Thanh V. Tran
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325089
- eISBN:
- 9780199864515
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325089.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This book provides an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and provides a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of ...
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This book provides an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and provides a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. The readers are introduced to an overview of the definitions of culture and a brief discussion of cross-cultural anthropology, psychology, sociology, and political science and the influences of these fields on social work. The book describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties. There are guides and recommendations for building a cross-cultural research support team for various critical tasks. The book addresses the issues of adopting and adapting existing research instruments. The processes and issues of cross-cultural translation and assessments are presented and discussed in detail. The book offers a discussion of the foundation of measurement theories and the entire process of instrument development from the definitions of abstract concepts, the construction of observed indicators, and assessment of the validity and reliability of the new instruments. The book demonstrates the application of item distribution analysis, internal consistency analysis, and exploratory factor analysis as a preliminary assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of research instruments. In addition, the book explains and illustrates the application of confirmatory factor analysis and multisample confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the factor structure and testing of cross-cultural measurement invariance.Less
This book provides an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and provides a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. The readers are introduced to an overview of the definitions of culture and a brief discussion of cross-cultural anthropology, psychology, sociology, and political science and the influences of these fields on social work. The book describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties. There are guides and recommendations for building a cross-cultural research support team for various critical tasks. The book addresses the issues of adopting and adapting existing research instruments. The processes and issues of cross-cultural translation and assessments are presented and discussed in detail. The book offers a discussion of the foundation of measurement theories and the entire process of instrument development from the definitions of abstract concepts, the construction of observed indicators, and assessment of the validity and reliability of the new instruments. The book demonstrates the application of item distribution analysis, internal consistency analysis, and exploratory factor analysis as a preliminary assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of research instruments. In addition, the book explains and illustrates the application of confirmatory factor analysis and multisample confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the factor structure and testing of cross-cultural measurement invariance.
Phyllis Solomon, Mary M. Cavanaugh, and Jeffrey Draine
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333190
- eISBN:
- 9780199864317
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333190.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been considered a gold standard for health and social service research for generations of professionals. However, even as methods have developed to ...
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Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been considered a gold standard for health and social service research for generations of professionals. However, even as methods have developed to accommodate a large number of professional perspectives and fields of intervention, few have adequately addressed the complex nature of RCTs conducted in community settings. In this book, Drs. Solomon, Cavanaugh, and Draine draw on their extensive experience conducting randomized controlled trials to compile a practical and accessible guide to RCTs in community-based practice settings. While providing a detailed, common-sense manual, the authors address numerous design and implementation challenges that are unique to practice settings, which are less-controlled environments than the typical clinic or consultation room. Such issues include: community and agency buy-in to support collaboration, addressing confounds to internal and external validity, and fidelity with complex interventions. These challenges are addressed through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods that have supported RCT research in community-based settings. This pragmatic guide provides a thorough review of the basic ingredients for working through each step of the RCT process. It offers encouragement and support to enter this richly rewarding and challenging research area.Less
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been considered a gold standard for health and social service research for generations of professionals. However, even as methods have developed to accommodate a large number of professional perspectives and fields of intervention, few have adequately addressed the complex nature of RCTs conducted in community settings. In this book, Drs. Solomon, Cavanaugh, and Draine draw on their extensive experience conducting randomized controlled trials to compile a practical and accessible guide to RCTs in community-based practice settings. While providing a detailed, common-sense manual, the authors address numerous design and implementation challenges that are unique to practice settings, which are less-controlled environments than the typical clinic or consultation room. Such issues include: community and agency buy-in to support collaboration, addressing confounds to internal and external validity, and fidelity with complex interventions. These challenges are addressed through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods that have supported RCT research in community-based settings. This pragmatic guide provides a thorough review of the basic ingredients for working through each step of the RCT process. It offers encouragement and support to enter this richly rewarding and challenging research area.
Erica Bell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199549337
- eISBN:
- 9780191720635
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549337.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Individuals working in health research want to be able to use their findings to influence health policy. However, frequently, research evidence remains detached from practice, and there is a divide ...
