Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter continues the emphasis on cross-regional comparison, addressing the role of both transnational and national actors by focusing on World Bank-funded rural development projects. The ...
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This chapter continues the emphasis on cross-regional comparison, addressing the role of both transnational and national actors by focusing on World Bank-funded rural development projects. The question is to what degree the World Bank's ostensibly new-style projects actually contributed to the ‘enabling environment’ that allow poor people to consolidate representative organizations. The term ‘enabling environments’ refers to the institutional context that either facilitates or blocks the collective action that is critical to providing leverage and voice to under-represented people. The study documents whether or not enabling environments were in fact created by assessing the degree to which the projects complied with the World Bank's own policy reforms involving public information disclosure and informed participation by indigenous peoples. The study documents outcomes, both across projects and across regions within projects. With few exceptions, the projects did not significantly improve the enabling policy environment for the organizations of the rural poor.Less
This chapter continues the emphasis on cross-regional comparison, addressing the role of both transnational and national actors by focusing on World Bank-funded rural development projects. The question is to what degree the World Bank's ostensibly new-style projects actually contributed to the ‘enabling environment’ that allow poor people to consolidate representative organizations. The term ‘enabling environments’ refers to the institutional context that either facilitates or blocks the collective action that is critical to providing leverage and voice to under-represented people. The study documents whether or not enabling environments were in fact created by assessing the degree to which the projects complied with the World Bank's own policy reforms involving public information disclosure and informed participation by indigenous peoples. The study documents outcomes, both across projects and across regions within projects. With few exceptions, the projects did not significantly improve the enabling policy environment for the organizations of the rural poor.
Jan Fagerberg, David Mowery, and Bart Verspagen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551552
- eISBN:
- 9780191720819
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551552.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Innovation
Innovation is often associated with high-technology industries, such as information and communication technologies, scientific research in large-scale facilities in firms or universities, and ...
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Innovation is often associated with high-technology industries, such as information and communication technologies, scientific research in large-scale facilities in firms or universities, and professionals working in highly urbanized environments. Norway, however, has no major international firms in high-tech industries. Its share of R&D in GDP and population density are among the lowest in Europe and exports consist mainly of natural resource based products. Still productivity, measured as GDP per capita, is among the highest in the world in Norway and this holds even if rents from its oil and gas production are adjusted for. This book focuses on the relationship between Norway's pattern of economic specialization and its innovation system. The Introduction to the book outlines the ‘national systems of innovation’ approach, considers its application to the Norwegian context, and compares the Norwegian evidence to that of other developed countries. The first section of the book then provides an analysis of the development of the Norwegian national innovation system, with particular emphasis on the public research infrastructure and government policies affecting innovation. The second section contains detailed studies of innovation within important sectors of the Norwegian economy, including aluminium, aquaculture, the oil and gas industry, and the ICT sector. The third and final section analyses the current structure and performance of Norway's knowledge infrastructure (public research institutes and universities) and policies for financial support of innovation-related activities in industry.Less
Innovation is often associated with high-technology industries, such as information and communication technologies, scientific research in large-scale facilities in firms or universities, and professionals working in highly urbanized environments. Norway, however, has no major international firms in high-tech industries. Its share of R&D in GDP and population density are among the lowest in Europe and exports consist mainly of natural resource based products. Still productivity, measured as GDP per capita, is among the highest in the world in Norway and this holds even if rents from its oil and gas production are adjusted for. This book focuses on the relationship between Norway's pattern of economic specialization and its innovation system. The Introduction to the book outlines the ‘national systems of innovation’ approach, considers its application to the Norwegian context, and compares the Norwegian evidence to that of other developed countries. The first section of the book then provides an analysis of the development of the Norwegian national innovation system, with particular emphasis on the public research infrastructure and government policies affecting innovation. The second section contains detailed studies of innovation within important sectors of the Norwegian economy, including aluminium, aquaculture, the oil and gas industry, and the ICT sector. The third and final section analyses the current structure and performance of Norway's knowledge infrastructure (public research institutes and universities) and policies for financial support of innovation-related activities in industry.
Robin Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is one of the longest established and more controversial of the common policies of the EC. It deals principally with the management of fishery resources, relations ...
