Sheilagh Ogilvie
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691137544
- eISBN:
- 9780691185101
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137544.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Guilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that ...
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Guilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that guaranteed quality and skills. But they also excluded competitors, manipulated markets, and blocked innovations. Did the benefits of guilds outweigh their costs? Analyzing thousands of guilds that dominated European economies from 1000 to 1880, this book uses vivid examples and clear economic reasoning to answer that question. The book features the voices of honourable guild masters, underpaid journeymen, exploited apprentices, shady officials, and outraged customers, and follows the stories of the “vile encroachers”—women, migrants, Jews, gypsies, bastards, and many others—desperate to work but hunted down by the guilds as illicit competitors. It investigates the benefits of guilds but also shines a light on their dark side. Guilds sometimes provided important services, but they also manipulated markets to profit their members. They regulated quality but prevented poor consumers from buying goods cheaply. They fostered work skills but denied apprenticeships to outsiders. They transmitted useful techniques but blocked innovations that posed a threat. Guilds existed widely not because they corrected market failures or served the common good, but because they benefited two powerful groups—guild members and political elites. The book shows how privileged institutions and exclusive networks shape the wider economy—for good or ill.Less
Guilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that guaranteed quality and skills. But they also excluded competitors, manipulated markets, and blocked innovations. Did the benefits of guilds outweigh their costs? Analyzing thousands of guilds that dominated European economies from 1000 to 1880, this book uses vivid examples and clear economic reasoning to answer that question. The book features the voices of honourable guild masters, underpaid journeymen, exploited apprentices, shady officials, and outraged customers, and follows the stories of the “vile encroachers”—women, migrants, Jews, gypsies, bastards, and many others—desperate to work but hunted down by the guilds as illicit competitors. It investigates the benefits of guilds but also shines a light on their dark side. Guilds sometimes provided important services, but they also manipulated markets to profit their members. They regulated quality but prevented poor consumers from buying goods cheaply. They fostered work skills but denied apprenticeships to outsiders. They transmitted useful techniques but blocked innovations that posed a threat. Guilds existed widely not because they corrected market failures or served the common good, but because they benefited two powerful groups—guild members and political elites. The book shows how privileged institutions and exclusive networks shape the wider economy—for good or ill.
Steve Bruce
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199281022
- eISBN:
- 9780191712760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281022.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter documents the links between Paisley's church and his party. It discusses church reservations about involvement in politics and party attempts to reconcile religious preferences with ...
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This chapter documents the links between Paisley's church and his party. It discusses church reservations about involvement in politics and party attempts to reconcile religious preferences with vote-winning. It also considers the impact of electoral success and generational succession on the party's principles. It concludes that contrary to popular images of a party divided in young secular and older religious wings, the DUP remains firmly united.Less
This chapter documents the links between Paisley's church and his party. It discusses church reservations about involvement in politics and party attempts to reconcile religious preferences with vote-winning. It also considers the impact of electoral success and generational succession on the party's principles. It concludes that contrary to popular images of a party divided in young secular and older religious wings, the DUP remains firmly united.
Mary Ann Mason
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310122
- eISBN:
- 9780199865284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310122.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Children and Families
The increasing participation of women in the labor force has created new strains in the realm of childrearing, as young mothers seek to balance the demands of work and family life. While these ...
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The increasing participation of women in the labor force has created new strains in the realm of childrearing, as young mothers seek to balance the demands of work and family life. While these strains are experienced by almost all working mothers, they vary and have different implications for college women seeking high-powered professional careers that require extended periods of training and other women with less demanding educational and occupational aspirations. This chapter analyzes the life-long tensions in balancing work and family life encountered by young women on track to professional careers in law, medicine, business, science, and academia from the student/apprentice years (18-30), to the make or break years (30-40), and to the period when they encounter the glass ceiling (40+). Alternatives career patterns are examined, such as moving of the fast-track onto the second tier or “mommy track” of their profession, as an adaptation to the demands of childrearing and professional life.Less
The increasing participation of women in the labor force has created new strains in the realm of childrearing, as young mothers seek to balance the demands of work and family life. While these strains are experienced by almost all working mothers, they vary and have different implications for college women seeking high-powered professional careers that require extended periods of training and other women with less demanding educational and occupational aspirations. This chapter analyzes the life-long tensions in balancing work and family life encountered by young women on track to professional careers in law, medicine, business, science, and academia from the student/apprentice years (18-30), to the make or break years (30-40), and to the period when they encounter the glass ceiling (40+). Alternatives career patterns are examined, such as moving of the fast-track onto the second tier or “mommy track” of their profession, as an adaptation to the demands of childrearing and professional life.