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Individuals working in health research want to be able to use their findings to influence health policy. However, frequently, research evidence remains detached from practice, and there is a divide between research and policy. Research for Health Policy is an introduction to the emerging genre of applied research for policy decision-making, offering new research methods that go beyond the traditional classical experimental techniques and standard qualitative methods. This practical and practice-based book is relevant to researchers in different disciplines and countries, and will equip the reader with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to deliver policy-relevant research in the government, not-for-profit, and private sectors. As a book that helps its reader to develop the blend of strategic people skills, methodological inventiveness, research entrepreneurship, creative design, and policy writing know-how that is critical to delivering useful research evidence for policy, Research for Health Policy is essential reading for anyone doing, studying, or teaching health policy advocacy and research. It also has much to offer postgraduate and professional development students and their educators, who want to move beyond the common undergraduate focus on policy content areas and policy theory/process, to learn more advanced practical research skills for policy-making.Less
Individuals working in health research want to be able to use their findings to influence health policy. However, frequently, research evidence remains detached from practice, and there is a divide between research and policy. Research for Health Policy is an introduction to the emerging genre of applied research for policy decision-making, offering new research methods that go beyond the traditional classical experimental techniques and standard qualitative methods. This practical and practice-based book is relevant to researchers in different disciplines and countries, and will equip the reader with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to deliver policy-relevant research in the government, not-for-profit, and private sectors. As a book that helps its reader to develop the blend of strategic people skills, methodological inventiveness, research entrepreneurship, creative design, and policy writing know-how that is critical to delivering useful research evidence for policy, Research for Health Policy is essential reading for anyone doing, studying, or teaching health policy advocacy and research. It also has much to offer postgraduate and professional development students and their educators, who want to move beyond the common undergraduate focus on policy content areas and policy theory/process, to learn more advanced practical research skills for policy-making.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical ...
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Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical analysis that shows the pervasiveness and centrality of this local sign, which is manifest in local belief, the natural and built environment, and the musical and poetic structure of maddâh devotional music. A physiological experiment that was conducted in the context of maddâh ritual performance is presented and statistical data analyzed and interpreted showing a significant downward modulation of systolic blood pressure at p-value of .0003. Further, the culture-transcendent aspects are applied in another research project in the U.S. among a culturally diverse group of people (ages 18-85) where participants learn to create health, healing, or transformation through practices of music, sound, vocalization, and meditation. The GAP — Guided Attention Practice is presented as part of this latter research project.Less
Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical analysis that shows the pervasiveness and centrality of this local sign, which is manifest in local belief, the natural and built environment, and the musical and poetic structure of maddâh devotional music. A physiological experiment that was conducted in the context of maddâh ritual performance is presented and statistical data analyzed and interpreted showing a significant downward modulation of systolic blood pressure at p-value of .0003. Further, the culture-transcendent aspects are applied in another research project in the U.S. among a culturally diverse group of people (ages 18-85) where participants learn to create health, healing, or transformation through practices of music, sound, vocalization, and meditation. The GAP — Guided Attention Practice is presented as part of this latter research project.
Albert N Link and Jamie R. Link
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369458
- eISBN:
- 9780199871018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369458.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter reviews several fundamental concepts to set the stage for later chapters. Emphasis here is more on the concepts per se rather than on their relationship to government as entrepreneur. ...
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This chapter reviews several fundamental concepts to set the stage for later chapters. Emphasis here is more on the concepts per se rather than on their relationship to government as entrepreneur. That integration occurs in each of the subsequent chapters. These interrelated concepts are: the innovation and the innovation process, public/private partnerships, research partnerships, and the productivity slowdown.Less
This chapter reviews several fundamental concepts to set the stage for later chapters. Emphasis here is more on the concepts per se rather than on their relationship to government as entrepreneur. That integration occurs in each of the subsequent chapters. These interrelated concepts are: the innovation and the innovation process, public/private partnerships, research partnerships, and the productivity slowdown.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 5 links the profound meaning and pervasiveness of Persian mystical poetry in Badakhshan to local integrative and multimodal healing practices; outlines key concepts and practices in Sufism; ...