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The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is one of the longest established and more controversial of the common policies of the EC. It deals principally with the management of fishery resources, relations between the EC and third States in fisheries matters, the marketing of and trade in fishery products, financial assistance to the fisheries sector, and aquaculture. However, the CFP is not just a matter for those with an economic interest in fisheries. It also raises many issues of more general concern, such as the capacity of the EC and its member states to manage important natural resources sustainably, the impact of fishing on the wider marine environment, and relations between developed and developing states. This book addresses the CFP from a legal perspective. It provides a detailed account of the very large body of EC law comprising the CFP, and draws on the European Commission's associated documents to aid interpretation and add context. As a result, the book will be of value to anyone wanting knowledge of the law of the CFP. Although not addressing the Commission's 2009 Green Paper on reform of the CFP, the book should provide a reference point against which to view the reform of parts of the CFP that is anticipated to take place over the next few years.Less
The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is one of the longest established and more controversial of the common policies of the EC. It deals principally with the management of fishery resources, relations between the EC and third States in fisheries matters, the marketing of and trade in fishery products, financial assistance to the fisheries sector, and aquaculture. However, the CFP is not just a matter for those with an economic interest in fisheries. It also raises many issues of more general concern, such as the capacity of the EC and its member states to manage important natural resources sustainably, the impact of fishing on the wider marine environment, and relations between developed and developing states. This book addresses the CFP from a legal perspective. It provides a detailed account of the very large body of EC law comprising the CFP, and draws on the European Commission's associated documents to aid interpretation and add context. As a result, the book will be of value to anyone wanting knowledge of the law of the CFP. Although not addressing the Commission's 2009 Green Paper on reform of the CFP, the book should provide a reference point against which to view the reform of parts of the CFP that is anticipated to take place over the next few years.
Charles R. C. Sheppard, Simon K. Davy, and Graham M. Pilling
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198566359
- eISBN:
- 9780191713934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566359.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Fisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world's ...
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Fisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world's poorest people. The variety of reef fisheries of both invertebrate and vertebrate resources around the world is examined. Methods used and particular issues with these fisheries are discussed. Exploitation of reef resources also occurs to supply luxury food markets, and the international live reef fish trade is highlighted. The development of reef-based aquaculture is examined, and issues that need to be addressed to deliver sustainable expansion of this approach are discussed. In the face of increasing pressures on reef resources from a number of sources, resultant impacts on reef renewable resources are detailed, and potential ways in which these pressures may be managed and controlled are described.Less
Fisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world's poorest people. The variety of reef fisheries of both invertebrate and vertebrate resources around the world is examined. Methods used and particular issues with these fisheries are discussed. Exploitation of reef resources also occurs to supply luxury food markets, and the international live reef fish trade is highlighted. The development of reef-based aquaculture is examined, and issues that need to be addressed to deliver sustainable expansion of this approach are discussed. In the face of increasing pressures on reef resources from a number of sources, resultant impacts on reef renewable resources are detailed, and potential ways in which these pressures may be managed and controlled are described.
Athula Senaratne and Kalpa Karunanayake
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213832
- eISBN:
- 9780191707438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213832.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Freshwater community-based aquaculture was introduced to village irrigation tanks in the dry zone of Sri Lanka in order to offset the limited supply of animal proteins available to residents in ...
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Freshwater community-based aquaculture was introduced to village irrigation tanks in the dry zone of Sri Lanka in order to offset the limited supply of animal proteins available to residents in inland areas. As village irrigation tanks are common property resources (CPRs), community-based aquaculture demands collective action by farmer groups. This chapter shows that the values generated by aquaculture are not adequate to provide a major livelihood for all members of a given community. The sustainability of community-based aquaculture depends on the success of experimenting with institutional arrangements that can, on the one hand, minimize transaction costs and, on the other, achieve adequate returns for participants through productivity gains from tanks.Less
Freshwater community-based aquaculture was introduced to village irrigation tanks in the dry zone of Sri Lanka in order to offset the limited supply of animal proteins available to residents in inland areas. As village irrigation tanks are common property resources (CPRs), community-based aquaculture demands collective action by farmer groups. This chapter shows that the values generated by aquaculture are not adequate to provide a major livelihood for all members of a given community. The sustainability of community-based aquaculture depends on the success of experimenting with institutional arrangements that can, on the one hand, minimize transaction costs and, on the other, achieve adequate returns for participants through productivity gains from tanks.
