Michael L. Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199539581
- eISBN:
- 9780191716225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539581.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter briefly directs the consideration of the evidence presented in the previous chapters in order to draw general conclusions and suggests ways in which the findings presented might be ...
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This chapter briefly directs the consideration of the evidence presented in the previous chapters in order to draw general conclusions and suggests ways in which the findings presented might be applied.Less
This chapter briefly directs the consideration of the evidence presented in the previous chapters in order to draw general conclusions and suggests ways in which the findings presented might be applied.
Moody Chu and Gene Golub
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566649
- eISBN:
- 9780191718021
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566649.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
The basic goal of an inverse eigenvalue problem is to reconstruct the physical parameters of a certain system from the knowledge or desire of its dynamical behavior. Depending on the application, ...
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The basic goal of an inverse eigenvalue problem is to reconstruct the physical parameters of a certain system from the knowledge or desire of its dynamical behavior. Depending on the application, inverse eigenvalue problems appear in many different forms. This book discusses the fundamental questions, some known results, many applications, mathematical properties, a variety of numerical techniques, as well as several open problems.Less
The basic goal of an inverse eigenvalue problem is to reconstruct the physical parameters of a certain system from the knowledge or desire of its dynamical behavior. Depending on the application, inverse eigenvalue problems appear in many different forms. This book discusses the fundamental questions, some known results, many applications, mathematical properties, a variety of numerical techniques, as well as several open problems.
Paul M. Pietroski
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199244300
- eISBN:
- 9780191714153
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244300.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This book articulates and defends a simple conception of semantic composition: when two meaningful expressions are concatenated, the result is understood as a conjunction of monadic predicates; in ...
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This book articulates and defends a simple conception of semantic composition: when two meaningful expressions are concatenated, the result is understood as a conjunction of monadic predicates; in human languages, concatenation always signifies predicate conjunction. From this ‘Conjunctivist’ perspective, simple cases of adjunction (like ‘black cat’) are paradigms, and neo-Davidsonian event analyzes rightly associate certain grammatical relations with thematic roles. The sentence ‘Fido chased Garfield yesterday’ means, roughly, that something satisfies four conditions: its Agent was Fido, it was a chase, its Theme was Garfield, and it occurred yesterday. Such analyses, involving existential closure of a covert variable, are easily extended to examples involving negation and sentential connectives. This book contains four chapters. Chapter 1 compares elementary Conjunctivist proposals with ‘Functionist’ accounts according to which (i) predicate-argument concatenation signifies function-application, and (ii) adjuncts are accommodated by appeal to type-shifting or function-conjunction. Chapter 2 provides a Conjunctivist account of quantificational constructions, like ‘chased every cat’, in terms of a metalanguage with plural variables. This account is extended to plural noun phrases, as in ‘Three dogs chased the cats’; and this suggests a treatment of apparently nonconjunctive phrases like ‘big ants’. The resulting proposals — which explain the conservativity of determiners, and handle collective readings without quantifying over collections — are better than Functionist alternatives. Chapter 3 shows that Conjunctivism is superior to Functionism with regards to causative constructions, serial verbs, and many verbs that combine with complementizer phrases. Chapter 4 is a summary of conclusions, and discusses some difficulties facing all extant accounts of meaning.Less
This book articulates and defends a simple conception of semantic composition: when two meaningful expressions are concatenated, the result is understood as a conjunction of monadic predicates; in human languages, concatenation always signifies predicate conjunction. From this ‘Conjunctivist’ perspective, simple cases of adjunction (like ‘black cat’) are paradigms, and neo-Davidsonian event analyzes rightly associate certain grammatical relations with thematic roles. The sentence ‘Fido chased Garfield yesterday’ means, roughly, that something satisfies four conditions: its Agent was Fido, it was a chase, its Theme was Garfield, and it occurred yesterday. Such analyses, involving existential closure of a covert variable, are easily extended to examples involving negation and sentential connectives. This book contains four chapters. Chapter 1 compares elementary Conjunctivist proposals with ‘Functionist’ accounts according to which (i) predicate-argument concatenation signifies function-application, and (ii) adjuncts are accommodated by appeal to type-shifting or function-conjunction. Chapter 2 provides a Conjunctivist account of quantificational constructions, like ‘chased every cat’, in terms of a metalanguage with plural variables. This account is extended to plural noun phrases, as in ‘Three dogs chased the cats’; and this suggests a treatment of apparently nonconjunctive phrases like ‘big ants’. The resulting proposals — which explain the conservativity of determiners, and handle collective readings without quantifying over collections — are better than Functionist alternatives. Chapter 3 shows that Conjunctivism is superior to Functionism with regards to causative constructions, serial verbs, and many verbs that combine with complementizer phrases. Chapter 4 is a summary of conclusions, and discusses some difficulties facing all extant accounts of meaning.
Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328837
- eISBN:
- 9780199870165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
A high school math teacher, recently hired by a school system, was assigned a “mentor/supervisor,” who invited the new teacher to a pick-up basketball game. The teacher claimed that, during this ...
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A high school math teacher, recently hired by a school system, was assigned a “mentor/supervisor,” who invited the new teacher to a pick-up basketball game. The teacher claimed that, during this game, his mentor made physical sexual advances to him. The police and the school subsequently dismissed all charges but they discovered what they thought was false information on the new teacher's application form to a school where he had taught in the past, and the school fired him. The teacher then sued the school system for retaliatory discrimination. The issue was over the virgule on the application form, which read: “Have you ever been dismissed/non-renewed from any employment?” Semantic and syntax analysis were used to show the different meanings of “dismissed” and “non-renewed.” The meaning of the virgule was addressed. Finally, the linguist revised the application form so that the apparent intended meanings of the question could be clarified.Less
A high school math teacher, recently hired by a school system, was assigned a “mentor/supervisor,” who invited the new teacher to a pick-up basketball game. The teacher claimed that, during this game, his mentor made physical sexual advances to him. The police and the school subsequently dismissed all charges but they discovered what they thought was false information on the new teacher's application form to a school where he had taught in the past, and the school fired him. The teacher then sued the school system for retaliatory discrimination. The issue was over the virgule on the application form, which read: “Have you ever been dismissed/non-renewed from any employment?” Semantic and syntax analysis were used to show the different meanings of “dismissed” and “non-renewed.” The meaning of the virgule was addressed. Finally, the linguist revised the application form so that the apparent intended meanings of the question could be clarified.
K.M. Jaszczolt
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261987
- eISBN:
- 9780191718656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261987.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
The advantages of mixing together dynamic, truth-conditional semantics, and truth-conditional pragmatics are discussed. The chapter stresses the need to develop a precise algorithm of the interaction ...
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The advantages of mixing together dynamic, truth-conditional semantics, and truth-conditional pragmatics are discussed. The chapter stresses the need to develop a precise algorithm of the interaction of information that constitutes merger representation, and the need to research further applications of the theory.Less
The advantages of mixing together dynamic, truth-conditional semantics, and truth-conditional pragmatics are discussed. The chapter stresses the need to develop a precise algorithm of the interaction of information that constitutes merger representation, and the need to research further applications of the theory.
Erich H. Kisi and Christopher J. Howard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198515944
- eISBN:
- 9780191705663
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515944.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book covers the theory, practicalities, and the extensive applications of neutron powder diffraction in materials science, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, and engineering. Various highlight ...
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This book covers the theory, practicalities, and the extensive applications of neutron powder diffraction in materials science, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, and engineering. Various highlight applications of neutron powder diffraction are outlined in the introduction, then the theory is developed and instrumentation described sufficient for a return to the applications. The book covers the use of neutron powder diffraction in the solution (hard) and refinement (more straightforward) of crystal and magnetic structures, applications of powder diffraction in quantitative phase analysis, extraction of microstructural information from powder diffraction patterns, and the applications of neutron diffraction in studies of elastic properties and for the measurement of residual stress. Additional theory to underpin these various applications is developed as required.Less
This book covers the theory, practicalities, and the extensive applications of neutron powder diffraction in materials science, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, and engineering. Various highlight applications of neutron powder diffraction are outlined in the introduction, then the theory is developed and instrumentation described sufficient for a return to the applications. The book covers the use of neutron powder diffraction in the solution (hard) and refinement (more straightforward) of crystal and magnetic structures, applications of powder diffraction in quantitative phase analysis, extraction of microstructural information from powder diffraction patterns, and the applications of neutron diffraction in studies of elastic properties and for the measurement of residual stress. Additional theory to underpin these various applications is developed as required.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195165869
- eISBN:
- 9780199868025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165869.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
One of the largest and most pervasive uses of computers by all governments across the American economy has been for accounting applications. While the fundamental missions and tasks have not changed ...
