Thanh V. Tran
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325089
- eISBN:
- 9780199864515
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325089.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This book provides an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and provides a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of ...
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This book provides an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and provides a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. The readers are introduced to an overview of the definitions of culture and a brief discussion of cross-cultural anthropology, psychology, sociology, and political science and the influences of these fields on social work. The book describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties. There are guides and recommendations for building a cross-cultural research support team for various critical tasks. The book addresses the issues of adopting and adapting existing research instruments. The processes and issues of cross-cultural translation and assessments are presented and discussed in detail. The book offers a discussion of the foundation of measurement theories and the entire process of instrument development from the definitions of abstract concepts, the construction of observed indicators, and assessment of the validity and reliability of the new instruments. The book demonstrates the application of item distribution analysis, internal consistency analysis, and exploratory factor analysis as a preliminary assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of research instruments. In addition, the book explains and illustrates the application of confirmatory factor analysis and multisample confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the factor structure and testing of cross-cultural measurement invariance.Less
This book provides an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and provides a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. The readers are introduced to an overview of the definitions of culture and a brief discussion of cross-cultural anthropology, psychology, sociology, and political science and the influences of these fields on social work. The book describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties. There are guides and recommendations for building a cross-cultural research support team for various critical tasks. The book addresses the issues of adopting and adapting existing research instruments. The processes and issues of cross-cultural translation and assessments are presented and discussed in detail. The book offers a discussion of the foundation of measurement theories and the entire process of instrument development from the definitions of abstract concepts, the construction of observed indicators, and assessment of the validity and reliability of the new instruments. The book demonstrates the application of item distribution analysis, internal consistency analysis, and exploratory factor analysis as a preliminary assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of research instruments. In addition, the book explains and illustrates the application of confirmatory factor analysis and multisample confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the factor structure and testing of cross-cultural measurement invariance.
Phyllis Solomon, Mary M. Cavanaugh, and Jeffrey Draine
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333190
- eISBN:
- 9780199864317
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333190.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been considered a gold standard for health and social service research for generations of professionals. However, even as methods have developed to ...
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Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been considered a gold standard for health and social service research for generations of professionals. However, even as methods have developed to accommodate a large number of professional perspectives and fields of intervention, few have adequately addressed the complex nature of RCTs conducted in community settings. In this book, Drs. Solomon, Cavanaugh, and Draine draw on their extensive experience conducting randomized controlled trials to compile a practical and accessible guide to RCTs in community-based practice settings. While providing a detailed, common-sense manual, the authors address numerous design and implementation challenges that are unique to practice settings, which are less-controlled environments than the typical clinic or consultation room. Such issues include: community and agency buy-in to support collaboration, addressing confounds to internal and external validity, and fidelity with complex interventions. These challenges are addressed through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods that have supported RCT research in community-based settings. This pragmatic guide provides a thorough review of the basic ingredients for working through each step of the RCT process. It offers encouragement and support to enter this richly rewarding and challenging research area.Less
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been considered a gold standard for health and social service research for generations of professionals. However, even as methods have developed to accommodate a large number of professional perspectives and fields of intervention, few have adequately addressed the complex nature of RCTs conducted in community settings. In this book, Drs. Solomon, Cavanaugh, and Draine draw on their extensive experience conducting randomized controlled trials to compile a practical and accessible guide to RCTs in community-based practice settings. While providing a detailed, common-sense manual, the authors address numerous design and implementation challenges that are unique to practice settings, which are less-controlled environments than the typical clinic or consultation room. Such issues include: community and agency buy-in to support collaboration, addressing confounds to internal and external validity, and fidelity with complex interventions. These challenges are addressed through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods that have supported RCT research in community-based settings. This pragmatic guide provides a thorough review of the basic ingredients for working through each step of the RCT process. It offers encouragement and support to enter this richly rewarding and challenging research area.
Erica Bell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199549337
- eISBN:
- 9780191720635
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549337.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Individuals working in health research want to be able to use their findings to influence health policy. However, frequently, research evidence remains detached from practice, and there is a divide ...