Kanchan Chopra
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199239979
- eISBN:
- 9780191716874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239979.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Viewing human well-being from the two perspectives of capabilities and sustainable freedoms, this chapter attempts to interpret capability enhancement in the context of achieving sustainable freedoms ...
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Viewing human well-being from the two perspectives of capabilities and sustainable freedoms, this chapter attempts to interpret capability enhancement in the context of achieving sustainable freedoms for identified social groups. It argues that in the presence of fast growing economies, the ‘resilience and adaptive change approach’ as applied dynamically to social systems and their evolution over time provides one standard against which a listing of capabilities may make a great deal of sense. Expansion of individual capabilities depends on the nature of linkages between the sub-group to which she/he belongs and other parts of the social system. The question this chapter poses is: Could an understanding of the concept of ‘dynamic resilience’ of the social system over successive cycles of development be significant in listing capabilities of individuals and determining which are critical in ensuring that development as freedom is sustainable? This chapter focuses on a study of an aquaculture export initiated development experience, in particular the setting up of multiple indices of well-being for categories of stakeholders in the Indian state of West Bengal to further elucidate and substantiate the above hypothesis. It argues that developing further the links between the capability approach to well-being, in particular its expansion to sustainable freedoms and the ‘resilience network approach’ to social systems, will throw more light on the nature of sustainable well-being.Less
Viewing human well-being from the two perspectives of capabilities and sustainable freedoms, this chapter attempts to interpret capability enhancement in the context of achieving sustainable freedoms for identified social groups. It argues that in the presence of fast growing economies, the ‘resilience and adaptive change approach’ as applied dynamically to social systems and their evolution over time provides one standard against which a listing of capabilities may make a great deal of sense. Expansion of individual capabilities depends on the nature of linkages between the sub-group to which she/he belongs and other parts of the social system. The question this chapter poses is: Could an understanding of the concept of ‘dynamic resilience’ of the social system over successive cycles of development be significant in listing capabilities of individuals and determining which are critical in ensuring that development as freedom is sustainable? This chapter focuses on a study of an aquaculture export initiated development experience, in particular the setting up of multiple indices of well-being for categories of stakeholders in the Indian state of West Bengal to further elucidate and substantiate the above hypothesis. It argues that developing further the links between the capability approach to well-being, in particular its expansion to sustainable freedoms and the ‘resilience network approach’ to social systems, will throw more light on the nature of sustainable well-being.
Donald S. McLusky and Michael Elliott
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525080
- eISBN:
- 9780191728198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525080.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter considers the uses made of estuaries, and then examines the various responses of estuarine organisms to each usage. It looks at many forms of pollution separately, but also (because they ...
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This chapter considers the uses made of estuaries, and then examines the various responses of estuarine organisms to each usage. It looks at many forms of pollution separately, but also (because they rarely act in isolation), in combination, as well as other types of stress on the system resulting from Man's uses. The categories of change due to human activities in the estuarine ecosystem are: the presence of xenobiotics and toxins, physical additions, energy change, physical structures, the over-stimulation of biota, the input of non-indigenous organisms, and the production of a mutagenic response. The categories of pollutants are: trace metals, synthetic organic compounds, hydrocarbons, radioactivity, inert (physical) materials, nutrients, organic matter, energy, and, alien organisms.Less
This chapter considers the uses made of estuaries, and then examines the various responses of estuarine organisms to each usage. It looks at many forms of pollution separately, but also (because they rarely act in isolation), in combination, as well as other types of stress on the system resulting from Man's uses. The categories of change due to human activities in the estuarine ecosystem are: the presence of xenobiotics and toxins, physical additions, energy change, physical structures, the over-stimulation of biota, the input of non-indigenous organisms, and the production of a mutagenic response. The categories of pollutants are: trace metals, synthetic organic compounds, hydrocarbons, radioactivity, inert (physical) materials, nutrients, organic matter, energy, and, alien organisms.
Annalisa Marzano
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199675623
- eISBN:
- 9780191757167
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199675623.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This book provides a systematic treatment of the exploitation of marine resources (e.g., large-scale fishing, fish salting, salt production, aquaculture, purple dye manufacturing), in the Roman world ...