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One of the largest and most pervasive uses of computers by all governments across the American economy has been for accounting applications. While the fundamental missions and tasks have not changed over time, how the work of accounting, financial, and tax departments has been accomplished has. This chapter discusses the introduction and use of computing in tax filing, collections, and compliance. Topics covered include the Internal Revenue Service, state tax and financial applications, local government tax applications, and the adoption of software tools by tax preparers and payers.Less
One of the largest and most pervasive uses of computers by all governments across the American economy has been for accounting applications. While the fundamental missions and tasks have not changed over time, how the work of accounting, financial, and tax departments has been accomplished has. This chapter discusses the introduction and use of computing in tax filing, collections, and compliance. Topics covered include the Internal Revenue Service, state tax and financial applications, local government tax applications, and the adoption of software tools by tax preparers and payers.
James A. Mirrlees and I. M. D. Little
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295211
- eISBN:
- 9780191685095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295211.003.0027
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the application of appraisal in decision making. Project appraisal is usually used as a reduction in uncertainty or as an acquisition of information. The process of appraisal ...
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This chapter discusses the application of appraisal in decision making. Project appraisal is usually used as a reduction in uncertainty or as an acquisition of information. The process of appraisal is considered as a selection among several possibilities, each of which has an uncertain value.Less
This chapter discusses the application of appraisal in decision making. Project appraisal is usually used as a reduction in uncertainty or as an acquisition of information. The process of appraisal is considered as a selection among several possibilities, each of which has an uncertain value.
Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) — a way to simulate a large number of choices by individual actors — is one of the most exciting practical developments in business and government modeling ...
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Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) — a way to simulate a large number of choices by individual actors — is one of the most exciting practical developments in business and government modeling since the invention of relational databases. It represents a new way to understand data and generate information that has never been available before — a way for businesses and governments to view the future and to understand and anticipate the likely effects of their decisions on their markets, industries, and territories. It thus promises to have far-reaching effects on the way that businesses and governments in many areas use computers to support practical decision-making. This book has three purposes: first, to teach readers how to think about ABMS, that is, about agents and their interactions; second, to teach readers how to explain the features and advantages of ABMS to other people; and third, to teach readers how to actually implement ABMS by building agent-based simulations. It aims to be a complete ABMS resource and also provides a complete collection of ABMS business and government applications resources.Less
Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) — a way to simulate a large number of choices by individual actors — is one of the most exciting practical developments in business and government modeling since the invention of relational databases. It represents a new way to understand data and generate information that has never been available before — a way for businesses and governments to view the future and to understand and anticipate the likely effects of their decisions on their markets, industries, and territories. It thus promises to have far-reaching effects on the way that businesses and governments in many areas use computers to support practical decision-making. This book has three purposes: first, to teach readers how to think about ABMS, that is, about agents and their interactions; second, to teach readers how to explain the features and advantages of ABMS to other people; and third, to teach readers how to actually implement ABMS by building agent-based simulations. It aims to be a complete ABMS resource and also provides a complete collection of ABMS business and government applications resources.
A. N. Prior
- Published in print:
- 1963
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198241577
- eISBN:
- 9780191680380
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198241577.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics, Moral Philosophy
This book discusses and aims to clarify the issue of describing conduct and character as ‘good’ or ‘bad’, or as ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The book states that one of the main factors that have made this ...