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Individuals working in health research want to be able to use their findings to influence health policy. However, frequently, research evidence remains detached from practice, and there is a divide between research and policy. Research for Health Policy is an introduction to the emerging genre of applied research for policy decision-making, offering new research methods that go beyond the traditional classical experimental techniques and standard qualitative methods. This practical and practice-based book is relevant to researchers in different disciplines and countries, and will equip the reader with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to deliver policy-relevant research in the government, not-for-profit, and private sectors. As a book that helps its reader to develop the blend of strategic people skills, methodological inventiveness, research entrepreneurship, creative design, and policy writing know-how that is critical to delivering useful research evidence for policy, Research for Health Policy is essential reading for anyone doing, studying, or teaching health policy advocacy and research. It also has much to offer postgraduate and professional development students and their educators, who want to move beyond the common undergraduate focus on policy content areas and policy theory/process, to learn more advanced practical research skills for policy-making.Less
Individuals working in health research want to be able to use their findings to influence health policy. However, frequently, research evidence remains detached from practice, and there is a divide between research and policy. Research for Health Policy is an introduction to the emerging genre of applied research for policy decision-making, offering new research methods that go beyond the traditional classical experimental techniques and standard qualitative methods. This practical and practice-based book is relevant to researchers in different disciplines and countries, and will equip the reader with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to deliver policy-relevant research in the government, not-for-profit, and private sectors. As a book that helps its reader to develop the blend of strategic people skills, methodological inventiveness, research entrepreneurship, creative design, and policy writing know-how that is critical to delivering useful research evidence for policy, Research for Health Policy is essential reading for anyone doing, studying, or teaching health policy advocacy and research. It also has much to offer postgraduate and professional development students and their educators, who want to move beyond the common undergraduate focus on policy content areas and policy theory/process, to learn more advanced practical research skills for policy-making.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical ...
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Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical analysis that shows the pervasiveness and centrality of this local sign, which is manifest in local belief, the natural and built environment, and the musical and poetic structure of maddâh devotional music. A physiological experiment that was conducted in the context of maddâh ritual performance is presented and statistical data analyzed and interpreted showing a significant downward modulation of systolic blood pressure at p-value of .0003. Further, the culture-transcendent aspects are applied in another research project in the U.S. among a culturally diverse group of people (ages 18-85) where participants learn to create health, healing, or transformation through practices of music, sound, vocalization, and meditation. The GAP — Guided Attention Practice is presented as part of this latter research project.Less
Chapter 6 details a power-laden and affective symbol, metaphor, poetic and musical sign in Pamir culture that is central to concepts of health and healing. This is done through poetic and musical analysis that shows the pervasiveness and centrality of this local sign, which is manifest in local belief, the natural and built environment, and the musical and poetic structure of maddâh devotional music. A physiological experiment that was conducted in the context of maddâh ritual performance is presented and statistical data analyzed and interpreted showing a significant downward modulation of systolic blood pressure at p-value of .0003. Further, the culture-transcendent aspects are applied in another research project in the U.S. among a culturally diverse group of people (ages 18-85) where participants learn to create health, healing, or transformation through practices of music, sound, vocalization, and meditation. The GAP — Guided Attention Practice is presented as part of this latter research project.
Albert N Link and Jamie R. Link
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369458
- eISBN:
- 9780199871018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369458.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter reviews several fundamental concepts to set the stage for later chapters. Emphasis here is more on the concepts per se rather than on their relationship to government as entrepreneur. ...
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This chapter reviews several fundamental concepts to set the stage for later chapters. Emphasis here is more on the concepts per se rather than on their relationship to government as entrepreneur. That integration occurs in each of the subsequent chapters. These interrelated concepts are: the innovation and the innovation process, public/private partnerships, research partnerships, and the productivity slowdown.Less
This chapter reviews several fundamental concepts to set the stage for later chapters. Emphasis here is more on the concepts per se rather than on their relationship to government as entrepreneur. That integration occurs in each of the subsequent chapters. These interrelated concepts are: the innovation and the innovation process, public/private partnerships, research partnerships, and the productivity slowdown.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 5 links the profound meaning and pervasiveness of Persian mystical poetry in Badakhshan to local integrative and multimodal healing practices; outlines key concepts and practices in Sufism; ...