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This book provides a systematic treatment of the exploitation of marine resources (e.g., large-scale fishing, fish salting, salt production, aquaculture, purple dye manufacturing), in the Roman world and their role within the ancient economy. Bringing together literary, epigraphic, and legal sources, and archaeological data, the book shows that these marine resources were an important feature of the Roman economy and, in scope and market-oriented production, paralleled phenomena taking place in the Roman agricultural economy on land. The book offers an overview of fishing gear and techniques used in antiquity, and examines the importance of technological innovations and organization of labour. By looking at the legal sources alongside the archaeological and historical data, the book highlights cases when the Roman legal framework was used in defence of sea-related economic interests against competitors for the same natural resource. In addition to discussing the development in culinary taste for seafood and the social and symbolic value certain kinds of fresh fish could have, the book also discusses evidence for prices of fresh fish, transport, and distribution. The general conclusions reached by the book are that marine resources could have a notable role in the local and regional economies and that their exploitation was supported by a sophisticated organization, in terms of production, labour, and distribution of the products.Less
This book provides a systematic treatment of the exploitation of marine resources (e.g., large-scale fishing, fish salting, salt production, aquaculture, purple dye manufacturing), in the Roman world and their role within the ancient economy. Bringing together literary, epigraphic, and legal sources, and archaeological data, the book shows that these marine resources were an important feature of the Roman economy and, in scope and market-oriented production, paralleled phenomena taking place in the Roman agricultural economy on land. The book offers an overview of fishing gear and techniques used in antiquity, and examines the importance of technological innovations and organization of labour. By looking at the legal sources alongside the archaeological and historical data, the book highlights cases when the Roman legal framework was used in defence of sea-related economic interests against competitors for the same natural resource. In addition to discussing the development in culinary taste for seafood and the social and symbolic value certain kinds of fresh fish could have, the book also discusses evidence for prices of fresh fish, transport, and distribution. The general conclusions reached by the book are that marine resources could have a notable role in the local and regional economies and that their exploitation was supported by a sophisticated organization, in terms of production, labour, and distribution of the products.
Caitríona A Carter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695706
- eISBN:
- 9780191741302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695706.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
Since the 1990s, EU actors have embarked upon a project of sustainable development. Understanding sectoral integration to be the core political process through which sustainable development is given ...
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Since the 1990s, EU actors have embarked upon a project of sustainable development. Understanding sectoral integration to be the core political process through which sustainable development is given meaning, the chapter argues that a focus on industry is central for any critical assessment of EU sustainable development policy to be made. The chapter presents research findings on the transformation of European sea fisheries and aquaculture to show actors' political usages of social constructions of sustainable development to bring about change. Contrary to scholarship which considers EU sustainable development to be merely symbolic, the findings presented here show it instead to be the primary struggle within public and private regulation. However, the power of this concept was seen more as a resource for private actors to bring about change within their industry as part of their competitive strategies, than as a new regulatory device for Commission officials to ‘govern’ European industry.Less
Since the 1990s, EU actors have embarked upon a project of sustainable development. Understanding sectoral integration to be the core political process through which sustainable development is given meaning, the chapter argues that a focus on industry is central for any critical assessment of EU sustainable development policy to be made. The chapter presents research findings on the transformation of European sea fisheries and aquaculture to show actors' political usages of social constructions of sustainable development to bring about change. Contrary to scholarship which considers EU sustainable development to be merely symbolic, the findings presented here show it instead to be the primary struggle within public and private regulation. However, the power of this concept was seen more as a resource for private actors to bring about change within their industry as part of their competitive strategies, than as a new regulatory device for Commission officials to ‘govern’ European industry.
Annalisa Marzano
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199675623
- eISBN:
- 9780191757167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199675623.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter discusses ancient aquaculture and the differences between fresh water and marine aquaculture, and between extensive and intensive aquaculture. The core of the chapter deals with the ...
