Sheilagh Ogilvie
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691137544
- eISBN:
- 9780691185101
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137544.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Guilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that ...
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Guilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that guaranteed quality and skills. But they also excluded competitors, manipulated markets, and blocked innovations. Did the benefits of guilds outweigh their costs? Analyzing thousands of guilds that dominated European economies from 1000 to 1880, this book uses vivid examples and clear economic reasoning to answer that question. The book features the voices of honourable guild masters, underpaid journeymen, exploited apprentices, shady officials, and outraged customers, and follows the stories of the “vile encroachers”—women, migrants, Jews, gypsies, bastards, and many others—desperate to work but hunted down by the guilds as illicit competitors. It investigates the benefits of guilds but also shines a light on their dark side. Guilds sometimes provided important services, but they also manipulated markets to profit their members. They regulated quality but prevented poor consumers from buying goods cheaply. They fostered work skills but denied apprenticeships to outsiders. They transmitted useful techniques but blocked innovations that posed a threat. Guilds existed widely not because they corrected market failures or served the common good, but because they benefited two powerful groups—guild members and political elites. The book shows how privileged institutions and exclusive networks shape the wider economy—for good or ill.Less
Guilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that guaranteed quality and skills. But they also excluded competitors, manipulated markets, and blocked innovations. Did the benefits of guilds outweigh their costs? Analyzing thousands of guilds that dominated European economies from 1000 to 1880, this book uses vivid examples and clear economic reasoning to answer that question. The book features the voices of honourable guild masters, underpaid journeymen, exploited apprentices, shady officials, and outraged customers, and follows the stories of the “vile encroachers”—women, migrants, Jews, gypsies, bastards, and many others—desperate to work but hunted down by the guilds as illicit competitors. It investigates the benefits of guilds but also shines a light on their dark side. Guilds sometimes provided important services, but they also manipulated markets to profit their members. They regulated quality but prevented poor consumers from buying goods cheaply. They fostered work skills but denied apprenticeships to outsiders. They transmitted useful techniques but blocked innovations that posed a threat. Guilds existed widely not because they corrected market failures or served the common good, but because they benefited two powerful groups—guild members and political elites. The book shows how privileged institutions and exclusive networks shape the wider economy—for good or ill.
Jane Humphries
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263471
- eISBN:
- 9780191734786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263471.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter examines the role of apprenticeship in the British Industrial Revolution. The apprenticeship system contributed in four ways. First, it provided training of necessary skills in the ...
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This chapter examines the role of apprenticeship in the British Industrial Revolution. The apprenticeship system contributed in four ways. First, it provided training of necessary skills in the expanding area of employment and newer sectors. Second, it promoted efficient training among masters and men. Third, it reduced the transaction costs involved in transferring resources from agriculture to non-agriculture and facilitated the expansion of sectors which promoted trade and commerce. Finally, apprenticeship saved poor children from social exclusion and enabled them to become more productive adults. The chapter also suggests that the apprenticeship system also created a structure of contract enforcement which ensured that both masters and trainees would derive the benefits from human capital accumulation.Less
This chapter examines the role of apprenticeship in the British Industrial Revolution. The apprenticeship system contributed in four ways. First, it provided training of necessary skills in the expanding area of employment and newer sectors. Second, it promoted efficient training among masters and men. Third, it reduced the transaction costs involved in transferring resources from agriculture to non-agriculture and facilitated the expansion of sectors which promoted trade and commerce. Finally, apprenticeship saved poor children from social exclusion and enabled them to become more productive adults. The chapter also suggests that the apprenticeship system also created a structure of contract enforcement which ensured that both masters and trainees would derive the benefits from human capital accumulation.
John Wigger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195387803
- eISBN:
- 9780199866410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387803.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
At about age sixteen Asbury began to pray in public meetings and then to “exhort and preach.” He also joined a class meeting at West Bromwich and a band at Wednesbury. Classes and bands were ...