John Wigger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195387803
- eISBN:
- 9780199866410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387803.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Francis Asbury was born in August 1745 at Great Barr, about four miles outside of Birmingham, England, to Joseph and Elizabeth Asbury. Joseph was a gardener and Francis attended common school until ...
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Francis Asbury was born in August 1745 at Great Barr, about four miles outside of Birmingham, England, to Joseph and Elizabeth Asbury. Joseph was a gardener and Francis attended common school until about age thirteen. At fourteen he became an apprentice to a local metalworker as part of the Birmingham area’s booming metalworking industry, a key component in the early stages of the industrial revolution. Elizabeth Asbury sank into a deep depression following the death of Sarah Asbury, Francis’s only sibling, at age six in 1749. Elizabeth eventually found solace in Methodism and directed her son to Methodist meetings, where he experienced conversion and then sanctification by age sixteen.Less
Francis Asbury was born in August 1745 at Great Barr, about four miles outside of Birmingham, England, to Joseph and Elizabeth Asbury. Joseph was a gardener and Francis attended common school until about age thirteen. At fourteen he became an apprentice to a local metalworker as part of the Birmingham area’s booming metalworking industry, a key component in the early stages of the industrial revolution. Elizabeth Asbury sank into a deep depression following the death of Sarah Asbury, Francis’s only sibling, at age six in 1749. Elizabeth eventually found solace in Methodism and directed her son to Methodist meetings, where he experienced conversion and then sanctification by age sixteen.
Eleanor Hubbard
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199609345
- eISBN:
- 9780191739088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609345.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter addresses the appeal of the London marriage market for migrant maids. Due to the predominance of men in the London population, women there married relatively early, around the age of 24. ...
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This chapter addresses the appeal of the London marriage market for migrant maids. Due to the predominance of men in the London population, women there married relatively early, around the age of 24. Very few remained unmarried, in stark contrast to the high celibacy rates in the rest of England, even though the evidence suggests that most maidservants had meager portions and were unable to save much money in service. This chapter compares marital outcomes for migrant and London‐born women, and presents several cases studies of London courtship, mostly between apprentices and maidservants. It discusses the constraints under which apprentices courted, the role of family and friends in aiding and restricting courtship, the strategies of migrant maids without local kin, the dangers of drawn‐out courtships, and the role of economic and romantic considerations for courting couples.Less
This chapter addresses the appeal of the London marriage market for migrant maids. Due to the predominance of men in the London population, women there married relatively early, around the age of 24. Very few remained unmarried, in stark contrast to the high celibacy rates in the rest of England, even though the evidence suggests that most maidservants had meager portions and were unable to save much money in service. This chapter compares marital outcomes for migrant and London‐born women, and presents several cases studies of London courtship, mostly between apprentices and maidservants. It discusses the constraints under which apprentices courted, the role of family and friends in aiding and restricting courtship, the strategies of migrant maids without local kin, the dangers of drawn‐out courtships, and the role of economic and romantic considerations for courting couples.
Clive Griffin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280735
- eISBN:
- 9780191712920
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280735.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter investigates what the inquisitional archives reveal about 16th-century Spanish presses. Working practices and hours, accommodation, the roles of slaves, apprentices, learned correctores ...
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This chapter investigates what the inquisitional archives reveal about 16th-century Spanish presses. Working practices and hours, accommodation, the roles of slaves, apprentices, learned correctores (editors-cum-prooofreaders), type-casters, ink-makers, binders, beaters, pullers, compositors, and women, as well as the composition of a typical team of specialists working cooperatively in the complex process of printing books are all investigated. The particular problems suffered by Spanish presses are outlined: the cumbersome bureaucracy involved in licencing books for printing, the cost of imported paper, competition from imports, and the lack of capital investment by consortia of publishers that led to the weakness of the Spanish printing industry, which catered largely for the domestic rather than the export market. The preponderance of foreigners, who frequently had only a poor command of Spanish, working as compositors explains the numerous errata to be found in Spanish editions.Less
This chapter investigates what the inquisitional archives reveal about 16th-century Spanish presses. Working practices and hours, accommodation, the roles of slaves, apprentices, learned correctores (editors-cum-prooofreaders), type-casters, ink-makers, binders, beaters, pullers, compositors, and women, as well as the composition of a typical team of specialists working cooperatively in the complex process of printing books are all investigated. The particular problems suffered by Spanish presses are outlined: the cumbersome bureaucracy involved in licencing books for printing, the cost of imported paper, competition from imports, and the lack of capital investment by consortia of publishers that led to the weakness of the Spanish printing industry, which catered largely for the domestic rather than the export market. The preponderance of foreigners, who frequently had only a poor command of Spanish, working as compositors explains the numerous errata to be found in Spanish editions.