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This chapter discusses ancient aquaculture and the differences between fresh water and marine aquaculture, and between extensive and intensive aquaculture. The core of the chapter deals with the typology of Roman marine fishponds and their technical specifications. It distinguishes between the simple rock-cut fishponds found in association with fish-salting establishments, which were used to hold the catch alive for short periods of time, and the elaborate structures found at villas, which show the mixing of freshwater, richer in oxygen, with sea water; this allowed for intensive fish farming. The chapter also discusses the origins of marine fish farming and its chronology.Less
This chapter discusses ancient aquaculture and the differences between fresh water and marine aquaculture, and between extensive and intensive aquaculture. The core of the chapter deals with the typology of Roman marine fishponds and their technical specifications. It distinguishes between the simple rock-cut fishponds found in association with fish-salting establishments, which were used to hold the catch alive for short periods of time, and the elaborate structures found at villas, which show the mixing of freshwater, richer in oxygen, with sea water; this allowed for intensive fish farming. The chapter also discusses the origins of marine fish farming and its chronology.
Ray Hilborn and Ulrike Hilborn
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198839767
- eISBN:
- 9780191875533
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198839767.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Over the last 2 decades, the scientific and popular media have been bombarded by gloom-and-doom stories on the future of fisheries, the status of fish stocks, and the impact of fishing on marine ...
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Over the last 2 decades, the scientific and popular media have been bombarded by gloom-and-doom stories on the future of fisheries, the status of fish stocks, and the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Dozens of certification and labeling schemes have emerged to advise consumers on what seafood is sustainable. In recent years, an opposing narrative has emerged emphasizing the success of fisheries management in many places, the increasing abundance of fish stocks in those places, and the prescription for sustainable fisheries. However, there has been no comprehensive survey of what really constitutes sustainability in fisheries, fish stock status, success and failures of management, and consideration of the impacts of fishing on marine ecosystems. This book will explore very different perspectives on sustainability and bring together the data from a large number of studies to show where fish stocks are increasing, where they are declining, the consequences of alternative fisheries management regimes, and what is known about a range of fisheries issues such as the impacts of trawling on marine ecosystems. Aimed principally at a general audience that is already interested in fisheries but seeks both a deeper understanding of what is known about specific issues and an impartial presentation of all of the data rather than selected examples used to justify a particular perspective or agenda. It will also appeal to the scientific community eager to know more about marine fisheries and fishing data, and serve as the basis for graduate seminars on the sustainability of natural resources.Less
Over the last 2 decades, the scientific and popular media have been bombarded by gloom-and-doom stories on the future of fisheries, the status of fish stocks, and the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Dozens of certification and labeling schemes have emerged to advise consumers on what seafood is sustainable. In recent years, an opposing narrative has emerged emphasizing the success of fisheries management in many places, the increasing abundance of fish stocks in those places, and the prescription for sustainable fisheries. However, there has been no comprehensive survey of what really constitutes sustainability in fisheries, fish stock status, success and failures of management, and consideration of the impacts of fishing on marine ecosystems. This book will explore very different perspectives on sustainability and bring together the data from a large number of studies to show where fish stocks are increasing, where they are declining, the consequences of alternative fisheries management regimes, and what is known about a range of fisheries issues such as the impacts of trawling on marine ecosystems. Aimed principally at a general audience that is already interested in fisheries but seeks both a deeper understanding of what is known about specific issues and an impartial presentation of all of the data rather than selected examples used to justify a particular perspective or agenda. It will also appeal to the scientific community eager to know more about marine fisheries and fishing data, and serve as the basis for graduate seminars on the sustainability of natural resources.
Bruce S. Miller and Arthur W. Kendall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520249721
- eISBN:
- 9780520943766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520249721.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This introductory chapter presents a description of the life history stages of fishes, from the egg/embryonic stage to the adult stage, focusing on the early parts of development and growth (early ...
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This introductory chapter presents a description of the life history stages of fishes, from the egg/embryonic stage to the adult stage, focusing on the early parts of development and growth (early life history) which are the embryonic, larval and juvenile stages. It also presents the types of early life history studies conducted on fishes, including studies done on recruitment fluctuations, population assessment, aquaculture, and conservation studies. This chapter also discusses the integration of basic and applied science, in relation to studies on fish biology and ecology. The concluding discussion of this chapter presents the current literature in the study of early life history of fishes.Less
This introductory chapter presents a description of the life history stages of fishes, from the egg/embryonic stage to the adult stage, focusing on the early parts of development and growth (early life history) which are the embryonic, larval and juvenile stages. It also presents the types of early life history studies conducted on fishes, including studies done on recruitment fluctuations, population assessment, aquaculture, and conservation studies. This chapter also discusses the integration of basic and applied science, in relation to studies on fish biology and ecology. The concluding discussion of this chapter presents the current literature in the study of early life history of fishes.