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At about age sixteen Asbury began to pray in public meetings and then to “exhort and preach.” He also joined a class meeting at West Bromwich and a band at Wednesbury. Classes and bands were Methodist small group meetings designed to encourage spiritual development. Classes were mandatory for all members, while bands were optional, intended for those most earnestly seeking sanctification. As a Methodist, Asbury embraced John Wesley’s teachings about the value of diligence and the danger of hoarding wealth. In 1766, at age twenty, Asbury apparently completed his apprenticeship and took the place of the traveling preacher assigned to the Staffordshire circuit. In August 1767 he officially joined Wesley’s connection of traveling preachers and was assigned to the Bedfordshire circuit. In 1771 Asbury volunteered to go to America, where Methodist societies had taken shape in New York, Philadelphia and Maryland.Less
At about age sixteen Asbury began to pray in public meetings and then to “exhort and preach.” He also joined a class meeting at West Bromwich and a band at Wednesbury. Classes and bands were Methodist small group meetings designed to encourage spiritual development. Classes were mandatory for all members, while bands were optional, intended for those most earnestly seeking sanctification. As a Methodist, Asbury embraced John Wesley’s teachings about the value of diligence and the danger of hoarding wealth. In 1766, at age twenty, Asbury apparently completed his apprenticeship and took the place of the traveling preacher assigned to the Staffordshire circuit. In August 1767 he officially joined Wesley’s connection of traveling preachers and was assigned to the Bedfordshire circuit. In 1771 Asbury volunteered to go to America, where Methodist societies had taken shape in New York, Philadelphia and Maryland.
Henry French and Mark Rothery
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576692
- eISBN:
- 9780191738852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576692.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
Chapter Two traces the growth of male autonomy at university and in metropolitan training: a key stage in the development of manliness and Gentry status. Sons often stretched the boundaries of ...
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Chapter Two traces the growth of male autonomy at university and in metropolitan training: a key stage in the development of manliness and Gentry status. Sons often stretched the boundaries of acceptable behaviour during these experiences. While parents feared the consequences of this new found freedom, this chapter argues that manly autonomy was the essential component in the formation of a mature gender identity. University remained both an intellectual and a social proving ground for young men. However, as university reforms proceeded in the first half of the nineteenth century, success in competitive examinations became a public indication of masculine ‘virtue’ among the English elite. The chapter also examines the pit-falls of late adolescence, particularly the enduring (but often hidden) sub-cultures of masculine violence, drunkenness and sexual licence.Less
Chapter Two traces the growth of male autonomy at university and in metropolitan training: a key stage in the development of manliness and Gentry status. Sons often stretched the boundaries of acceptable behaviour during these experiences. While parents feared the consequences of this new found freedom, this chapter argues that manly autonomy was the essential component in the formation of a mature gender identity. University remained both an intellectual and a social proving ground for young men. However, as university reforms proceeded in the first half of the nineteenth century, success in competitive examinations became a public indication of masculine ‘virtue’ among the English elite. The chapter also examines the pit-falls of late adolescence, particularly the enduring (but often hidden) sub-cultures of masculine violence, drunkenness and sexual licence.
SHEILAGH OGILVIE
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198205548
- eISBN:
- 9780191719219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205548.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter focuses on the training and work of dependent unmarried women — that is, female offspring living at home and female servants living in the household of their masters — in the ...
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This chapter focuses on the training and work of dependent unmarried women — that is, female offspring living at home and female servants living in the household of their masters — in the pre-industrial German society under analysis in this book. It explores the nature and determinants of their education, gender-specific maturation patterns, the relative demand for dependent labour by households with different characteristics, and the numbers, wage-rates, and geographical distribution of servants. It then uses a database of work observations extracted from church-court records to analyse gender-specific patterns of work by female offspring and servants, and to compare them with those of other females (and males). It concludes with a discussion of the factors constraining the economic choices of dependent unmarried females, including the impact of ‘social capital’.Less
This chapter focuses on the training and work of dependent unmarried women — that is, female offspring living at home and female servants living in the household of their masters — in the pre-industrial German society under analysis in this book. It explores the nature and determinants of their education, gender-specific maturation patterns, the relative demand for dependent labour by households with different characteristics, and the numbers, wage-rates, and geographical distribution of servants. It then uses a database of work observations extracted from church-court records to analyse gender-specific patterns of work by female offspring and servants, and to compare them with those of other females (and males). It concludes with a discussion of the factors constraining the economic choices of dependent unmarried females, including the impact of ‘social capital’.