Max Grivno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252036521
- eISBN:
- 9780252093562
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252036521.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century landowners in the hinterlands of Baltimore, Maryland, cobbled together workforces from a diverse labor population of black and white apprentices, ...
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Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century landowners in the hinterlands of Baltimore, Maryland, cobbled together workforces from a diverse labor population of black and white apprentices, indentured servants, slaves, and hired workers. The Upper South during this period presents a unique perspective on how free and slave labor systems coexisted and interacted during a time when slavery and free labor were moving apart both geographically and ideologically. This book examines the intertwined lives of the poor whites, slaves, and free blacks who lived and worked in this wheat-producing region along the Mason–Dixon Line in the decades preceding the Civil War. The book closely examines a handful of counties in northern Maryland and southern Pennsylvania to illustrate how these rural local communities represented issues of national historical significance, including the dynamic, multifaceted relationship between slave and free labor, the lives of free black and white farmhands, the domestic slave trade's impact on the people of the Upper South, and the struggles of enslaved and free blacks to liberate themselves and their families from bondage through immediate and delayed manumissions. Drawing from court records, the diaries, letters, and ledgers of farmers and small planters, and other archival sources, the book reconstructs how these poorest of southerners eked out their livings and struggled to maintain their families and their freedom in the often unforgiving rural economy.Less
Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century landowners in the hinterlands of Baltimore, Maryland, cobbled together workforces from a diverse labor population of black and white apprentices, indentured servants, slaves, and hired workers. The Upper South during this period presents a unique perspective on how free and slave labor systems coexisted and interacted during a time when slavery and free labor were moving apart both geographically and ideologically. This book examines the intertwined lives of the poor whites, slaves, and free blacks who lived and worked in this wheat-producing region along the Mason–Dixon Line in the decades preceding the Civil War. The book closely examines a handful of counties in northern Maryland and southern Pennsylvania to illustrate how these rural local communities represented issues of national historical significance, including the dynamic, multifaceted relationship between slave and free labor, the lives of free black and white farmhands, the domestic slave trade's impact on the people of the Upper South, and the struggles of enslaved and free blacks to liberate themselves and their families from bondage through immediate and delayed manumissions. Drawing from court records, the diaries, letters, and ledgers of farmers and small planters, and other archival sources, the book reconstructs how these poorest of southerners eked out their livings and struggled to maintain their families and their freedom in the often unforgiving rural economy.
Amy M. Froide
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199270606
- eISBN:
- 9780191710216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199270606.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines the work of women who did not have husbands and did not participate in the household economy of the early modern era. Investigating primarily urban women from labouring, craft, ...
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This chapter examines the work of women who did not have husbands and did not participate in the household economy of the early modern era. Investigating primarily urban women from labouring, craft, trade, and mercantile families, it explores the range of work performed by singlewomen. It also examines the obstacles faced by never-married women in towns that did not grant such women the status of independent mistresses, and the women who overcame the odds to break into shopkeeping and the new luxury trades emerging in the late 17th and 18th centuries.Less
This chapter examines the work of women who did not have husbands and did not participate in the household economy of the early modern era. Investigating primarily urban women from labouring, craft, trade, and mercantile families, it explores the range of work performed by singlewomen. It also examines the obstacles faced by never-married women in towns that did not grant such women the status of independent mistresses, and the women who overcame the odds to break into shopkeeping and the new luxury trades emerging in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
Nigel Saul
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199215980
- eISBN:
- 9780191710001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215980.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter argues that the monuments of lawyers afford valuable insights into the self-image and identity of the professional men of law. The monuments of the judges and sergeants at law — the two ...
