrod J. Suarez
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041440
- eISBN:
- 9780252050046
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041440.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
The Work of Mothering: Globalization and the Filipino Diaspora argues for a strict relationship between the world-historical situation of the Philippines under empire, nationalism, and globalization ...
More
The Work of Mothering: Globalization and the Filipino Diaspora argues for a strict relationship between the world-historical situation of the Philippines under empire, nationalism, and globalization and the phenomenon of overseas domestic labor, drawing on the contours that inform the latter but arguing that it is part of a much larger framework of nurture, care, and service structuring the relationship between the postcolonial Philippines and the world. It analyzes maternal figures in novels by Carlos Bulosan, Jessica Hagedorn, and Brian Ascalon Roley; short stories by Nick Joaquin and Mia Alvar; poems by Luisa Igloria; and a film by Kidlat Tahimik. By developing incisive readings of subtle, passing moments in these texts, The Work of Mothering opens up narratives within which the cultural, political, and economic logics of overseas Filipina/o migration, especially but not only domestic labor, emerges. It does so by advancing an archipelagic reading practice that addresses diasporic literatures and cultures without reinscribing them either within nationalist or global paradigms. In doing so, it draws crucially on debates within the sociology of globalization and cultural studies, offering a critical and innovative vantage point that identifies alternative practices of the maternal, pushing up against the historical and political conditions that manage Filipina/o identity for nationalism and globalization.
Less
The Work of Mothering: Globalization and the Filipino Diaspora argues for a strict relationship between the world-historical situation of the Philippines under empire, nationalism, and globalization and the phenomenon of overseas domestic labor, drawing on the contours that inform the latter but arguing that it is part of a much larger framework of nurture, care, and service structuring the relationship between the postcolonial Philippines and the world. It analyzes maternal figures in novels by Carlos Bulosan, Jessica Hagedorn, and Brian Ascalon Roley; short stories by Nick Joaquin and Mia Alvar; poems by Luisa Igloria; and a film by Kidlat Tahimik. By developing incisive readings of subtle, passing moments in these texts, The Work of Mothering opens up narratives within which the cultural, political, and economic logics of overseas Filipina/o migration, especially but not only domestic labor, emerges. It does so by advancing an archipelagic reading practice that addresses diasporic literatures and cultures without reinscribing them either within nationalist or global paradigms. In doing so, it draws crucially on debates within the sociology of globalization and cultural studies, offering a critical and innovative vantage point that identifies alternative practices of the maternal, pushing up against the historical and political conditions that manage Filipina/o identity for nationalism and globalization.
Eva Sansavior and Richard Scholar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781381519
- eISBN:
- 9781781384923
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781381519.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book explores the relations between globalization and the Caribbean since 1492, when Columbus first arrived in the region, to the present day. It aims to help change prevalent ways of thinking, ...
More
This book explores the relations between globalization and the Caribbean since 1492, when Columbus first arrived in the region, to the present day. It aims to help change prevalent ways of thinking, not only about the Caribbean archipelago as a complex field of historical enquiry and cultural production, but also about the nature of globalization. It argues that the region has long been — and remains — a theatre of conflict between, as well as a site of emergence for, different forms of globalization. It thereby offers the opportunity to focus research and debate across the interdisciplinary spectrum by reflecting upon and re-imagining the idea of globalization in a specifically Caribbean context. It does so at a time when the Caribbean is urgently rethinking its own identity and place in a world where the Western economic model of globalization is more in question than ever.Less
This book explores the relations between globalization and the Caribbean since 1492, when Columbus first arrived in the region, to the present day. It aims to help change prevalent ways of thinking, not only about the Caribbean archipelago as a complex field of historical enquiry and cultural production, but also about the nature of globalization. It argues that the region has long been — and remains — a theatre of conflict between, as well as a site of emergence for, different forms of globalization. It thereby offers the opportunity to focus research and debate across the interdisciplinary spectrum by reflecting upon and re-imagining the idea of globalization in a specifically Caribbean context. It does so at a time when the Caribbean is urgently rethinking its own identity and place in a world where the Western economic model of globalization is more in question than ever.