Eleanor Hubbard
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199609345
- eISBN:
- 9780191739088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609345.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter argues that most women in London were originally migrants from elsewhere in England, who arrived in the city around the age of eighteen to serve as maidservants. It presents quantitative ...
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This chapter argues that most women in London were originally migrants from elsewhere in England, who arrived in the city around the age of eighteen to serve as maidservants. It presents quantitative data about the geographical origins of London women and compares their origins and ages at migration to the better‐known male apprentices. It also examines where maids settled, how they found employment, how long they remained in particular households, their mobility within the city, their status within the households in which they worked and their relationships with their masters and mistresses, how much they were paid, and the kinds of work that they did. The risks and benefits of migration are discussed, the greatest risk being the high levels of disease and the occasional epidemics of plague that swept the city.Less
This chapter argues that most women in London were originally migrants from elsewhere in England, who arrived in the city around the age of eighteen to serve as maidservants. It presents quantitative data about the geographical origins of London women and compares their origins and ages at migration to the better‐known male apprentices. It also examines where maids settled, how they found employment, how long they remained in particular households, their mobility within the city, their status within the households in which they worked and their relationships with their masters and mistresses, how much they were paid, and the kinds of work that they did. The risks and benefits of migration are discussed, the greatest risk being the high levels of disease and the occasional epidemics of plague that swept the city.
Mary O'Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244867
- eISBN:
- 9780191596735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244863.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Like its US counterpart, the characteristic features of the post‐war system of corporate governance in the former West Germany have deep roots in the region's history. Section 7.2 of this chapter ...
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Like its US counterpart, the characteristic features of the post‐war system of corporate governance in the former West Germany have deep roots in the region's history. Section 7.2 of this chapter analyses the evolution of managerial control in pre‐war Germany and identifies its central institutional foundations as inter‐company shareholding and bank–industry relations. Section 7.3 describes how these institutions persisted in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) after the war, although through the institution of co‐determination, the post‐war system of corporate governance was transformed beyond its narrow pre‐war confines into a contested form of organizational control; in shaping control over corporate resource allocation, these social conditions were complemented by institutions––especially the dual system of apprenticeship––that supported the organizational integration of resources in German business enterprises. Section 7.3 further discusses how, on the basis of the system of governance that supported organizational control, German companies achieved considerable success in industrial sectors in which high quality was more important than low cost as a basis for competitive advantage; it also analyses how the type of organizational control that emerged in the post‐war period influenced the distribution of wealth in the economy. The last main section, Sect. 7.4, discusses corporate governance in relation to performance.Less
Like its US counterpart, the characteristic features of the post‐war system of corporate governance in the former West Germany have deep roots in the region's history. Section 7.2 of this chapter analyses the evolution of managerial control in pre‐war Germany and identifies its central institutional foundations as inter‐company shareholding and bank–industry relations. Section 7.3 describes how these institutions persisted in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) after the war, although through the institution of co‐determination, the post‐war system of corporate governance was transformed beyond its narrow pre‐war confines into a contested form of organizational control; in shaping control over corporate resource allocation, these social conditions were complemented by institutions––especially the dual system of apprenticeship––that supported the organizational integration of resources in German business enterprises. Section 7.3 further discusses how, on the basis of the system of governance that supported organizational control, German companies achieved considerable success in industrial sectors in which high quality was more important than low cost as a basis for competitive advantage; it also analyses how the type of organizational control that emerged in the post‐war period influenced the distribution of wealth in the economy. The last main section, Sect. 7.4, discusses corporate governance in relation to performance.
Alice H. Amsden
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195076035
- eISBN:
- 9780199870691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195076036.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
One reason why Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea appear to have industrialized rapidly is that they have invested relatively heavily in education. A well‐educated work force, both white‐ and ...