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Chapter 5 links the profound meaning and pervasiveness of Persian mystical poetry in Badakhshan to local integrative and multimodal healing practices; outlines key concepts and practices in Sufism; explores the practices of Pamiri physician/naturopath/herbalist Dr. Shirinbek, who is the caretaker of one of the few remaining natural hot springs used for healing in the region; presents case studies that employ specific practices of prayer/meditation healing, including investigating the process of creating a physiological, psychological, emotional, and spiritual healing response; and further discusses the symbol and power of water in the healing process. Other examples of music, chanting, prayer, and healing are presented, including the recitation, wearing, and eating of written prayers known as tumâr. Additionally, the chapter presents a case study of applied music-prayer dynamics conducted by the author and research team in the Khoroq hospital.Less
Chapter 5 links the profound meaning and pervasiveness of Persian mystical poetry in Badakhshan to local integrative and multimodal healing practices; outlines key concepts and practices in Sufism; explores the practices of Pamiri physician/naturopath/herbalist Dr. Shirinbek, who is the caretaker of one of the few remaining natural hot springs used for healing in the region; presents case studies that employ specific practices of prayer/meditation healing, including investigating the process of creating a physiological, psychological, emotional, and spiritual healing response; and further discusses the symbol and power of water in the healing process. Other examples of music, chanting, prayer, and healing are presented, including the recitation, wearing, and eating of written prayers known as tumâr. Additionally, the chapter presents a case study of applied music-prayer dynamics conducted by the author and research team in the Khoroq hospital.
Holden Thorp and Buck Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469646862
- eISBN:
- 9781469646886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646862.003.0010
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
The time is right for universities to undertake the internal changes necessary to create a culture supportive of innovation and entrepreneurship. These efforts cannot however come at the expense of ...
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The time is right for universities to undertake the internal changes necessary to create a culture supportive of innovation and entrepreneurship. These efforts cannot however come at the expense of basic research. The tension between basic research and the public expectation that research will impact the world’s biggest problems is another issue at the heart of effort to rebuild the partnership between higher education and the public. Applied research can be more easily explained and therefore can serve as a means of gaining political and financial support for research efforts. To achieve the cultural change required entrepreneurship must be defined broadly as a way of thinking, entrepreneurs must be integrated into the faculty and into the curriculum, and clear measures of success must be established and tracked carefully. All of this must be accomplished without compromising the values at the heart of American higher education.Less
The time is right for universities to undertake the internal changes necessary to create a culture supportive of innovation and entrepreneurship. These efforts cannot however come at the expense of basic research. The tension between basic research and the public expectation that research will impact the world’s biggest problems is another issue at the heart of effort to rebuild the partnership between higher education and the public. Applied research can be more easily explained and therefore can serve as a means of gaining political and financial support for research efforts. To achieve the cultural change required entrepreneurship must be defined broadly as a way of thinking, entrepreneurs must be integrated into the faculty and into the curriculum, and clear measures of success must be established and tracked carefully. All of this must be accomplished without compromising the values at the heart of American higher education.
Alvaro L. Nieves
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195310566
- eISBN:
- 9780199851072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310566.003.0020
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
It is believed that the Christian organization that demonstrates its commitment to social justice will find itself increasingly attractive to many it wishes to serve. This chapter offers an overview ...
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It is believed that the Christian organization that demonstrates its commitment to social justice will find itself increasingly attractive to many it wishes to serve. This chapter offers an overview of resources that can address the needs of community. An applied research example for Christian organizations in Aurora, Illinois is also given. A broad goal might be expressed as the desire to enhance the role of a local church or organization in the promotion of social justice. Moreover, the information gathering process and data resources are shown.Less
It is believed that the Christian organization that demonstrates its commitment to social justice will find itself increasingly attractive to many it wishes to serve. This chapter offers an overview of resources that can address the needs of community. An applied research example for Christian organizations in Aurora, Illinois is also given. A broad goal might be expressed as the desire to enhance the role of a local church or organization in the promotion of social justice. Moreover, the information gathering process and data resources are shown.
Sandra L. Barnes, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Bernadette Doykos, Nina C. Martin, and Alison McGuire (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823268795
- eISBN:
- 9780823272518
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823268795.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
The edited volume describes a multi-disciplinary model where students and faculty work with communities, learn from them, and contribute the fruits of theory and research to solving community ...