James G. Sanderson and Stuart L. Pimm
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226292724
- eISBN:
- 9780226292861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226292861.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
We reconsider the birds of the islands of Vanuatu and the Galápagos. The former have few pairs of species belonging to the same genus—and it is within such pairs that we are most likely to find ...
More
We reconsider the birds of the islands of Vanuatu and the Galápagos. The former have few pairs of species belonging to the same genus—and it is within such pairs that we are most likely to find checkerboard patterns of mutual exclusion. We do not find them. In the Galápagos, there are many congeneric species sets. These patterns of co-occurrence are striking once one considers the bill sizes of the species involved. The unusually few co-occurrences are between species with the most similar bills. Moreover, where similar species do co-occur, they show character displacement. The bills of the smaller of the pairs are smaller, and the bills of the larger of the pairs are larger, than where the species do not overlap.Less
We reconsider the birds of the islands of Vanuatu and the Galápagos. The former have few pairs of species belonging to the same genus—and it is within such pairs that we are most likely to find checkerboard patterns of mutual exclusion. We do not find them. In the Galápagos, there are many congeneric species sets. These patterns of co-occurrence are striking once one considers the bill sizes of the species involved. The unusually few co-occurrences are between species with the most similar bills. Moreover, where similar species do co-occur, they show character displacement. The bills of the smaller of the pairs are smaller, and the bills of the larger of the pairs are larger, than where the species do not overlap.
James G. Sanderson and Stuart L. Pimm
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226292724
- eISBN:
- 9780226292861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226292861.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
We return to the Bismarck and Solomon islands, the locations that generated Diamond’s ideas on assembly rules. The null models generate a list of species pairs where the number of observed ...
More
We return to the Bismarck and Solomon islands, the locations that generated Diamond’s ideas on assembly rules. The null models generate a list of species pairs where the number of observed co-occurrences is unusual, meaning that thisoccurs in fewer than 5% of the null models. As Diamond’s critics had argued, interspecific competition is unlikely to generate some of these unusual pairs—they are ecologically and taxonomically very dissimilar. We show, however, that such unusual pairs are disproportionately common in pairs that belong to the same genus—exactly the pattern one would predict.Less
We return to the Bismarck and Solomon islands, the locations that generated Diamond’s ideas on assembly rules. The null models generate a list of species pairs where the number of observed co-occurrences is unusual, meaning that thisoccurs in fewer than 5% of the null models. As Diamond’s critics had argued, interspecific competition is unlikely to generate some of these unusual pairs—they are ecologically and taxonomically very dissimilar. We show, however, that such unusual pairs are disproportionately common in pairs that belong to the same genus—exactly the pattern one would predict.
Nicholas Allen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199609888
- eISBN:
- 9780191731778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609888.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Reading is a key activity in Synge’s plays. The printed word networked Ireland into a global system of news exchange. In this sense, the popular press is a written trace of the complex, contested and ...
More
Reading is a key activity in Synge’s plays. The printed word networked Ireland into a global system of news exchange. In this sense, the popular press is a written trace of the complex, contested and evolving relations that shaped the late imperial Anglophone world. Synge’s engagement with this press, and with ideas of visual and printed communication, reveals part of his own relationship to this textual economy. Following forms of reading through the serial appearance of newspapers and journals, I argue that the situation of Synge’s work in Aran, or Ireland, suggests its position in a global archipelago that runs in chain internationally through the distribution networks of empire and its cultural diasporas.Less
Reading is a key activity in Synge’s plays. The printed word networked Ireland into a global system of news exchange. In this sense, the popular press is a written trace of the complex, contested and evolving relations that shaped the late imperial Anglophone world. Synge’s engagement with this press, and with ideas of visual and printed communication, reveals part of his own relationship to this textual economy. Following forms of reading through the serial appearance of newspapers and journals, I argue that the situation of Synge’s work in Aran, or Ireland, suggests its position in a global archipelago that runs in chain internationally through the distribution networks of empire and its cultural diasporas.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
The Chagos islanders were forcibly uprooted from the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean between 1965 and 1973. This book compares the experiences of displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius with ...