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This chapter argues that the monuments of lawyers afford valuable insights into the self-image and identity of the professional men of law. The monuments of the judges and sergeants at law — the two groups comprising the order of the coif — show the commemorated in their professional attire, indicating a perception of that attire as a mark of status. The monuments of two other groups — the notaries and apprentices, likewise show their subjects in professional attire — the apprentices being recognisable by their tall puffed hat. Below the level of the apprentices, the local attorneys wore no professional attire and are recognisable only from the descriptions of status on their epitaphs. At all levels, the lawyers were torn between a professional and a gentry identity. Among the attorneys it was the gentry identity that triumphed.Less
This chapter argues that the monuments of lawyers afford valuable insights into the self-image and identity of the professional men of law. The monuments of the judges and sergeants at law — the two groups comprising the order of the coif — show the commemorated in their professional attire, indicating a perception of that attire as a mark of status. The monuments of two other groups — the notaries and apprentices, likewise show their subjects in professional attire — the apprentices being recognisable by their tall puffed hat. Below the level of the apprentices, the local attorneys wore no professional attire and are recognisable only from the descriptions of status on their epitaphs. At all levels, the lawyers were torn between a professional and a gentry identity. Among the attorneys it was the gentry identity that triumphed.
Susanne M. Sklar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199603145
- eISBN:
- 9780191731594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199603145.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
This chapter briefly considers Jerusalem's interrelating settings before discussing the antecedents and dynamics of the building projects within them. Los, the poem's fallible hero, has a great task, ...
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This chapter briefly considers Jerusalem's interrelating settings before discussing the antecedents and dynamics of the building projects within them. Los, the poem's fallible hero, has a great task, ‘the building of Golgonooza’, a multi‐dimensional temple‐city — but his vision is blighted by Albion's fallen sons and their rationalist ‘Druid’ agendas. As an apprentice Blake worked with depictions of what were thought to be Druid structures, but unlike many antiquarians and Freemasons, he does not idealise these legendary Britons. Albion's ‘Druidic’ rationalism does not promote a worldview in which people, towns, Eternals, nations, and all living creatures interrelate creatively — as they do in Jerusalem, the feminine‐divine city in which all continually build structures of forgiveness.Less
This chapter briefly considers Jerusalem's interrelating settings before discussing the antecedents and dynamics of the building projects within them. Los, the poem's fallible hero, has a great task, ‘the building of Golgonooza’, a multi‐dimensional temple‐city — but his vision is blighted by Albion's fallen sons and their rationalist ‘Druid’ agendas. As an apprentice Blake worked with depictions of what were thought to be Druid structures, but unlike many antiquarians and Freemasons, he does not idealise these legendary Britons. Albion's ‘Druidic’ rationalism does not promote a worldview in which people, towns, Eternals, nations, and all living creatures interrelate creatively — as they do in Jerusalem, the feminine‐divine city in which all continually build structures of forgiveness.
Bridget Hill
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206217
- eISBN:
- 9780191677021
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206217.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
The importance of domestic service in the 18th century has long been recognized by historians but apart from a number of recent controversial articles, this is the first detailed study of the subject ...
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The importance of domestic service in the 18th century has long been recognized by historians but apart from a number of recent controversial articles, this is the first detailed study of the subject since J. Jean Hecht's book of 1956. Its chapter question the stereotype of the domestic servant — usually male and most often in large households employing many servants where a strict hierarchy prevailed — that has dominated all discussion hitherto. Using 18th-century diaries, journals, and memoirs as well as the press and literature of the period, the book examines the lives of the majority of domestic servants, who were employed in more modest establishments, or in single or two-servant households. The book looks at the life of the pauper apprentices to service, paid little or nothing for their efforts, and at the frequency with which both near and distant kin were employed as unpaid, or badly-paid, domestic servants. It also examines the vulnerability of female domestic servants to sexual harassment and discusses the sexuality of servants.Less
The importance of domestic service in the 18th century has long been recognized by historians but apart from a number of recent controversial articles, this is the first detailed study of the subject since J. Jean Hecht's book of 1956. Its chapter question the stereotype of the domestic servant — usually male and most often in large households employing many servants where a strict hierarchy prevailed — that has dominated all discussion hitherto. Using 18th-century diaries, journals, and memoirs as well as the press and literature of the period, the book examines the lives of the majority of domestic servants, who were employed in more modest establishments, or in single or two-servant households. The book looks at the life of the pauper apprentices to service, paid little or nothing for their efforts, and at the frequency with which both near and distant kin were employed as unpaid, or badly-paid, domestic servants. It also examines the vulnerability of female domestic servants to sexual harassment and discusses the sexuality of servants.