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The edited volume describes a multi-disciplinary model where students and faculty work with communities, learn from them, and contribute the fruits of theory and research to solving community problems. It is a model where theory and action span multiple ecological levels from individuals and small group to organizations and social structures. The communities of engagement range from local neighborhoods and schools to national policy and international development. These forms of engagement require carefully crafted institutional structures to support them. This volume offers examples of community-engaged theory, scholarship, and action, and the structures that foster them within a research university. The examples are drawn from the Department of Human and Organizational Development at Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, whose programs, from undergraduate service learning and internships to doctoral training in community research and action, embody the vision of The Academy in Action! The chapters document how authentic partnerships between the academy and the community result in meaningful research and praxis.Less
The edited volume describes a multi-disciplinary model where students and faculty work with communities, learn from them, and contribute the fruits of theory and research to solving community problems. It is a model where theory and action span multiple ecological levels from individuals and small group to organizations and social structures. The communities of engagement range from local neighborhoods and schools to national policy and international development. These forms of engagement require carefully crafted institutional structures to support them. This volume offers examples of community-engaged theory, scholarship, and action, and the structures that foster them within a research university. The examples are drawn from the Department of Human and Organizational Development at Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, whose programs, from undergraduate service learning and internships to doctoral training in community research and action, embody the vision of The Academy in Action! The chapters document how authentic partnerships between the academy and the community result in meaningful research and praxis.
Ben Shneiderman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198758839
- eISBN:
- 9780191818714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198758839.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
The first guiding principle of this book is that when research teams take on applied and basic research goals, they are more likely to produce stronger applied and basic outcomes. My goal in ...
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The first guiding principle of this book is that when research teams take on applied and basic research goals, they are more likely to produce stronger applied and basic outcomes. My goal in promoting the ABC principle is more than improving research team productivity. I seek to provoke ambitious research projects that will more frequently cope with contemporary problems such as energy sustainability, healthcare delivery, community safety, and environmental protection. These and other complex challenges require foundational science theories, innovative technology breakthroughs, and compelling designs that together will produce pro-social change for billions of people.Less
The first guiding principle of this book is that when research teams take on applied and basic research goals, they are more likely to produce stronger applied and basic outcomes. My goal in promoting the ABC principle is more than improving research team productivity. I seek to provoke ambitious research projects that will more frequently cope with contemporary problems such as energy sustainability, healthcare delivery, community safety, and environmental protection. These and other complex challenges require foundational science theories, innovative technology breakthroughs, and compelling designs that together will produce pro-social change for billions of people.
Miles Hewstone and Wolfgang Stroebe
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199228768
- eISBN:
- 9780191696336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228768.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter analyses developments in social psychology during the past fifty years. It discusses progress in the 1960s which expanded the discipline to include the study of basic processes, the ...
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This chapter analyses developments in social psychology during the past fifty years. It discusses progress in the 1960s which expanded the discipline to include the study of basic processes, the application of insights from fundamental social psychology to problems outside the laboratory, and the inclusion of games. It considers five major changes in social psychology including the rise of European social psychology; developments in theory, methods, and statistics; and the perceived relationship between basic and applied research.Less
This chapter analyses developments in social psychology during the past fifty years. It discusses progress in the 1960s which expanded the discipline to include the study of basic processes, the application of insights from fundamental social psychology to problems outside the laboratory, and the inclusion of games. It considers five major changes in social psychology including the rise of European social psychology; developments in theory, methods, and statistics; and the perceived relationship between basic and applied research.
Steven C. Currall, Ed Frauenheim, Sara Jansen Perry, and Emily M. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199330706
- eISBN:
- 9780199364008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199330706.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This chapter opens with the case of Linda Griffith, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, who fell ill with cancer but benefited from the work of the very research center she directed ...
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This chapter opens with the case of Linda Griffith, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, who fell ill with cancer but benefited from the work of the very research center she directed years earlier. The Biotechnology Process Engineering Center played a key role in drug breakthroughs and other medical advances, exemplifying the principle of Channeled Curiosity. Channeled Curiosity refers to orienting curiosity-driven research toward solving real-world problems. The chapter defines this pillar and explains how to achieve it. The following actions are key to Channeled Curiosity: lead with vision; pursue technology platforms; plan strategically; synthesize solutions; and persist with the process. Stories of Griffith and other researchers at MIT demonstrate how blending strategic planning with basic research can trigger breakthrough technologies.Less
This chapter opens with the case of Linda Griffith, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, who fell ill with cancer but benefited from the work of the very research center she directed years earlier. The Biotechnology Process Engineering Center played a key role in drug breakthroughs and other medical advances, exemplifying the principle of Channeled Curiosity. Channeled Curiosity refers to orienting curiosity-driven research toward solving real-world problems. The chapter defines this pillar and explains how to achieve it. The following actions are key to Channeled Curiosity: lead with vision; pursue technology platforms; plan strategically; synthesize solutions; and persist with the process. Stories of Griffith and other researchers at MIT demonstrate how blending strategic planning with basic research can trigger breakthrough technologies.