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Chapter 5 links the profound meaning and pervasiveness of Persian mystical poetry in Badakhshan to local integrative and multimodal healing practices; outlines key concepts and practices in Sufism; explores the practices of Pamiri physician/naturopath/herbalist Dr. Shirinbek, who is the caretaker of one of the few remaining natural hot springs used for healing in the region; presents case studies that employ specific practices of prayer/meditation healing, including investigating the process of creating a physiological, psychological, emotional, and spiritual healing response; and further discusses the symbol and power of water in the healing process. Other examples of music, chanting, prayer, and healing are presented, including the recitation, wearing, and eating of written prayers known as tumâr. Additionally, the chapter presents a case study of applied music-prayer dynamics conducted by the author and research team in the Khoroq hospital.Less
Chapter 5 links the profound meaning and pervasiveness of Persian mystical poetry in Badakhshan to local integrative and multimodal healing practices; outlines key concepts and practices in Sufism; explores the practices of Pamiri physician/naturopath/herbalist Dr. Shirinbek, who is the caretaker of one of the few remaining natural hot springs used for healing in the region; presents case studies that employ specific practices of prayer/meditation healing, including investigating the process of creating a physiological, psychological, emotional, and spiritual healing response; and further discusses the symbol and power of water in the healing process. Other examples of music, chanting, prayer, and healing are presented, including the recitation, wearing, and eating of written prayers known as tumâr. Additionally, the chapter presents a case study of applied music-prayer dynamics conducted by the author and research team in the Khoroq hospital.
Holden Thorp and Buck Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469646862
- eISBN:
- 9781469646886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646862.003.0010
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
The time is right for universities to undertake the internal changes necessary to create a culture supportive of innovation and entrepreneurship. These efforts cannot however come at the expense of ...
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The time is right for universities to undertake the internal changes necessary to create a culture supportive of innovation and entrepreneurship. These efforts cannot however come at the expense of basic research. The tension between basic research and the public expectation that research will impact the world’s biggest problems is another issue at the heart of effort to rebuild the partnership between higher education and the public. Applied research can be more easily explained and therefore can serve as a means of gaining political and financial support for research efforts. To achieve the cultural change required entrepreneurship must be defined broadly as a way of thinking, entrepreneurs must be integrated into the faculty and into the curriculum, and clear measures of success must be established and tracked carefully. All of this must be accomplished without compromising the values at the heart of American higher education.Less
The time is right for universities to undertake the internal changes necessary to create a culture supportive of innovation and entrepreneurship. These efforts cannot however come at the expense of basic research. The tension between basic research and the public expectation that research will impact the world’s biggest problems is another issue at the heart of effort to rebuild the partnership between higher education and the public. Applied research can be more easily explained and therefore can serve as a means of gaining political and financial support for research efforts. To achieve the cultural change required entrepreneurship must be defined broadly as a way of thinking, entrepreneurs must be integrated into the faculty and into the curriculum, and clear measures of success must be established and tracked carefully. All of this must be accomplished without compromising the values at the heart of American higher education.
Michael C. Desch
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181219
- eISBN:
- 9780691184906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181219.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter examines how the Cold War witnessed continuing government interest in drawing on social science as a resource for national security policymaking. Despite this continuing interest, there ...
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This chapter examines how the Cold War witnessed continuing government interest in drawing on social science as a resource for national security policymaking. Despite this continuing interest, there was just below the surface an undercurrent of dissatisfaction with academic social science as it became more oriented to producing basic, as opposed to applied, research. Government funders increasingly complained that basic social science research was couched in excessive jargon and deplored the unwillingness of scholars to provide policy-relevant findings unless they could meet very high standards of scientific proof. This led to an ongoing search by national security policymakers for alternative arrangements through which to tap social science expertise. What early Cold War national security policymakers wanted was social science that was accessible to the layman, struck a balance of theory and practice, and engaged the key policy problems they were grappling with.Less
This chapter examines how the Cold War witnessed continuing government interest in drawing on social science as a resource for national security policymaking. Despite this continuing interest, there was just below the surface an undercurrent of dissatisfaction with academic social science as it became more oriented to producing basic, as opposed to applied, research. Government funders increasingly complained that basic social science research was couched in excessive jargon and deplored the unwillingness of scholars to provide policy-relevant findings unless they could meet very high standards of scientific proof. This led to an ongoing search by national security policymakers for alternative arrangements through which to tap social science expertise. What early Cold War national security policymakers wanted was social science that was accessible to the layman, struck a balance of theory and practice, and engaged the key policy problems they were grappling with.