Dennis Doyle and Takahashi Kelso
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520237612
- eISBN:
- 9780520937499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520237612.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter addresses transgenic salmon, and then explores the marketing of the patented AquAdvantage salmon and the current resistance from within the salmon aquaculture industry. It also considers ...
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This chapter addresses transgenic salmon, and then explores the marketing of the patented AquAdvantage salmon and the current resistance from within the salmon aquaculture industry. It also considers the competitive pressures favoring adoption of this technology and the countervailing forces that act as a brake on the technology treadmill. The scientific uncertainties, public perceptions, and competing discourses about transgenic salmon are described. Observations about regulation-centered conflicts that will likely be the focus of social resistance are presented, which is facilitated by the aquaculture industry's reluctance to embrace commercial production of transgenic salmon. A/F Protein must address salmon farmers' concerns both about efficiency reductions due to triploidy and about the costs of licensing and other expenses. Salmon farmers identify two dangers to the industry posed by environmental concerns about transgenic fish. The arguments about risks from escaped genetically engineered fish show the scientific uncertainties associated with deployment of transgenic salmon.Less
This chapter addresses transgenic salmon, and then explores the marketing of the patented AquAdvantage salmon and the current resistance from within the salmon aquaculture industry. It also considers the competitive pressures favoring adoption of this technology and the countervailing forces that act as a brake on the technology treadmill. The scientific uncertainties, public perceptions, and competing discourses about transgenic salmon are described. Observations about regulation-centered conflicts that will likely be the focus of social resistance are presented, which is facilitated by the aquaculture industry's reluctance to embrace commercial production of transgenic salmon. A/F Protein must address salmon farmers' concerns both about efficiency reductions due to triploidy and about the costs of licensing and other expenses. Salmon farmers identify two dangers to the industry posed by environmental concerns about transgenic fish. The arguments about risks from escaped genetically engineered fish show the scientific uncertainties associated with deployment of transgenic salmon.
Patrick Vinton Kirch
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520267251
- eISBN:
- 9780520947849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520267251.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter addresses the evidence for major trends in demography, settlement, economic intensification, specialization, monumental architecture, and other material correlates of sociopolitical ...
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This chapter addresses the evidence for major trends in demography, settlement, economic intensification, specialization, monumental architecture, and other material correlates of sociopolitical transformation. The material evidence of monumentality provides critical evidence regarding the ways in which the Hawaiian elites employed ritual and ideology to increase their control over the political economy, and to legitimate their claims to divine rule. The vast majority of Hawai'i Island's production had to come from intensive dryland field systems. The western half of the archipelago was doubly fortunate: where irrigation and aquaculture could be intensified the most, there were also the richest and largest stocks of marine resources. The emergence of archaic states in Hawai'i was a process rather than an event. Throughout the Protohistoric Period, Hawai'i Island cycled through unification and fission, frequently unable to maintain the overarching control first achieved by 'Umi.Less
This chapter addresses the evidence for major trends in demography, settlement, economic intensification, specialization, monumental architecture, and other material correlates of sociopolitical transformation. The material evidence of monumentality provides critical evidence regarding the ways in which the Hawaiian elites employed ritual and ideology to increase their control over the political economy, and to legitimate their claims to divine rule. The vast majority of Hawai'i Island's production had to come from intensive dryland field systems. The western half of the archipelago was doubly fortunate: where irrigation and aquaculture could be intensified the most, there were also the richest and largest stocks of marine resources. The emergence of archaic states in Hawai'i was a process rather than an event. Throughout the Protohistoric Period, Hawai'i Island cycled through unification and fission, frequently unable to maintain the overarching control first achieved by 'Umi.