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One reason why Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea appear to have industrialized rapidly is that they have invested relatively heavily in education. A well‐educated work force, both white‐ and blue‐collar, is a general property of late industrialization, distinguishing it from earlier industrial change, and premised on the learning of production processes and procedures that are characteristic of more advanced economies. Thus, formal education of the workforce and the apprenticeship of firms to foreign technical assistants (rather than the apprenticeship of workers in particular crafts) lie at the heart of late industrial expansion. This chapter, therefore, is devoted to both formal education and foreign technical assistance, and ends with a firm‐level illustration of interaction between the two. Learning is explored in the second manufacturing affiliate of the Samsung Group, the Cheil Wood Company, founded in 1954.Less
One reason why Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea appear to have industrialized rapidly is that they have invested relatively heavily in education. A well‐educated work force, both white‐ and blue‐collar, is a general property of late industrialization, distinguishing it from earlier industrial change, and premised on the learning of production processes and procedures that are characteristic of more advanced economies. Thus, formal education of the workforce and the apprenticeship of firms to foreign technical assistants (rather than the apprenticeship of workers in particular crafts) lie at the heart of late industrial expansion. This chapter, therefore, is devoted to both formal education and foreign technical assistance, and ends with a firm‐level illustration of interaction between the two. Learning is explored in the second manufacturing affiliate of the Samsung Group, the Cheil Wood Company, founded in 1954.
Sheilagh Ogilvie
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691137544
- eISBN:
- 9780691185101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137544.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter addresses how guilds dealt with technological innovation. Innovation is a final sphere in which market failures are widespread in premodern economies, as in modern ones. On the one hand, ...
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This chapter addresses how guilds dealt with technological innovation. Innovation is a final sphere in which market failures are widespread in premodern economies, as in modern ones. On the one hand, contemporaries frequently complained that guilds blocked new techniques and practices. On the other hand, guilds were in a position to generate cartel rents, and this might have encouraged their members to incur the costs of invention. Guilds might also have encouraged diffusion of technological knowledge through compulsory apprenticeship, mandatory travelling by journeymen, or the spatial clustering of practitioners. Guilds could also affect innovation unintentionally by things they did for other reasons. Guilds thus provide a rich context for investigating the role of different institutional mechanisms in encouraging the invention and diffusion of innovations.Less
This chapter addresses how guilds dealt with technological innovation. Innovation is a final sphere in which market failures are widespread in premodern economies, as in modern ones. On the one hand, contemporaries frequently complained that guilds blocked new techniques and practices. On the other hand, guilds were in a position to generate cartel rents, and this might have encouraged their members to incur the costs of invention. Guilds might also have encouraged diffusion of technological knowledge through compulsory apprenticeship, mandatory travelling by journeymen, or the spatial clustering of practitioners. Guilds could also affect innovation unintentionally by things they did for other reasons. Guilds thus provide a rich context for investigating the role of different institutional mechanisms in encouraging the invention and diffusion of innovations.
LIZ RYAN COLE
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195381146
- eISBN:
- 9780199869305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195381146.003.0022
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter examines the externship model of clinical legal education and argues that law students who apprentice to an experienced practitioner, while simultaneously receiving close support from ...
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This chapter examines the externship model of clinical legal education and argues that law students who apprentice to an experienced practitioner, while simultaneously receiving close support from their law school, can have the best of both worlds: the reflection and learning that is part of an internal clinic and the richness and complexity that comes from working with lawyers whose work encompasses the full varieties of practice. Drawing on examples of programs in different settings and jurisdictions, the chapter shows that students in externships around the world learn substance and skills and, in addition, appreciate the competing demands of serving clients, maintaining a practice, and advancing social justice. It also notes that lawyers who work to advance social justice, whether in government, with NGOs, or in private practice, can involve student externs in meeting the full range of client needs, thereby placing them in a unique position to develop a strong and positive sense of professional identity.Less
This chapter examines the externship model of clinical legal education and argues that law students who apprentice to an experienced practitioner, while simultaneously receiving close support from their law school, can have the best of both worlds: the reflection and learning that is part of an internal clinic and the richness and complexity that comes from working with lawyers whose work encompasses the full varieties of practice. Drawing on examples of programs in different settings and jurisdictions, the chapter shows that students in externships around the world learn substance and skills and, in addition, appreciate the competing demands of serving clients, maintaining a practice, and advancing social justice. It also notes that lawyers who work to advance social justice, whether in government, with NGOs, or in private practice, can involve student externs in meeting the full range of client needs, thereby placing them in a unique position to develop a strong and positive sense of professional identity.