Alvaro L. Nieves
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195310566
- eISBN:
- 9780199851072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310566.003.0020
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
It is believed that the Christian organization that demonstrates its commitment to social justice will find itself increasingly attractive to many it wishes to serve. This chapter offers an overview ...
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It is believed that the Christian organization that demonstrates its commitment to social justice will find itself increasingly attractive to many it wishes to serve. This chapter offers an overview of resources that can address the needs of community. An applied research example for Christian organizations in Aurora, Illinois is also given. A broad goal might be expressed as the desire to enhance the role of a local church or organization in the promotion of social justice. Moreover, the information gathering process and data resources are shown.Less
It is believed that the Christian organization that demonstrates its commitment to social justice will find itself increasingly attractive to many it wishes to serve. This chapter offers an overview of resources that can address the needs of community. An applied research example for Christian organizations in Aurora, Illinois is also given. A broad goal might be expressed as the desire to enhance the role of a local church or organization in the promotion of social justice. Moreover, the information gathering process and data resources are shown.
Ben Shneiderman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198758839
- eISBN:
- 9780191818714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198758839.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
The first guiding principle of this book is that when research teams take on applied and basic research goals, they are more likely to produce stronger applied and basic outcomes. My goal in ...
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The first guiding principle of this book is that when research teams take on applied and basic research goals, they are more likely to produce stronger applied and basic outcomes. My goal in promoting the ABC principle is more than improving research team productivity. I seek to provoke ambitious research projects that will more frequently cope with contemporary problems such as energy sustainability, healthcare delivery, community safety, and environmental protection. These and other complex challenges require foundational science theories, innovative technology breakthroughs, and compelling designs that together will produce pro-social change for billions of people.Less
The first guiding principle of this book is that when research teams take on applied and basic research goals, they are more likely to produce stronger applied and basic outcomes. My goal in promoting the ABC principle is more than improving research team productivity. I seek to provoke ambitious research projects that will more frequently cope with contemporary problems such as energy sustainability, healthcare delivery, community safety, and environmental protection. These and other complex challenges require foundational science theories, innovative technology breakthroughs, and compelling designs that together will produce pro-social change for billions of people.
Sandra L. Barnes, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Bernadette Doykos, Nina C. Martin, and Alison McGuire (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823268795
- eISBN:
- 9780823272518
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823268795.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
The edited volume describes a multi-disciplinary model where students and faculty work with communities, learn from them, and contribute the fruits of theory and research to solving community ...
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The edited volume describes a multi-disciplinary model where students and faculty work with communities, learn from them, and contribute the fruits of theory and research to solving community problems. It is a model where theory and action span multiple ecological levels from individuals and small group to organizations and social structures. The communities of engagement range from local neighborhoods and schools to national policy and international development. These forms of engagement require carefully crafted institutional structures to support them. This volume offers examples of community-engaged theory, scholarship, and action, and the structures that foster them within a research university. The examples are drawn from the Department of Human and Organizational Development at Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, whose programs, from undergraduate service learning and internships to doctoral training in community research and action, embody the vision of The Academy in Action! The chapters document how authentic partnerships between the academy and the community result in meaningful research and praxis.Less
The edited volume describes a multi-disciplinary model where students and faculty work with communities, learn from them, and contribute the fruits of theory and research to solving community problems. It is a model where theory and action span multiple ecological levels from individuals and small group to organizations and social structures. The communities of engagement range from local neighborhoods and schools to national policy and international development. These forms of engagement require carefully crafted institutional structures to support them. This volume offers examples of community-engaged theory, scholarship, and action, and the structures that foster them within a research university. The examples are drawn from the Department of Human and Organizational Development at Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, whose programs, from undergraduate service learning and internships to doctoral training in community research and action, embody the vision of The Academy in Action! The chapters document how authentic partnerships between the academy and the community result in meaningful research and praxis.