William A. Green
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202783
- eISBN:
- 9780191675515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202783.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter focuses on the practice of apprenticeship, which in theory was a strategic move to the advancement of European society. Theoretically, apprenticeship during British rule was designed to ...
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This chapter focuses on the practice of apprenticeship, which in theory was a strategic move to the advancement of European society. Theoretically, apprenticeship during British rule was designed to mould the thinking of the apprentices to encourage the habit of industry, to build churches, and to establish social patterns that would encourage freedmen to stay in settled estate villages when the system ended. It also allowed the orderly preparation of a legal system that would replace the discarded slavery codes. Apprenticeship also allowed time for the establishment of colonial banking, which would meet the demands of a free plantation economy as well, as it allowed the Treasury to correct monetary problems and supply the colonists with coinage for the wages of the free labourers. In addition, the practice also allowed the planters to introduce and try new equipment, as well as new methods of labour management, before the awarding of full freedom. In practice, however, only a few of the strategic advances offered by the apprenticeship were realized. The much-needed reconciliation and compromise did not take place. The slaves wanted complete freedom, not apprenticeship, while the planters resented the loss of arbitrary power and the threat of the disintegration of the system that afforded them the highest rank and authority. Spurred by the discontent of both parties, the system of apprenticeship dissolved even before the British law reached its maturity. While gathering the examples presented by the labour system and apprenticeship in Jamaica, the core focus of this chapter is on the major West Indian colonies of Barbados, British Guiana, and Trinidad.Less
This chapter focuses on the practice of apprenticeship, which in theory was a strategic move to the advancement of European society. Theoretically, apprenticeship during British rule was designed to mould the thinking of the apprentices to encourage the habit of industry, to build churches, and to establish social patterns that would encourage freedmen to stay in settled estate villages when the system ended. It also allowed the orderly preparation of a legal system that would replace the discarded slavery codes. Apprenticeship also allowed time for the establishment of colonial banking, which would meet the demands of a free plantation economy as well, as it allowed the Treasury to correct monetary problems and supply the colonists with coinage for the wages of the free labourers. In addition, the practice also allowed the planters to introduce and try new equipment, as well as new methods of labour management, before the awarding of full freedom. In practice, however, only a few of the strategic advances offered by the apprenticeship were realized. The much-needed reconciliation and compromise did not take place. The slaves wanted complete freedom, not apprenticeship, while the planters resented the loss of arbitrary power and the threat of the disintegration of the system that afforded them the highest rank and authority. Spurred by the discontent of both parties, the system of apprenticeship dissolved even before the British law reached its maturity. While gathering the examples presented by the labour system and apprenticeship in Jamaica, the core focus of this chapter is on the major West Indian colonies of Barbados, British Guiana, and Trinidad.
Graham Rees and Maria Wakely
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576319
- eISBN:
- 9780191722233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576319.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter addresses the following questions: How did they run the King's Printing House (KPH), an institution that stood at the summit of the London printing trade in the Jacobean period? How did ...
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This chapter addresses the following questions: How did they run the King's Printing House (KPH), an institution that stood at the summit of the London printing trade in the Jacobean period? How did they run a business that had to be in a position at short notice, and often at its own expense, to satisfy the market or royal demands for the production of everything from a broadside proclamation to a folio church Bible? These questions could be answered by asking a range of subsidiary questions: for instance, how did the KPH acquire type, paper, ink and all the myriad material objects on which the business depended? How did it organize its printing of its products, and their subsequent storage and distribution? The chapter looks further at some of the personnel involved in the KPH, and especially at those who were not immediate members of the Barker, Bill, and Norton families: the compositors, pressmen, correctors, accountants, legal advisors, warehouse keepers, shopkeepers, apprentices, and miscellaneous servants.Less
This chapter addresses the following questions: How did they run the King's Printing House (KPH), an institution that stood at the summit of the London printing trade in the Jacobean period? How did they run a business that had to be in a position at short notice, and often at its own expense, to satisfy the market or royal demands for the production of everything from a broadside proclamation to a folio church Bible? These questions could be answered by asking a range of subsidiary questions: for instance, how did the KPH acquire type, paper, ink and all the myriad material objects on which the business depended? How did it organize its printing of its products, and their subsequent storage and distribution? The chapter looks further at some of the personnel involved in the KPH, and especially at those who were not immediate members of the Barker, Bill, and Norton families: the compositors, pressmen, correctors, accountants, legal advisors, warehouse keepers, shopkeepers, apprentices, and miscellaneous servants.