Hamish van der Ven
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190866006
- eISBN:
- 9780190866037
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190866006.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Environmental Politics
This chapter tests the aiming big hypothesis by tracing the origin and evolution of four eco-labeling organizations in sustainable aquaculture: the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), Best ...
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This chapter tests the aiming big hypothesis by tracing the origin and evolution of four eco-labeling organizations in sustainable aquaculture: the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP), Friend of the Sea (FOS), and Naturland. The chapter argues that stronger adherence to best practices in the ASC and BAP programs is a direct result of their decision to target large multinational retailers for certification. Conversely, the comparatively poor performance of the other two eco-labeling organizations can be traced to their decisions to target smaller firms in domestic markets. The chapter uses comparative case studies and within-case process tracing to reveal how decisions about who to target for certification impacted best practice adherence through the causal mechanisms outlined in chapter 3. The four cases analyzed in this chapter cast further doubt on alternate theories of credibility, such as the relevance of ownership or geographic location to credibility.Less
This chapter tests the aiming big hypothesis by tracing the origin and evolution of four eco-labeling organizations in sustainable aquaculture: the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP), Friend of the Sea (FOS), and Naturland. The chapter argues that stronger adherence to best practices in the ASC and BAP programs is a direct result of their decision to target large multinational retailers for certification. Conversely, the comparatively poor performance of the other two eco-labeling organizations can be traced to their decisions to target smaller firms in domestic markets. The chapter uses comparative case studies and within-case process tracing to reveal how decisions about who to target for certification impacted best practice adherence through the causal mechanisms outlined in chapter 3. The four cases analyzed in this chapter cast further doubt on alternate theories of credibility, such as the relevance of ownership or geographic location to credibility.
Ola Mestad
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199253784
- eISBN:
- 9780191698163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253784.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Rights to public participation have developed in Norwegian law over the last four decades. The development has partly been by means of legislation and partly by the courts. This chapter examines how ...
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Rights to public participation have developed in Norwegian law over the last four decades. The development has partly been by means of legislation and partly by the courts. This chapter examines how rights to public participation in the narrow sense have been established in Norway, a country where energy and resource development is especially important both in relative and absolute terms. It chooses four different important sectors to illustrate how public participation might function in concrete contexts: oil and gas development, hydro-power generation, mining, and aquaculture or fish farming.Less
Rights to public participation have developed in Norwegian law over the last four decades. The development has partly been by means of legislation and partly by the courts. This chapter examines how rights to public participation in the narrow sense have been established in Norway, a country where energy and resource development is especially important both in relative and absolute terms. It chooses four different important sectors to illustrate how public participation might function in concrete contexts: oil and gas development, hydro-power generation, mining, and aquaculture or fish farming.
Bruce S. Miller and Arthur W. Kendall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520249721
- eISBN:
- 9780520943766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520249721.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter begins by providing a historical account of the development of rearing and culture of marine species, including the work done by large-scale marine fish rearing in re-stocking natural ...
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This chapter begins by providing a historical account of the development of rearing and culture of marine species, including the work done by large-scale marine fish rearing in re-stocking natural populations through juvenile releases to the wild. The chapter also discusses the methods of experimental fish culture, including specific topics as the obtaining of gametes, artificial insemination, fish feeding, and the factors that affect growth and survival of reared marine fishes, which include rearing containers, water quality, light relations, and water temperature. Discussions on the types and areas of experimental studies for fish culture and rearing are presented as well; these areas of study include embryonic development and endogenous nutrition, food requirements and feeding behavior, and responses to predation and pollution.Less
This chapter begins by providing a historical account of the development of rearing and culture of marine species, including the work done by large-scale marine fish rearing in re-stocking natural populations through juvenile releases to the wild. The chapter also discusses the methods of experimental fish culture, including specific topics as the obtaining of gametes, artificial insemination, fish feeding, and the factors that affect growth and survival of reared marine fishes, which include rearing containers, water quality, light relations, and water temperature. Discussions on the types and areas of experimental studies for fish culture and rearing are presented as well; these areas of study include embryonic development and endogenous nutrition, food requirements and feeding behavior, and responses to predation and pollution.
Robert Poulin and Edward P. Levri
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199642236
- eISBN:
- 9780191774621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642236.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter explores the potential impact of manipulative parasites on several areas of conservation, economic, or medical relevance. These include facilitation of biological invasions, as seen when ...