Steve Hindle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199271320
- eISBN:
- 9780191709548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271320.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter explores the often neglected labour and employment schemes in the Elizabethan relief statutes. It explains the problems which led to the abandonment of experiments to set the poor on ...
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This chapter explores the often neglected labour and employment schemes in the Elizabethan relief statutes. It explains the problems which led to the abandonment of experiments to set the poor on work in rural parishes; suggests that the imperative to labour discipline enshrined in the legislation was more successfully met by apprenticing the children of the labouring poor than by setting their parents to work; and reconstructs the attitudes of children, parents, parish officers, magistrates, and employers to this often controversial project.Less
This chapter explores the often neglected labour and employment schemes in the Elizabethan relief statutes. It explains the problems which led to the abandonment of experiments to set the poor on work in rural parishes; suggests that the imperative to labour discipline enshrined in the legislation was more successfully met by apprenticing the children of the labouring poor than by setting their parents to work; and reconstructs the attitudes of children, parents, parish officers, magistrates, and employers to this often controversial project.
Christopher B. Bean
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780823268757
- eISBN:
- 9780823271771
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823268757.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
In its brief seven-year existence, the Freedmen’s Bureau became the epicenter of the debate about Reconstruction. Cognizant of its responsibilities, partisans fiercely debated its necessity. ...
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In its brief seven-year existence, the Freedmen’s Bureau became the epicenter of the debate about Reconstruction. Cognizant of its responsibilities, partisans fiercely debated its necessity. Historians continued that debate about the agency’s policies and necessity. But historians have only recently begun to focus on the Bureau’s personnel in Texas, the individual agents termed the “hearts of Reconstruction.” Not ignoring individual experiences and attitudes, this work focuses on them at a more personal level. Where were they from? Were they wealthy? Were they married or single? Did the agency prefer the young? Did agents have military experience or were they civilians? What occupations did the Bureau draw from? The answers illuminate the type of man Bureau officials believed qualified—or not—to oversee the freedpeople’s transition to freedom. Officials in Texas desired those able to meet emancipation’s challenges. That meant northern-born, mature, white men from the middle and upper-middle class, and generally with military experience. Dispelling the idea of a uniform Bureau policy, this work shows that each agent, moved by his sense of fairness and ideas of citizenship, gender, and labor, represented the agency’s policy in his subdistrict. They protected freedpeople’s labor and established their right to set up a household (and protected within in it). They worked to recognize their marriages, and, despite the practice of apprenticeship, they tried to establish their rights as parents to their children. These men further ensured the former slaves’ right to an education and right of mobility, something they never had while in bondage.Less
In its brief seven-year existence, the Freedmen’s Bureau became the epicenter of the debate about Reconstruction. Cognizant of its responsibilities, partisans fiercely debated its necessity. Historians continued that debate about the agency’s policies and necessity. But historians have only recently begun to focus on the Bureau’s personnel in Texas, the individual agents termed the “hearts of Reconstruction.” Not ignoring individual experiences and attitudes, this work focuses on them at a more personal level. Where were they from? Were they wealthy? Were they married or single? Did the agency prefer the young? Did agents have military experience or were they civilians? What occupations did the Bureau draw from? The answers illuminate the type of man Bureau officials believed qualified—or not—to oversee the freedpeople’s transition to freedom. Officials in Texas desired those able to meet emancipation’s challenges. That meant northern-born, mature, white men from the middle and upper-middle class, and generally with military experience. Dispelling the idea of a uniform Bureau policy, this work shows that each agent, moved by his sense of fairness and ideas of citizenship, gender, and labor, represented the agency’s policy in his subdistrict. They protected freedpeople’s labor and established their right to set up a household (and protected within in it). They worked to recognize their marriages, and, despite the practice of apprenticeship, they tried to establish their rights as parents to their children. These men further ensured the former slaves’ right to an education and right of mobility, something they never had while in bondage.