Miles Hewstone and Wolfgang Stroebe
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199228768
- eISBN:
- 9780191696336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228768.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter analyses developments in social psychology during the past fifty years. It discusses progress in the 1960s which expanded the discipline to include the study of basic processes, the ...
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This chapter analyses developments in social psychology during the past fifty years. It discusses progress in the 1960s which expanded the discipline to include the study of basic processes, the application of insights from fundamental social psychology to problems outside the laboratory, and the inclusion of games. It considers five major changes in social psychology including the rise of European social psychology; developments in theory, methods, and statistics; and the perceived relationship between basic and applied research.Less
This chapter analyses developments in social psychology during the past fifty years. It discusses progress in the 1960s which expanded the discipline to include the study of basic processes, the application of insights from fundamental social psychology to problems outside the laboratory, and the inclusion of games. It considers five major changes in social psychology including the rise of European social psychology; developments in theory, methods, and statistics; and the perceived relationship between basic and applied research.
Steven C. Currall, Ed Frauenheim, Sara Jansen Perry, and Emily M. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199330706
- eISBN:
- 9780199364008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199330706.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This chapter opens with the case of Linda Griffith, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, who fell ill with cancer but benefited from the work of the very research center she directed ...
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This chapter opens with the case of Linda Griffith, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, who fell ill with cancer but benefited from the work of the very research center she directed years earlier. The Biotechnology Process Engineering Center played a key role in drug breakthroughs and other medical advances, exemplifying the principle of Channeled Curiosity. Channeled Curiosity refers to orienting curiosity-driven research toward solving real-world problems. The chapter defines this pillar and explains how to achieve it. The following actions are key to Channeled Curiosity: lead with vision; pursue technology platforms; plan strategically; synthesize solutions; and persist with the process. Stories of Griffith and other researchers at MIT demonstrate how blending strategic planning with basic research can trigger breakthrough technologies.Less
This chapter opens with the case of Linda Griffith, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, who fell ill with cancer but benefited from the work of the very research center she directed years earlier. The Biotechnology Process Engineering Center played a key role in drug breakthroughs and other medical advances, exemplifying the principle of Channeled Curiosity. Channeled Curiosity refers to orienting curiosity-driven research toward solving real-world problems. The chapter defines this pillar and explains how to achieve it. The following actions are key to Channeled Curiosity: lead with vision; pursue technology platforms; plan strategically; synthesize solutions; and persist with the process. Stories of Griffith and other researchers at MIT demonstrate how blending strategic planning with basic research can trigger breakthrough technologies.
Paul Heidenreich and Mark McClellan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226551784
- eISBN:
- 9780226551791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226551791.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter discusses the result of a detailed review of the literature on how technological change has actually occurred for one important component of treatment of cardiovascular disease: the care ...
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This chapter discusses the result of a detailed review of the literature on how technological change has actually occurred for one important component of treatment of cardiovascular disease: the care of heart attacks. The findings indicate that formal applied research studies alone cannot explain much of the observed changes in practice that accounted for declining heart attack mortality, and that clinical practices generally “lead” the results of the trials, sometimes by many years, and also “lag” behind the results of the trials, often responding only slowly to new formal research findings. The chapter highlights the importance of an understudied source of new biomedical knowledge and thus of technological change in health care.Less
This chapter discusses the result of a detailed review of the literature on how technological change has actually occurred for one important component of treatment of cardiovascular disease: the care of heart attacks. The findings indicate that formal applied research studies alone cannot explain much of the observed changes in practice that accounted for declining heart attack mortality, and that clinical practices generally “lead” the results of the trials, sometimes by many years, and also “lag” behind the results of the trials, often responding only slowly to new formal research findings. The chapter highlights the importance of an understudied source of new biomedical knowledge and thus of technological change in health care.
Michael C. Desch
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181219
- eISBN:
- 9780691184906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181219.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter illustrates the results of the intersection of disciplinary and international security dynamics through exploring the relationship between social science and policymaking in war- and ...