Paul Heidenreich and Mark McClellan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226551784
- eISBN:
- 9780226551791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226551791.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter discusses the result of a detailed review of the literature on how technological change has actually occurred for one important component of treatment of cardiovascular disease: the care ...
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This chapter discusses the result of a detailed review of the literature on how technological change has actually occurred for one important component of treatment of cardiovascular disease: the care of heart attacks. The findings indicate that formal applied research studies alone cannot explain much of the observed changes in practice that accounted for declining heart attack mortality, and that clinical practices generally “lead” the results of the trials, sometimes by many years, and also “lag” behind the results of the trials, often responding only slowly to new formal research findings. The chapter highlights the importance of an understudied source of new biomedical knowledge and thus of technological change in health care.Less
This chapter discusses the result of a detailed review of the literature on how technological change has actually occurred for one important component of treatment of cardiovascular disease: the care of heart attacks. The findings indicate that formal applied research studies alone cannot explain much of the observed changes in practice that accounted for declining heart attack mortality, and that clinical practices generally “lead” the results of the trials, sometimes by many years, and also “lag” behind the results of the trials, often responding only slowly to new formal research findings. The chapter highlights the importance of an understudied source of new biomedical knowledge and thus of technological change in health care.
Eglė Rindzevičiūtė
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501703188
- eISBN:
- 9781501706257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501703188.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This chapter details the establishment of International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to demonstrate the crucial role of East-West cooperation in shaping global governance. IIASA as ...
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This chapter details the establishment of International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to demonstrate the crucial role of East-West cooperation in shaping global governance. IIASA as a diplomatic initiative was the result of actions by top governmental officials: US president Lyndon Johnson proposed creating an East-West think tank and Soviet Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin accepted his proposal, both sides considering this step as part of cultural diplomacy or an exercise of “soft power” in the presumably less ideological areas of science and technology. The chapter then suggests that the establishment of IIASA can be interpreted as precisely such a forward-oriented arrangement to enable a certain form of cooperation between the opposing great powers: mutual predictability was enhanced by bringing together leading policy scientists from East and West, whereas shared goals were articulated through applied systems research.Less
This chapter details the establishment of International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to demonstrate the crucial role of East-West cooperation in shaping global governance. IIASA as a diplomatic initiative was the result of actions by top governmental officials: US president Lyndon Johnson proposed creating an East-West think tank and Soviet Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin accepted his proposal, both sides considering this step as part of cultural diplomacy or an exercise of “soft power” in the presumably less ideological areas of science and technology. The chapter then suggests that the establishment of IIASA can be interpreted as precisely such a forward-oriented arrangement to enable a certain form of cooperation between the opposing great powers: mutual predictability was enhanced by bringing together leading policy scientists from East and West, whereas shared goals were articulated through applied systems research.
Ben Shneiderman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198758839
- eISBN:
- 9780191818714
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198758839.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
The immense problems of the twenty-first century invite innovative thinking from students, academic researchers, business research managers, and government policymakers. Hopes for raising quality in ...
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The immense problems of the twenty-first century invite innovative thinking from students, academic researchers, business research managers, and government policymakers. Hopes for raising quality in healthcare delivery, securing community safety, expanding food production, improving environmental sustainability, and much more depend on pervasive application of research solutions. This book recognizes the unbounded nature of human creativity, the multiplicative power of teamwork, and the catalytic effects of innovation. Contemporary science, engineering, and design research teams get a further boost from fresh ways of using the Web, social media, and visual communications tools that amplify collaborations. The applied and basic research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges, but if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle strategies, they can produce the advances that will enhance the lives of many people. These inspirational research leaders will break free from traditional thinking, disciplinary boundaries, and narrow aspirations. They will be bold innovators and engaged collaborators who are ready to lead yet open to new ideas, and self-confident yet empathetic to others. This book reports on the growing number of initiatives to promote integrated approaches to research and the expansion of these efforts. Less
The immense problems of the twenty-first century invite innovative thinking from students, academic researchers, business research managers, and government policymakers. Hopes for raising quality in healthcare delivery, securing community safety, expanding food production, improving environmental sustainability, and much more depend on pervasive application of research solutions. This book recognizes the unbounded nature of human creativity, the multiplicative power of teamwork, and the catalytic effects of innovation. Contemporary science, engineering, and design research teams get a further boost from fresh ways of using the Web, social media, and visual communications tools that amplify collaborations. The applied and basic research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges, but if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle strategies, they can produce the advances that will enhance the lives of many people. These inspirational research leaders will break free from traditional thinking, disciplinary boundaries, and narrow aspirations. They will be bold innovators and engaged collaborators who are ready to lead yet open to new ideas, and self-confident yet empathetic to others. This book reports on the growing number of initiatives to promote integrated approaches to research and the expansion of these efforts.