Margarita Estévez-Abe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter delves into the gendered effects of different training and educational systems. It poses the following three questions. Are some specific types of vocational training and educational ...
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This chapter delves into the gendered effects of different training and educational systems. It poses the following three questions. Are some specific types of vocational training and educational systems more biased against women than others? If so, what are the gendered implications of educational reforms in many of the advanced industrial societies? Do women’s greater educational investments—a universal trend observed in all countries—promote gender equality in the labor market? Briefly summarized, this chapter shows that, first, vocational education is more gender-segregating than general education systems; second, apprenticeship-based vocational education is more gender-segregating than school-based vocational education; and third, school-based training for professional jobs is a woman-friendly pathway into high-status occupations.Less
This chapter delves into the gendered effects of different training and educational systems. It poses the following three questions. Are some specific types of vocational training and educational systems more biased against women than others? If so, what are the gendered implications of educational reforms in many of the advanced industrial societies? Do women’s greater educational investments—a universal trend observed in all countries—promote gender equality in the labor market? Briefly summarized, this chapter shows that, first, vocational education is more gender-segregating than general education systems; second, apprenticeship-based vocational education is more gender-segregating than school-based vocational education; and third, school-based training for professional jobs is a woman-friendly pathway into high-status occupations.
Robert J. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199584734
- eISBN:
- 9780191731105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584734.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Modern chambers rely to a major extent on government finance through contracts. Early relationships developed through municipal improvement and local partnerships. This expanded to cover various ...
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Modern chambers rely to a major extent on government finance through contracts. Early relationships developed through municipal improvement and local partnerships. This expanded to cover various consultations processes on local and national committees; then provision of apprenticeships. Since the 1990s there has also been chamber leadership of local economic initiatives. Links became so close that after 1996 some chambers merged with government financed Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs). After these were abolished, chambers have worked with regional agencies, and after the 2010 election with Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs). In Ireland there has been important partnering of chambers with EU initiatives. The modern chamber of the last 20-30 years is different from any stage in the past. This creates major challenges for the future.Less
Modern chambers rely to a major extent on government finance through contracts. Early relationships developed through municipal improvement and local partnerships. This expanded to cover various consultations processes on local and national committees; then provision of apprenticeships. Since the 1990s there has also been chamber leadership of local economic initiatives. Links became so close that after 1996 some chambers merged with government financed Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs). After these were abolished, chambers have worked with regional agencies, and after the 2010 election with Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs). In Ireland there has been important partnering of chambers with EU initiatives. The modern chamber of the last 20-30 years is different from any stage in the past. This creates major challenges for the future.
Kathleen Thelen and Marius R. Busemeyer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter argues that the German system of vocational training is changing in subtle but significant ways from a strongly collective system based on broad and portable occupational skills toward a ...
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This chapter argues that the German system of vocational training is changing in subtle but significant ways from a strongly collective system based on broad and portable occupational skills toward a segmentalist one based on increasingly differentiated skills more closely aligned to the internal needs of large companies engaged in training. In order to develop the argument, we first discuss the two logics of collectivism and segmentalism and briefly revisit the sequence of steps that have enabled a collective system to prevail historically over segmentalist interests in Germany. Following Streeck and others, we argue that the centralization of collective bargaining has been crucial to the maintenance of a collective training system, and we show how increasing flexibilization of bargaining (through decentralization and declining collective bargaining coverage) has been accompanied by heightened pressure for a flexibilization of training as well. State policy is accommodating these pressures, thereby reinforcing trends toward segmentalism. The final section considers the implications of these developments in the context of the growing dualism within the German labor market more generally.Less
This chapter argues that the German system of vocational training is changing in subtle but significant ways from a strongly collective system based on broad and portable occupational skills toward a segmentalist one based on increasingly differentiated skills more closely aligned to the internal needs of large companies engaged in training. In order to develop the argument, we first discuss the two logics of collectivism and segmentalism and briefly revisit the sequence of steps that have enabled a collective system to prevail historically over segmentalist interests in Germany. Following Streeck and others, we argue that the centralization of collective bargaining has been crucial to the maintenance of a collective training system, and we show how increasing flexibilization of bargaining (through decentralization and declining collective bargaining coverage) has been accompanied by heightened pressure for a flexibilization of training as well. State policy is accommodating these pressures, thereby reinforcing trends toward segmentalism. The final section considers the implications of these developments in the context of the growing dualism within the German labor market more generally.