More
The Chagos islanders were forcibly uprooted from the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean between 1965 and 1973. This book compares the experiences of displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius with the experiences of those Chagossians who have moved to the UK since 2002. It provides an ethnographic comparative study of forced displacement and onward migration within the living memory of one community. Based on in-depth ethnographic fieldwork in Mauritius and Crawley (West Sussex), the six chapters explore Chagossians' challenging lives in Mauritius, the mobilisation of the community, reformulations of the homeland, the politics of culture in exile, onward migration to Crawley, and attempts to make a home in successive locations. The book illuminates how displaced people romanticise their homeland through an exploration of changing representations of the Chagos Archipelago in song lyrics. Offering further ethnographic insights into the politics of culture, it shows how Chagossians in exile engage with contrasting conceptions of culture ranging from expectations of continuity and authenticity to enactments of change, loss, and revival.Less
The Chagos islanders were forcibly uprooted from the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean between 1965 and 1973. This book compares the experiences of displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius with the experiences of those Chagossians who have moved to the UK since 2002. It provides an ethnographic comparative study of forced displacement and onward migration within the living memory of one community. Based on in-depth ethnographic fieldwork in Mauritius and Crawley (West Sussex), the six chapters explore Chagossians' challenging lives in Mauritius, the mobilisation of the community, reformulations of the homeland, the politics of culture in exile, onward migration to Crawley, and attempts to make a home in successive locations. The book illuminates how displaced people romanticise their homeland through an exploration of changing representations of the Chagos Archipelago in song lyrics. Offering further ethnographic insights into the politics of culture, it shows how Chagossians in exile engage with contrasting conceptions of culture ranging from expectations of continuity and authenticity to enactments of change, loss, and revival.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore Chagossians' recollections of forced displacement, their reformulations of the homeland, their challenging lives ...
More
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore Chagossians' recollections of forced displacement, their reformulations of the homeland, their challenging lives in exile, their experiences of onward migration, and their attempts to make home in successive locations. It then details the Chagossians' forced displacement from the Chagos Archipelago and the onward migration to the UK. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore Chagossians' recollections of forced displacement, their reformulations of the homeland, their challenging lives in exile, their experiences of onward migration, and their attempts to make home in successive locations. It then details the Chagossians' forced displacement from the Chagos Archipelago and the onward migration to the UK. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter outlines the history of colonisation, settlement, and decolonisation in Mauritius and the Chagos Archipelago. It shows that the inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago were already ...
More
This chapter outlines the history of colonisation, settlement, and decolonisation in Mauritius and the Chagos Archipelago. It shows that the inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago were already marginal within colonial Mauritius, and that their marginality was compounded by their relocation to Mauritius during the decade around independence, which was a period of social, economic, and political unrest.Less
This chapter outlines the history of colonisation, settlement, and decolonisation in Mauritius and the Chagos Archipelago. It shows that the inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago were already marginal within colonial Mauritius, and that their marginality was compounded by their relocation to Mauritius during the decade around independence, which was a period of social, economic, and political unrest.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter describes the mobilisation of Chagos islanders in Mauritius. Chagossian groups have historically been united concerning their desired ends, with a shared focus on compensation and the ...