John Krige
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027953
- eISBN:
- 9780262326100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027953.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book has explored the multiple dimensions of the global cold war. State patronage dominated science and technology in the Cold War in many areas of the world — the US, the Soviet Union, China, ...
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This book has explored the multiple dimensions of the global cold war. State patronage dominated science and technology in the Cold War in many areas of the world — the US, the Soviet Union, China, and also Western Europe — and in diverse fields — the nuclear, and not just physics, space, for rocketry but also for environmental research, and oceanography. Our studies show that state patronage was both a constraint and an opportunity. Experimental techniques and technologies migrated between research questions directed to very different ends, basic and applied, civilian and military, and scientists and engineers evolved strategies to navigate between these realms, satisfying patrons while protecting autonomy. Public accountability, be it in China in the 1950s or in the US in the 1980s, called that autonomy in question. Comparisons between countries reveal that national agendas for supporting science differed depending on local circumstances and history; transnational approaches to knowledge circulation embed the local in the global while respecting foreign policy imperatives.Less
This book has explored the multiple dimensions of the global cold war. State patronage dominated science and technology in the Cold War in many areas of the world — the US, the Soviet Union, China, and also Western Europe — and in diverse fields — the nuclear, and not just physics, space, for rocketry but also for environmental research, and oceanography. Our studies show that state patronage was both a constraint and an opportunity. Experimental techniques and technologies migrated between research questions directed to very different ends, basic and applied, civilian and military, and scientists and engineers evolved strategies to navigate between these realms, satisfying patrons while protecting autonomy. Public accountability, be it in China in the 1950s or in the US in the 1980s, called that autonomy in question. Comparisons between countries reveal that national agendas for supporting science differed depending on local circumstances and history; transnational approaches to knowledge circulation embed the local in the global while respecting foreign policy imperatives.
David Byrne
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424518
- eISBN:
- 9781447301486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424518.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter surveys the social world and develops the arguments presented in relation to the main areas of policy and practice in which applied social science has been deployed by picking up ...
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This chapter surveys the social world and develops the arguments presented in relation to the main areas of policy and practice in which applied social science has been deployed by picking up examples of existing issues, good and bad practices, and interesting methods. It focuses both on the ways in which the social sciences have established knowledge and on the nature of that knowledge. It devotes in part to an examination of work in the tradition of Mass Observation and of its considerable potential for applied social research. It demonstrates that qualitative surveys can generate quantitative data with reference to how qualitative inspection reports can be used to generate quantitative attributes in the form of classifications, which can then be used to explore causality through systematic case comparison.Less
This chapter surveys the social world and develops the arguments presented in relation to the main areas of policy and practice in which applied social science has been deployed by picking up examples of existing issues, good and bad practices, and interesting methods. It focuses both on the ways in which the social sciences have established knowledge and on the nature of that knowledge. It devotes in part to an examination of work in the tradition of Mass Observation and of its considerable potential for applied social research. It demonstrates that qualitative surveys can generate quantitative data with reference to how qualitative inspection reports can be used to generate quantitative attributes in the form of classifications, which can then be used to explore causality through systematic case comparison.
Ben Shneiderman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198758839
- eISBN:
- 9780191818714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198758839.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
The research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges. However, if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle ...
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The research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges. However, if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle strategies, they can solve societal problems and enhance lives. These inspirational research leaders will break free from traditional thinking, disciplinary boundaries, and narrow aspirations. They will be bold innovators and engaged collaborators who are ready to lead yet open to new ideas, and self-confident yet empathetic to others. This book reports on the growing number of initiatives to promote integrated approaches to research. The central guiding principle is that combining applied research and basic research (the ABC principle) produces more rapid progress in both areas, compared to doing them separately.Less
The research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges. However, if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle strategies, they can solve societal problems and enhance lives. These inspirational research leaders will break free from traditional thinking, disciplinary boundaries, and narrow aspirations. They will be bold innovators and engaged collaborators who are ready to lead yet open to new ideas, and self-confident yet empathetic to others. This book reports on the growing number of initiatives to promote integrated approaches to research. The central guiding principle is that combining applied research and basic research (the ABC principle) produces more rapid progress in both areas, compared to doing them separately.