Banu Senay
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252043024
- eISBN:
- 9780252051883
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043024.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
At the heart of this study is a musical practice that occupies a significant place in the contemporary public soundscape of Turkey: the art of playing the ney. Intimately connected with Sufism in ...
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At the heart of this study is a musical practice that occupies a significant place in the contemporary public soundscape of Turkey: the art of playing the ney. Intimately connected with Sufism in both the Ottoman Empire and, for better or worse, in modern secular Turkey, the ney has been a popular instrument throughout the Middle East and North Africa. After enduring a checkered social life during the Turkish Republic’s modernizing reforms, today in a more Islam-friendly socio-political environment the ney is flourishing. Based on extensive field research in Istanbul and an apprentice-style method of inquiry, the book documents the lifetime of preparation required to become an expert player of the ney (neyzen). It examines in particular the transformative power of this Islamic art pedagogy to cultivate new artistic and ethical perceptions in learners. Crafting oneself as a neyzen transcends ‘mere’ musical technique in profound ways, as it also involves developing a certain way of living. Exploring firsthand the practical process of musical teaching and learning, together with their ethical scaffolding, the book has theoretical implications for scholars studying many other forms of apprentice-style learning. It also helps redress the underdeveloped understandings and often-polemical claims made in both the media and by Islamophobic discourse concerning processes by which Muslims develop a religious and moral sense.Less
At the heart of this study is a musical practice that occupies a significant place in the contemporary public soundscape of Turkey: the art of playing the ney. Intimately connected with Sufism in both the Ottoman Empire and, for better or worse, in modern secular Turkey, the ney has been a popular instrument throughout the Middle East and North Africa. After enduring a checkered social life during the Turkish Republic’s modernizing reforms, today in a more Islam-friendly socio-political environment the ney is flourishing. Based on extensive field research in Istanbul and an apprentice-style method of inquiry, the book documents the lifetime of preparation required to become an expert player of the ney (neyzen). It examines in particular the transformative power of this Islamic art pedagogy to cultivate new artistic and ethical perceptions in learners. Crafting oneself as a neyzen transcends ‘mere’ musical technique in profound ways, as it also involves developing a certain way of living. Exploring firsthand the practical process of musical teaching and learning, together with their ethical scaffolding, the book has theoretical implications for scholars studying many other forms of apprentice-style learning. It also helps redress the underdeveloped understandings and often-polemical claims made in both the media and by Islamophobic discourse concerning processes by which Muslims develop a religious and moral sense.
Edward Craig
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198238799
- eISBN:
- 9780191597237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198238797.003.0017
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
‘Knows how to’ (‘knows’ in the capacity sense) appears synonymous with ‘can’, and yet ‘can’ does not primarily tell us about someone's capacity as an informant, suggesting that the practical ...
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‘Knows how to’ (‘knows’ in the capacity sense) appears synonymous with ‘can’, and yet ‘can’ does not primarily tell us about someone's capacity as an informant, suggesting that the practical explication cannot provide an account of ‘knows how to’. Three responses are considered: (1) the capacity sense exists only in some languages and therefore poses no problem; (2) there is no irreducible capacity sense; (3) the capacity sense is connected to the informational sense by the natural connection between agency and information. (3) is favoured, on the grounds that the needs of the inquirer and the apprentice, one who seeks an instructor from whom he may learn how, overlap in central cases. Craig concludes that the practical explication successfully explains both senses of ‘know’ in a unitary fashion.Less
‘Knows how to’ (‘knows’ in the capacity sense) appears synonymous with ‘can’, and yet ‘can’ does not primarily tell us about someone's capacity as an informant, suggesting that the practical explication cannot provide an account of ‘knows how to’. Three responses are considered: (1) the capacity sense exists only in some languages and therefore poses no problem; (2) there is no irreducible capacity sense; (3) the capacity sense is connected to the informational sense by the natural connection between agency and information. (3) is favoured, on the grounds that the needs of the inquirer and the apprentice, one who seeks an instructor from whom he may learn how, overlap in central cases. Craig concludes that the practical explication successfully explains both senses of ‘know’ in a unitary fashion.