More
This chapter describes the mobilisation of Chagos islanders in Mauritius. Chagossian groups have historically been united concerning their desired ends, with a shared focus on compensation and the right to return to the Chagos Archipelago. Competing Chagossian groups have, however, disagreed on whether negotiation or litigation is the best means to achieve these aims. The chapter outlines these tensions before focusing on the ideological and pragmatic disagreements within and beyond the community concerning two key issues. The first is debates about whether Chagos should be under British or Mauritian sovereignty. The second is debates about the legitimacy or otherwise of the US military base on Diego Garcia, which is seen by some as a necessary opportunity for employment and by others as conflicting with their visions for the resettlement of Chagos.Less
This chapter describes the mobilisation of Chagos islanders in Mauritius. Chagossian groups have historically been united concerning their desired ends, with a shared focus on compensation and the right to return to the Chagos Archipelago. Competing Chagossian groups have, however, disagreed on whether negotiation or litigation is the best means to achieve these aims. The chapter outlines these tensions before focusing on the ideological and pragmatic disagreements within and beyond the community concerning two key issues. The first is debates about whether Chagos should be under British or Mauritian sovereignty. The second is debates about the legitimacy or otherwise of the US military base on Diego Garcia, which is seen by some as a necessary opportunity for employment and by others as conflicting with their visions for the resettlement of Chagos.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter reveals the similarities and differences between the Chagossians' forced displacement from the Chagos Archipelago and their onward migration to the UK. The ‘echoes of marginalisation’ ...
More
This chapter reveals the similarities and differences between the Chagossians' forced displacement from the Chagos Archipelago and their onward migration to the UK. The ‘echoes of marginalisation’ include bureaucratic hurdles in acquiring citizenship status and the relevant identification documents, familial separation across continents, and the implications of relocation to an area of relative ethnic diversity, socio-economic deprivation, and educational challenges. The similarities go only so far, of course. In particular, unlike the high rates of unemployment in Mauritius in the 1960s, late 1970s to early 1980s, and again since the late 1990s, Crawley has had consistently extremely low rates of unemployment since its inception as a New Town in the 1960s. By and large, Chagossian migrants in Crawley have managed to find jobs and adequate housing, and have been able to access state welfare when required. Compared to their overwhelmingly negative assessments of their lives in Mauritius, they have reported a far wider range of experiences, both negative and positive, relating to education and employment, taxes and benefits, and racism and discrimination in the UK.Less
This chapter reveals the similarities and differences between the Chagossians' forced displacement from the Chagos Archipelago and their onward migration to the UK. The ‘echoes of marginalisation’ include bureaucratic hurdles in acquiring citizenship status and the relevant identification documents, familial separation across continents, and the implications of relocation to an area of relative ethnic diversity, socio-economic deprivation, and educational challenges. The similarities go only so far, of course. In particular, unlike the high rates of unemployment in Mauritius in the 1960s, late 1970s to early 1980s, and again since the late 1990s, Crawley has had consistently extremely low rates of unemployment since its inception as a New Town in the 1960s. By and large, Chagossian migrants in Crawley have managed to find jobs and adequate housing, and have been able to access state welfare when required. Compared to their overwhelmingly negative assessments of their lives in Mauritius, they have reported a far wider range of experiences, both negative and positive, relating to education and employment, taxes and benefits, and racism and discrimination in the UK.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter continues Chapter 5's ethnographic focus on the Chagossian community in Crawley, while revisiting the themes of home and homeland explored in Part II. It starts by revisiting debates ...