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This chapter illustrates the results of the intersection of disciplinary and international security dynamics through exploring the relationship between social science and policymaking in war- and peacetime. The former suppresses disciplinary inclinations to favor internal disciplinary agendas that lead social scientists to eschew policy relevance. However, during peacetime, social science disciplinary dynamics led them to disengage with practical policy issues. This was the direct result of the effort to make the discipline more scientific, as the distinction between “basic” and “applied” research had become one of the most important ways of distinguishing whether a scholar was doing science or not. Of course, many social scientists remained eager to find a way to square the circle between professionalization and practical relevance. To do so, they reassured themselves with the notion that the results of pure research will just trickle down and inform concrete policy decisions without their directly engaging with policy issues.Less
This chapter illustrates the results of the intersection of disciplinary and international security dynamics through exploring the relationship between social science and policymaking in war- and peacetime. The former suppresses disciplinary inclinations to favor internal disciplinary agendas that lead social scientists to eschew policy relevance. However, during peacetime, social science disciplinary dynamics led them to disengage with practical policy issues. This was the direct result of the effort to make the discipline more scientific, as the distinction between “basic” and “applied” research had become one of the most important ways of distinguishing whether a scholar was doing science or not. Of course, many social scientists remained eager to find a way to square the circle between professionalization and practical relevance. To do so, they reassured themselves with the notion that the results of pure research will just trickle down and inform concrete policy decisions without their directly engaging with policy issues.
Eglė Rindzevičiūtė
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501703188
- eISBN:
- 9781501706257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501703188.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This chapter details the establishment of International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to demonstrate the crucial role of East-West cooperation in shaping global governance. IIASA as ...
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This chapter details the establishment of International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to demonstrate the crucial role of East-West cooperation in shaping global governance. IIASA as a diplomatic initiative was the result of actions by top governmental officials: US president Lyndon Johnson proposed creating an East-West think tank and Soviet Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin accepted his proposal, both sides considering this step as part of cultural diplomacy or an exercise of “soft power” in the presumably less ideological areas of science and technology. The chapter then suggests that the establishment of IIASA can be interpreted as precisely such a forward-oriented arrangement to enable a certain form of cooperation between the opposing great powers: mutual predictability was enhanced by bringing together leading policy scientists from East and West, whereas shared goals were articulated through applied systems research.Less
This chapter details the establishment of International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to demonstrate the crucial role of East-West cooperation in shaping global governance. IIASA as a diplomatic initiative was the result of actions by top governmental officials: US president Lyndon Johnson proposed creating an East-West think tank and Soviet Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin accepted his proposal, both sides considering this step as part of cultural diplomacy or an exercise of “soft power” in the presumably less ideological areas of science and technology. The chapter then suggests that the establishment of IIASA can be interpreted as precisely such a forward-oriented arrangement to enable a certain form of cooperation between the opposing great powers: mutual predictability was enhanced by bringing together leading policy scientists from East and West, whereas shared goals were articulated through applied systems research.
Brian H. Bornstein and Jeffrey S. Neuschatz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190696344
- eISBN:
- 9780190696375
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190696344.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
Psychology was a relatively young science when Münsterberg published On the Witness Stand, and efforts to apply psychological principles to legal issues were not much older. Law and psychology take ...
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Psychology was a relatively young science when Münsterberg published On the Witness Stand, and efforts to apply psychological principles to legal issues were not much older. Law and psychology take very different epistemological approaches, and the threads of the two disciplines have come together and diverged over the years. This chapter includes a brief biography of Münsterberg and a summary of other contemporary work that addressed legal issues. The chapter also introduces important contrasts that have been central to the field since Münsterberg’s day. Of particular note, Münsterberg conducted basic psychological research but is also considered a pioneer in the field of applied psychology, albeit at times an ambivalent one; and current tensions between clinical and experimental psychology date back to his day and the early years of the American Psychological Association.Less
Psychology was a relatively young science when Münsterberg published On the Witness Stand, and efforts to apply psychological principles to legal issues were not much older. Law and psychology take very different epistemological approaches, and the threads of the two disciplines have come together and diverged over the years. This chapter includes a brief biography of Münsterberg and a summary of other contemporary work that addressed legal issues. The chapter also introduces important contrasts that have been central to the field since Münsterberg’s day. Of particular note, Münsterberg conducted basic psychological research but is also considered a pioneer in the field of applied psychology, albeit at times an ambivalent one; and current tensions between clinical and experimental psychology date back to his day and the early years of the American Psychological Association.