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This chapter explores the potential impact of manipulative parasites on several areas of conservation, economic, or medical relevance. These include facilitation of biological invasions, as seen when non-specific parasites have different effects on native and exotic hosts; host productivity in agriculture and aquaculture such as Echinococcus cestodes in sheep and Diplostomum trematodes in fish; enhanced transmission of vector-borne disease, such as malaria transmission by mosquitos; ariation in personality among people, which may be affected by Toxoplasma infection; and development of severe neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as the apparent link between Toxoplasma and schizophrenia. Case studies are used to illustrate these phenomena, aiming to bring host manipulation out from the esoteric closet and into the scientific mainstream.Less
This chapter explores the potential impact of manipulative parasites on several areas of conservation, economic, or medical relevance. These include facilitation of biological invasions, as seen when non-specific parasites have different effects on native and exotic hosts; host productivity in agriculture and aquaculture such as Echinococcus cestodes in sheep and Diplostomum trematodes in fish; enhanced transmission of vector-borne disease, such as malaria transmission by mosquitos; ariation in personality among people, which may be affected by Toxoplasma infection; and development of severe neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as the apparent link between Toxoplasma and schizophrenia. Case studies are used to illustrate these phenomena, aiming to bring host manipulation out from the esoteric closet and into the scientific mainstream.
Lawrence R. Walker
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199575299
- eISBN:
- 9780191774836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575299.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Humans try to predict the timing and severity of disturbances to better reduce their negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, yet disturbances are an integral part of our lives. To ...
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Humans try to predict the timing and severity of disturbances to better reduce their negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, yet disturbances are an integral part of our lives. To survive, humans have adapted to disturbances that we cannot manage and manipulated those that we can. The recent and rapid growth of human populations has exacerbated interactions between humans and disturbances and made modern disaster management a necessary survival strategy. Expanding our knowledge about disturbance regimes (the sum of all disturbances at a given site) can help reduce future impacts. Wise stewardship of ecosystems includes conservation of natural areas and efficient restoration of ecosystems following a disturbance. It also includes managing the disturbance regime to maximize not just biodiversity or ecosystem services, but the particular use of a chosen parcel of land. This chapter first addresses historical management of disturbance through agriculture and aquaculture, then examines the goals and approaches of conservation and restoration.Less
Humans try to predict the timing and severity of disturbances to better reduce their negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, yet disturbances are an integral part of our lives. To survive, humans have adapted to disturbances that we cannot manage and manipulated those that we can. The recent and rapid growth of human populations has exacerbated interactions between humans and disturbances and made modern disaster management a necessary survival strategy. Expanding our knowledge about disturbance regimes (the sum of all disturbances at a given site) can help reduce future impacts. Wise stewardship of ecosystems includes conservation of natural areas and efficient restoration of ecosystems following a disturbance. It also includes managing the disturbance regime to maximize not just biodiversity or ecosystem services, but the particular use of a chosen parcel of land. This chapter first addresses historical management of disturbance through agriculture and aquaculture, then examines the goals and approaches of conservation and restoration.
D. G. Webster
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029551
- eISBN:
- 9780262329972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029551.003.0003
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
A second key economic response is investment in new vessel and gear technologies that reduce costs of production and increase the efficiency of fishing effort. This chapter describes how such ...
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A second key economic response is investment in new vessel and gear technologies that reduce costs of production and increase the efficiency of fishing effort. This chapter describes how such investment was shaped by a combination of overfishing in historical grounds and exogenous technological breakthroughs that were appropriated by fishers in their quest to maintain profits. Each innovation helped to dampen cost signals and widen the profit disconnect, particularly for fishers with access to capital. This generated stratification in the industry that was a critical determinant of governance response as described in Part II.Less
A second key economic response is investment in new vessel and gear technologies that reduce costs of production and increase the efficiency of fishing effort. This chapter describes how such investment was shaped by a combination of overfishing in historical grounds and exogenous technological breakthroughs that were appropriated by fishers in their quest to maintain profits. Each innovation helped to dampen cost signals and widen the profit disconnect, particularly for fishers with access to capital. This generated stratification in the industry that was a critical determinant of governance response as described in Part II.