Karen M. Anderson and Dennie Oude Nijhuis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The current vocational education and training (VET) system in the Netherlands originated in the training initiatives undertaken by private actors in the artisan and industrial sectors in the ...
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The current vocational education and training (VET) system in the Netherlands originated in the training initiatives undertaken by private actors in the artisan and industrial sectors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its central features are corporatist administration, significant state involvement, and the dominance of school-based training. Since World War II, the state has played a more active role in VET, and the general education component of VET has increased. The 1980s saw a return to a clearer focus on the needs of the labor market. By the early 1980s, VET was seen as the mutual responsibility of the state, the social partners, and educational institutions. A major reform in 1994 reorganized and streamlined the system of vocational schools and vocational training, increasing cooperation between industry and the VET system.Less
The current vocational education and training (VET) system in the Netherlands originated in the training initiatives undertaken by private actors in the artisan and industrial sectors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its central features are corporatist administration, significant state involvement, and the dominance of school-based training. Since World War II, the state has played a more active role in VET, and the general education component of VET has increased. The 1980s saw a return to a clearer focus on the needs of the labor market. By the early 1980s, VET was seen as the mutual responsibility of the state, the social partners, and educational institutions. A major reform in 1994 reorganized and streamlined the system of vocational schools and vocational training, increasing cooperation between industry and the VET system.
Philipp Gonon and Markus Maurer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The historical development of Switzerland’s collective skill formation system is strongly interrelated with the structure and overall trajectory of the country’s political economic system. From early ...
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The historical development of Switzerland’s collective skill formation system is strongly interrelated with the structure and overall trajectory of the country’s political economic system. From early industrialization until the present, cleavages have existed not only between the federal state and the cantons, between the representatives of employers and the labor force but also between different factions of the key stakeholders in the political economy (i.e., employers’ associations, labor movement, and political parties). As a consequence, educational stakeholders and the federal administration have played a key role in the development of the skill system. In this context, apprenticeship training has continued to be a widely accepted model of skills provision and thus to form the core of the Swiss vocational education and training (VET) system. Nevertheless, this system has been adapted in recent years to ensure that more general and academic skills are being provided.Less
The historical development of Switzerland’s collective skill formation system is strongly interrelated with the structure and overall trajectory of the country’s political economic system. From early industrialization until the present, cleavages have existed not only between the federal state and the cantons, between the representatives of employers and the labor force but also between different factions of the key stakeholders in the political economy (i.e., employers’ associations, labor movement, and political parties). As a consequence, educational stakeholders and the federal administration have played a key role in the development of the skill system. In this context, apprenticeship training has continued to be a widely accepted model of skills provision and thus to form the core of the Swiss vocational education and training (VET) system. Nevertheless, this system has been adapted in recent years to ensure that more general and academic skills are being provided.
Lukas Graf, Lorenz Lassnigg, and Justin J.W. Powell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Austria’s vocational education and training (VET) system displays a unique structure that joins a strong dual apprenticeship system with a robust full-time school-based VET. This school-based ...