More
This chapter continues Chapter 5's ethnographic focus on the Chagossian community in Crawley, while revisiting the themes of home and homeland explored in Part II. It starts by revisiting debates amongst scholars of migration and displacement about the distinction between ‘forced displacement’ and ‘voluntary migration’. It asks to what extent Chagossians contrast their forced displacement from Chagos to Mauritius with their onward migration from Mauritius to the UK. The data reveal that experiences of onward migration to the UK and settlement in Crawley have challenged Chagossians' preconceptions of Britons and of life in the UK, and subtly altered their assessments of Mauritians and life in Mauritius. Next, the chapter examines the degree to which experiences of migration and settlement in the UK and changing visions of the future are delineated according to stage in the life course. It concludes that, despite very different experience of forced displacement and onward migration, claims of a desire to return to Mauritius take much the same form amongst migrant Chagossians in Crawley as claims of a desire to return to Chagos take amongst displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius.Less
This chapter continues Chapter 5's ethnographic focus on the Chagossian community in Crawley, while revisiting the themes of home and homeland explored in Part II. It starts by revisiting debates amongst scholars of migration and displacement about the distinction between ‘forced displacement’ and ‘voluntary migration’. It asks to what extent Chagossians contrast their forced displacement from Chagos to Mauritius with their onward migration from Mauritius to the UK. The data reveal that experiences of onward migration to the UK and settlement in Crawley have challenged Chagossians' preconceptions of Britons and of life in the UK, and subtly altered their assessments of Mauritians and life in Mauritius. Next, the chapter examines the degree to which experiences of migration and settlement in the UK and changing visions of the future are delineated according to stage in the life course. It concludes that, despite very different experience of forced displacement and onward migration, claims of a desire to return to Mauritius take much the same form amongst migrant Chagossians in Crawley as claims of a desire to return to Chagos take amongst displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
Throughout their decades in exile, Chagossian groups have focused on their campaigns for compensation and the right to return to Chagos, while other interest groups have worked against the ...
More
Throughout their decades in exile, Chagossian groups have focused on their campaigns for compensation and the right to return to Chagos, while other interest groups have worked against the resettlement of the Chagos Archipelago. According to the terms of the 1966 Exchange of Notes, the UK Government made Diego Garcia available for US defence purposes for an initial period of fifty years, renewable for a further twenty years. Given the military significance of the US base on Diego Garcia, it seems likely that both governments will seek to renew the lease in 2016. Meanwhile, the UK Government has allocated considerable resources towards preventing Chagossians from returning to Chagos, directly through immigration legislation relating to the British Indian Ocean Territory, and indirectly through the creation of a Marine Protected Area in Chagos.Less
Throughout their decades in exile, Chagossian groups have focused on their campaigns for compensation and the right to return to Chagos, while other interest groups have worked against the resettlement of the Chagos Archipelago. According to the terms of the 1966 Exchange of Notes, the UK Government made Diego Garcia available for US defence purposes for an initial period of fifty years, renewable for a further twenty years. Given the military significance of the US base on Diego Garcia, it seems likely that both governments will seek to renew the lease in 2016. Meanwhile, the UK Government has allocated considerable resources towards preventing Chagossians from returning to Chagos, directly through immigration legislation relating to the British Indian Ocean Territory, and indirectly through the creation of a Marine Protected Area in Chagos.
Engseng Ho
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520244535
- eISBN:
- 9780520938694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520244535.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Middle Eastern Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores the impact of the genealogical understandings of Hadrami travel writings on the conduct of kinship and marriage relations in the Malay Archipelago, both among Hadramis and ...
More
This chapter explores the impact of the genealogical understandings of Hadrami travel writings on the conduct of kinship and marriage relations in the Malay Archipelago, both among Hadramis and between Hadramis and non-Hadramis. It explains that genealogy provides a conceptual bridge between the writing and social practice because it is not a static category of culture but a historical product that evolved as the diaspora moved between societies and contexts. it contends that the elaboration of genealogical concepts amounted to the creation of theories of and for a diaspora: how it moved through time and space, what kinds of exchanges it could and should have with other peoples, how it could maintain a corporate identity through generations of intermarriage with foreigners abroad, and whether imperatives existed for doing so.Less
This chapter explores the impact of the genealogical understandings of Hadrami travel writings on the conduct of kinship and marriage relations in the Malay Archipelago, both among Hadramis and between Hadramis and non-Hadramis. It explains that genealogy provides a conceptual bridge between the writing and social practice because it is not a static category of culture but a historical product that evolved as the diaspora moved between societies and contexts. it contends that the elaboration of genealogical concepts amounted to the creation of theories of and for a diaspora: how it moved through time and space, what kinds of exchanges it could and should have with other peoples, how it could maintain a corporate identity through generations of intermarriage with foreigners abroad, and whether imperatives existed for doing so.