Stuart O. Schweitzer and Z. John Lu
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190623784
- eISBN:
- 9780190623814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Understanding the pharmaceutical industry is a complex mission, requiring a thorough understanding not only of the firms that produce drugs but also of the decision-making process involved in drug ...
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Understanding the pharmaceutical industry is a complex mission, requiring a thorough understanding not only of the firms that produce drugs but also of the decision-making process involved in drug selection for patients, the role of insurance and other third-party payers, and the substantial role of government in monitoring and regulating many aspects of the marketplace for pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides an overview of the pharmaceutical industry, including the market structure, the stages of research and development (R&D) and the associated costs, the role of government regulation in R&D and approval, and the role of product liability in the research process. It notes the important distinction between basic research and applied research, and explains the roles of the private and public sectors in each. The chapter ends with a discussion of the development of pharmaceuticals for poor countries.Less
Understanding the pharmaceutical industry is a complex mission, requiring a thorough understanding not only of the firms that produce drugs but also of the decision-making process involved in drug selection for patients, the role of insurance and other third-party payers, and the substantial role of government in monitoring and regulating many aspects of the marketplace for pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides an overview of the pharmaceutical industry, including the market structure, the stages of research and development (R&D) and the associated costs, the role of government regulation in R&D and approval, and the role of product liability in the research process. It notes the important distinction between basic research and applied research, and explains the roles of the private and public sectors in each. The chapter ends with a discussion of the development of pharmaceuticals for poor countries.
Mark J. McDonnell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199563562
- eISBN:
- 9780191774713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563562.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Urban ecology emerged as a sub-discipline of ecology in the early 1970s due, in part, to the fact that human impacts on the planet were becoming well documented and the growing size of human ...
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Urban ecology emerged as a sub-discipline of ecology in the early 1970s due, in part, to the fact that human impacts on the planet were becoming well documented and the growing size of human settlements was resulting in serious environmental problems that threatened the health and wellbeing of both urban and non-urban dwellers around the world. Influenced by these events, coupled with the demise of the ‘balance of nature’ paradigm, ecologists have acknowledged that human settlements are legitimate subjects of ecological study. The creation of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB) in 1974 and the establishment of two urban LTER programs by the US National Science Foundation in the late 1990s were instrumental in encouraging the study of the ecological and social components of urban ecosystems around the Globe. Urban ecology has evolved as a unique field of study through the integration of several disciplines that investigate the ecological and human dimensions of urban ecosystems. Urban ecologists can be engaged in basic (i.e., fundamental) research focused on understanding the structure and function of urban environments, or they can be engaged in applied (i.e., practical) research that is focused on solving important environmental problems. The interdisciplinary field of urban ecology is at the forefront of creating the knowledge base, conceptual frameworks and tools that are crucial for building and maintaining sustainable and resilient cities and towns in the future.Less
Urban ecology emerged as a sub-discipline of ecology in the early 1970s due, in part, to the fact that human impacts on the planet were becoming well documented and the growing size of human settlements was resulting in serious environmental problems that threatened the health and wellbeing of both urban and non-urban dwellers around the world. Influenced by these events, coupled with the demise of the ‘balance of nature’ paradigm, ecologists have acknowledged that human settlements are legitimate subjects of ecological study. The creation of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB) in 1974 and the establishment of two urban LTER programs by the US National Science Foundation in the late 1990s were instrumental in encouraging the study of the ecological and social components of urban ecosystems around the Globe. Urban ecology has evolved as a unique field of study through the integration of several disciplines that investigate the ecological and human dimensions of urban ecosystems. Urban ecologists can be engaged in basic (i.e., fundamental) research focused on understanding the structure and function of urban environments, or they can be engaged in applied (i.e., practical) research that is focused on solving important environmental problems. The interdisciplinary field of urban ecology is at the forefront of creating the knowledge base, conceptual frameworks and tools that are crucial for building and maintaining sustainable and resilient cities and towns in the future.