John Krige
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027953
- eISBN:
- 9780262326100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027953.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book has explored the multiple dimensions of the global cold war. State patronage dominated science and technology in the Cold War in many areas of the world — the US, the Soviet Union, China, ...
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This book has explored the multiple dimensions of the global cold war. State patronage dominated science and technology in the Cold War in many areas of the world — the US, the Soviet Union, China, and also Western Europe — and in diverse fields — the nuclear, and not just physics, space, for rocketry but also for environmental research, and oceanography. Our studies show that state patronage was both a constraint and an opportunity. Experimental techniques and technologies migrated between research questions directed to very different ends, basic and applied, civilian and military, and scientists and engineers evolved strategies to navigate between these realms, satisfying patrons while protecting autonomy. Public accountability, be it in China in the 1950s or in the US in the 1980s, called that autonomy in question. Comparisons between countries reveal that national agendas for supporting science differed depending on local circumstances and history; transnational approaches to knowledge circulation embed the local in the global while respecting foreign policy imperatives.Less
This book has explored the multiple dimensions of the global cold war. State patronage dominated science and technology in the Cold War in many areas of the world — the US, the Soviet Union, China, and also Western Europe — and in diverse fields — the nuclear, and not just physics, space, for rocketry but also for environmental research, and oceanography. Our studies show that state patronage was both a constraint and an opportunity. Experimental techniques and technologies migrated between research questions directed to very different ends, basic and applied, civilian and military, and scientists and engineers evolved strategies to navigate between these realms, satisfying patrons while protecting autonomy. Public accountability, be it in China in the 1950s or in the US in the 1980s, called that autonomy in question. Comparisons between countries reveal that national agendas for supporting science differed depending on local circumstances and history; transnational approaches to knowledge circulation embed the local in the global while respecting foreign policy imperatives.
Ben Shneiderman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198758839
- eISBN:
- 9780191818714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198758839.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
The research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges. However, if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle ...
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The research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges. However, if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle strategies, they can solve societal problems and enhance lives. These inspirational research leaders will break free from traditional thinking, disciplinary boundaries, and narrow aspirations. They will be bold innovators and engaged collaborators who are ready to lead yet open to new ideas, and self-confident yet empathetic to others. This book reports on the growing number of initiatives to promote integrated approaches to research. The central guiding principle is that combining applied research and basic research (the ABC principle) produces more rapid progress in both areas, compared to doing them separately.Less
The research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges. However, if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle strategies, they can solve societal problems and enhance lives. These inspirational research leaders will break free from traditional thinking, disciplinary boundaries, and narrow aspirations. They will be bold innovators and engaged collaborators who are ready to lead yet open to new ideas, and self-confident yet empathetic to others. This book reports on the growing number of initiatives to promote integrated approaches to research. The central guiding principle is that combining applied research and basic research (the ABC principle) produces more rapid progress in both areas, compared to doing them separately.
Austin Michael and Sarah Carnochan
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197518335
- eISBN:
- 9780197518366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197518335.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model describes the array of research methods employed in practice research as a foundation for distinguishing this approach ...
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Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model describes the array of research methods employed in practice research as a foundation for distinguishing this approach from other applied research frameworks. Chapter 9 builds upon the preceding chapters and provides a comparative analysis of the differences and similarities between practice research and the basic elements of participatory action research and program evaluation and intervention research. It describes and compares approaches to research question formulation, sources of literature and practice wisdom, data collection tools, data analysis and interpretation processes, research dissemination processes, and knowledge development processes. With these common components in mind, the analysis also addresses the key concepts of principles, process challenges, methodological challenges, and success factors that are associated with each of the frameworks.Less
Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model describes the array of research methods employed in practice research as a foundation for distinguishing this approach from other applied research frameworks. Chapter 9 builds upon the preceding chapters and provides a comparative analysis of the differences and similarities between practice research and the basic elements of participatory action research and program evaluation and intervention research. It describes and compares approaches to research question formulation, sources of literature and practice wisdom, data collection tools, data analysis and interpretation processes, research dissemination processes, and knowledge development processes. With these common components in mind, the analysis also addresses the key concepts of principles, process challenges, methodological challenges, and success factors that are associated with each of the frameworks.