Elizabeth Minchin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199280124
- eISBN:
- 9780191707070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280124.003.01
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
By relating Homer's speech-formats to cognitive psychology's account of the storage of implicit knowledge, conclusions can be drawn about the mind-based resources on which the poet drew as he ...
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By relating Homer's speech-formats to cognitive psychology's account of the storage of implicit knowledge, conclusions can be drawn about the mind-based resources on which the poet drew as he sang—and on which we draw as we speak. It is argued that the Homeric rebuke was a stylized version of everyday discourse, cued by the rebuke format that the poet had acquired, almost unconsciously, early in life and stored in memory. What the apprentice poet learned from a master-singer was not the rebuke itself, but the special formulation of the rebuke for the purposes of oral song.Less
By relating Homer's speech-formats to cognitive psychology's account of the storage of implicit knowledge, conclusions can be drawn about the mind-based resources on which the poet drew as he sang—and on which we draw as we speak. It is argued that the Homeric rebuke was a stylized version of everyday discourse, cued by the rebuke format that the poet had acquired, almost unconsciously, early in life and stored in memory. What the apprentice poet learned from a master-singer was not the rebuke itself, but the special formulation of the rebuke for the purposes of oral song.
Markus Krajewski
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300180817
- eISBN:
- 9780300186802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300180817.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter provides a brief history of service, accompanied by a systematic effort to find what distinguishes the servant from related figures like the slave, the bondsman, the apprentice, or the ...
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This chapter provides a brief history of service, accompanied by a systematic effort to find what distinguishes the servant from related figures like the slave, the bondsman, the apprentice, or the assistant, in order to define what a servant actually is. Based on various external markers of distinction like the livery, subalterns can be classified into hierarchies whose logic and spatial organization will be discussed using the examples of baroque palaces and English manors. The chapter also analyzes the figure of the valet de chambre, as well as the relation of subalternity as a general structure that runs through all social ranks.Less
This chapter provides a brief history of service, accompanied by a systematic effort to find what distinguishes the servant from related figures like the slave, the bondsman, the apprentice, or the assistant, in order to define what a servant actually is. Based on various external markers of distinction like the livery, subalterns can be classified into hierarchies whose logic and spatial organization will be discussed using the examples of baroque palaces and English manors. The chapter also analyzes the figure of the valet de chambre, as well as the relation of subalternity as a general structure that runs through all social ranks.
Aaron Allen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474442381
- eISBN:
- 9781474453943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474442381.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
The second chapter looks beyond the free ‘master’ craftsmen of the ‘House’ to their wider households, looking to both craft families and their lodgers. The metaphor of ‘the House’ as a chosen ...
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The second chapter looks beyond the free ‘master’ craftsmen of the ‘House’ to their wider households, looking to both craft families and their lodgers. The metaphor of ‘the House’ as a chosen identifier used by the Incorporation has particular significance, as the family and the household were the basic units of post-Reformation Scottish society. Patterns of marriage will be used to look at the often-invisible ‘sisters of the craft’. Endogamy will also be considered, demonstrating how disconnected the ten arts were in terms of forming marriage alliances across craft lines. Education of children and dependents – a crucial foundation for those aspiring to enter the building trades – will be explored both in terms of the support of schoolmasters at Mary’s Chapel and of the specialist craft training involved in apprenticeships. Finally, access to work in a crowded labour market will be discussed, both for the co-resident journeymen and feed servants, as well as for the widows, wives and daughters of the privileged masters. The craft economy was broader than just the free master craftsmen, as was the House, which relied on the women, children and unfree labourers which helped make up the individual craft households.Less
The second chapter looks beyond the free ‘master’ craftsmen of the ‘House’ to their wider households, looking to both craft families and their lodgers. The metaphor of ‘the House’ as a chosen identifier used by the Incorporation has particular significance, as the family and the household were the basic units of post-Reformation Scottish society. Patterns of marriage will be used to look at the often-invisible ‘sisters of the craft’. Endogamy will also be considered, demonstrating how disconnected the ten arts were in terms of forming marriage alliances across craft lines. Education of children and dependents – a crucial foundation for those aspiring to enter the building trades – will be explored both in terms of the support of schoolmasters at Mary’s Chapel and of the specialist craft training involved in apprenticeships. Finally, access to work in a crowded labour market will be discussed, both for the co-resident journeymen and feed servants, as well as for the widows, wives and daughters of the privileged masters. The craft economy was broader than just the free master craftsmen, as was the House, which relied on the women, children and unfree labourers which helped make up the individual craft households.