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Austria’s vocational education and training (VET) system displays a unique structure that joins a strong dual apprenticeship system with a robust full-time school-based VET. This school-based trajectory has deep historical roots and has considerably influenced recent reforms in apprenticeship. Current dynamics in the Austrian skill formation system are explained here by a historical-institutionalist account, which focuses on the power relationship between the state, trade unions, and employers. However, we also find differences within the employers’ camp, depending on firm size. The particular mix of school-based and apprenticeship pathways in the Austrian VET system is strongly influenced by small-state corporatism; yet, this influence is challenged by the rise of state-provided, school-based VET. Further crucial factors impacting the evolution of apprenticeship are centralized federalism, privatization of large firms, and accession to the European Union. Applying the method of process tracing, we identify “layering” and “drift” as the dominant modes of institutional change in Austria’s VET system.Less
Austria’s vocational education and training (VET) system displays a unique structure that joins a strong dual apprenticeship system with a robust full-time school-based VET. This school-based trajectory has deep historical roots and has considerably influenced recent reforms in apprenticeship. Current dynamics in the Austrian skill formation system are explained here by a historical-institutionalist account, which focuses on the power relationship between the state, trade unions, and employers. However, we also find differences within the employers’ camp, depending on firm size. The particular mix of school-based and apprenticeship pathways in the Austrian VET system is strongly influenced by small-state corporatism; yet, this influence is challenged by the rise of state-provided, school-based VET. Further crucial factors impacting the evolution of apprenticeship are centralized federalism, privatization of large firms, and accession to the European Union. Applying the method of process tracing, we identify “layering” and “drift” as the dominant modes of institutional change in Austria’s VET system.
Moira Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The present-day Danish vocational training system exhibits a strong collective orientation. After providing an overview of the way that the current system operates, this chapter adopts a historical ...
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The present-day Danish vocational training system exhibits a strong collective orientation. After providing an overview of the way that the current system operates, this chapter adopts a historical perspective to depict the system’s achievement of its contemporary status. The period between 1857 and 1937 is first reviewed to explain how the craft trades managed to retain authority over the production of skills and then how a burgeoning social democratic party helped bring about trade “self-management” by having the social partners share responsibility for the coordination of vocational training. The bodies established to do this were the trade committees, each composed of equal members of representatives from trade unions and employer associations. The period from about 1950 is then reviewed to demonstrate the way that these earlier developments and partisan competition shaped the adjustment of the system to incorporate large segments of the population in an inclusive system.Less
The present-day Danish vocational training system exhibits a strong collective orientation. After providing an overview of the way that the current system operates, this chapter adopts a historical perspective to depict the system’s achievement of its contemporary status. The period between 1857 and 1937 is first reviewed to explain how the craft trades managed to retain authority over the production of skills and then how a burgeoning social democratic party helped bring about trade “self-management” by having the social partners share responsibility for the coordination of vocational training. The bodies established to do this were the trade committees, each composed of equal members of representatives from trade unions and employer associations. The period from about 1950 is then reviewed to demonstrate the way that these earlier developments and partisan competition shaped the adjustment of the system to incorporate large segments of the population in an inclusive system.
Brenda E. Stevenson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195118032
- eISBN:
- 9780199853793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118032.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The origins of the free colored community in Loudoun can be traced to the early 18th century settlers of the region. Later on, offspring of impoverished free men and women earned their freedom after ...
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The origins of the free colored community in Loudoun can be traced to the early 18th century settlers of the region. Later on, offspring of impoverished free men and women earned their freedom after a long “apprenticeship”, which was similar to servitude in terms of the physical and sexual abuse usually incurred. Upon emancipation, these ex-servants faced a challenging life of financial uncertainty and social discrimination. Still, these people enjoyed some basic rights, such as the freedom to earn a living and acquire property, the ability to purchase slaves—usually kin—and apply for the latter's manumission, and the freedom to travel. To escape the harsh life in the antebellum Southern town of Loudoun, some free men and women of color chose to move back to their homelands. However, success stories were few and far between and this has prevented significant repatriation. Most emancipated colored people chose eventually to settle in more hospitable communities in other states.Less
The origins of the free colored community in Loudoun can be traced to the early 18th century settlers of the region. Later on, offspring of impoverished free men and women earned their freedom after a long “apprenticeship”, which was similar to servitude in terms of the physical and sexual abuse usually incurred. Upon emancipation, these ex-servants faced a challenging life of financial uncertainty and social discrimination. Still, these people enjoyed some basic rights, such as the freedom to earn a living and acquire property, the ability to purchase slaves—usually kin—and apply for the latter's manumission, and the freedom to travel. To escape the harsh life in the antebellum Southern town of Loudoun, some free men and women of color chose to move back to their homelands. However, success stories were few and far between and this has prevented significant repatriation. Most emancipated colored people chose eventually to settle in more hospitable communities in other states.