Jane A. Bernstein
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195102314
- eISBN:
- 9780199853113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102314.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The cost of labor was considerable. The workers Scotto employed ranged from young apprentices and piece-work journeymen to pressmen, compositors, and proof correctors. Other members of the print shop ...
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The cost of labor was considerable. The workers Scotto employed ranged from young apprentices and piece-work journeymen to pressmen, compositors, and proof correctors. Other members of the print shop might include a journeyman who, after serving his apprenticeship, traveled from town to town, often for several years. A journeyman would stay in a particular locality anywhere from a month to one or two years, where he worked at the shop of the master printer. Ranking above the journeyman were the trained laborers, who worked either as compositors setting type and preparing forms or as pressmen who pulled the sheets of paper and operated the press. At the top of the workforce was the head compositor, who supervised the other workers and corrected the first proofs.Less
The cost of labor was considerable. The workers Scotto employed ranged from young apprentices and piece-work journeymen to pressmen, compositors, and proof correctors. Other members of the print shop might include a journeyman who, after serving his apprenticeship, traveled from town to town, often for several years. A journeyman would stay in a particular locality anywhere from a month to one or two years, where he worked at the shop of the master printer. Ranking above the journeyman were the trained laborers, who worked either as compositors setting type and preparing forms or as pressmen who pulled the sheets of paper and operated the press. At the top of the workforce was the head compositor, who supervised the other workers and corrected the first proofs.
Barbara A. Hanawalt
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190490393
- eISBN:
- 9780190490430
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190490393.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
London’s civic ceremonies marked the relationships between the mayors and the crown, but also between denizens and their government, gild wardens and members, masters and apprentices, and ...
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London’s civic ceremonies marked the relationships between the mayors and the crown, but also between denizens and their government, gild wardens and members, masters and apprentices, and parishioners and their church. London, like all premodern cities, was made up of immigrants. The number of people who were citizens (who enjoyed the “freedom of the city”) was a small proportion of the inhabitants. The newly arrived had to be taught the civic culture of the city so that the city could function peacefully. Ritual and ceremony played a key role in the acculturation process. In a society in which hierarchical authority was most commonly determined by the inheritance of title and office or sanctified by ordination, elected civic officials relied on rituals to cement their authority, power, and dominance. Since the term of office was a year, the election and inauguration of city officials had to be very public, and the robes of office had to distinguish the officers so that everyone would know who they were. Apprentices entering the city to take up a trade were educated in civic culture by their masters. Gilds also provided experience in leadership through gild governance. Again, rituals, oath swearing, and distinctive livery marked their belonging. Those who rebelled against authority and who broke the civic ordinances were made spectacles of through ritual humiliations so that others could learn from their example. At the parish level, and even at the level of the street, civic behavior was taught through example, proclamations, and ballads.Less
London’s civic ceremonies marked the relationships between the mayors and the crown, but also between denizens and their government, gild wardens and members, masters and apprentices, and parishioners and their church. London, like all premodern cities, was made up of immigrants. The number of people who were citizens (who enjoyed the “freedom of the city”) was a small proportion of the inhabitants. The newly arrived had to be taught the civic culture of the city so that the city could function peacefully. Ritual and ceremony played a key role in the acculturation process. In a society in which hierarchical authority was most commonly determined by the inheritance of title and office or sanctified by ordination, elected civic officials relied on rituals to cement their authority, power, and dominance. Since the term of office was a year, the election and inauguration of city officials had to be very public, and the robes of office had to distinguish the officers so that everyone would know who they were. Apprentices entering the city to take up a trade were educated in civic culture by their masters. Gilds also provided experience in leadership through gild governance. Again, rituals, oath swearing, and distinctive livery marked their belonging. Those who rebelled against authority and who broke the civic ordinances were made spectacles of through ritual humiliations so that others could learn from their example. At the parish level, and even at the level of the street, civic behavior was taught through example, proclamations, and ballads.