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This book discusses and aims to clarify the issue of describing conduct and character as ‘good’ or ‘bad’, or as ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The book states that one of the main factors that have made this issue obscure is the illusion of some anti-naturalists that purely logical considerations can settle it. It clearly defines the limitations of the discussions: it is not concerned with the ‘other things’ people use to define conduct and character. The book attempts to consider the issue from the purely logician point of view and suggests to the naturalists and anti-naturalists how their positions may be freed from logical faults. The book also introduces the ‘logic of ethics’, which is not a special kind or branch of logic, but rather an application of it.Less
This book discusses and aims to clarify the issue of describing conduct and character as ‘good’ or ‘bad’, or as ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The book states that one of the main factors that have made this issue obscure is the illusion of some anti-naturalists that purely logical considerations can settle it. It clearly defines the limitations of the discussions: it is not concerned with the ‘other things’ people use to define conduct and character. The book attempts to consider the issue from the purely logician point of view and suggests to the naturalists and anti-naturalists how their positions may be freed from logical faults. The book also introduces the ‘logic of ethics’, which is not a special kind or branch of logic, but rather an application of it.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the spread of both digital and telecommunications applications across the banking industry during the past half century. It also includes a history of Internet banking and an ...
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This chapter describes the spread of both digital and telecommunications applications across the banking industry during the past half century. It also includes a history of Internet banking and an assessment of how the industry changed over time.Less
This chapter describes the spread of both digital and telecommunications applications across the banking industry during the past half century. It also includes a history of Internet banking and an assessment of how the industry changed over time.
Graham Priest
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199263288
- eISBN:
- 9780191603631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263280.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter distinguishes between various senses in which one might be a pluralist about logic. In several of these, pluralism is uncontentiously correct. The difficult issue is whether there are ...
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This chapter distinguishes between various senses in which one might be a pluralist about logic. In several of these, pluralism is uncontentiously correct. The difficult issue is whether there are different accounts of validity that are equally correct. It argues for logical monism in this regard.Less
This chapter distinguishes between various senses in which one might be a pluralist about logic. In several of these, pluralism is uncontentiously correct. The difficult issue is whether there are different accounts of validity that are equally correct. It argues for logical monism in this regard.
Jody Azzouni
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195159882
- eISBN:
- 9780199834990
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159888.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
What in our theoretical pronouncements commits us to objects? The Quinean standard for ontological commitment involves (nearly enough) commitments when we utter “there is” or “there are” statements ...
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What in our theoretical pronouncements commits us to objects? The Quinean standard for ontological commitment involves (nearly enough) commitments when we utter “there is” or “there are” statements without hope of eliminating these by paraphrase. Coupled with the indispensability of the truth of applied mathematical doctrine, the result is that the ontologically hard-nosed scientist is a Platonist—haplessly commited to abstracta. In this book Azzouni offers a way around the Quinean straitjacket: ontological commitment turns on how theories are (nearly enough) nailed to the world. The specifics of how theories are applied indicates which among the posits of a theory are mere mathematical garb and which are genuine connections to items out there. In the first part of the book Azzouni undercuts the arguments, both actual and possible, in support of Quine’s criterion. An alternative criterion for what exists—ontological independence—is offered, one in sturdy accord with ordinary folk views on the matter. In the second part of the book, a beginning is made of bringing this alternative to bear upon scientific theories with a rich mathematical component. Along the way, old philosophical issues about absolute space and time versus relative space and time, the status of mathematical posits, such as spatial and temporal points, and so on, are illuminated.Less
What in our theoretical pronouncements commits us to objects? The Quinean standard for ontological commitment involves (nearly enough) commitments when we utter “there is” or “there are” statements without hope of eliminating these by paraphrase. Coupled with the indispensability of the truth of applied mathematical doctrine, the result is that the ontologically hard-nosed scientist is a Platonist—haplessly commited to abstracta. In this book Azzouni offers a way around the Quinean straitjacket: ontological commitment turns on how theories are (nearly enough) nailed to the world. The specifics of how theories are applied indicates which among the posits of a theory are mere mathematical garb and which are genuine connections to items out there. In the first part of the book Azzouni undercuts the arguments, both actual and possible, in support of Quine’s criterion. An alternative criterion for what exists—ontological independence—is offered, one in sturdy accord with ordinary folk views on the matter. In the second part of the book, a beginning is made of bringing this alternative to bear upon scientific theories with a rich mathematical component. Along the way, old philosophical issues about absolute space and time versus relative space and time, the status of mathematical posits, such as spatial and temporal points, and so on, are illuminated.
Iver B. Neumann
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244096
- eISBN:
- 9780191600371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924409X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Presents the relationship between democracy and regionalization in Eastern Europe and discusses the following issues. Firstly, how regionalization in Eastern Europe is connected to the construction ...
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Presents the relationship between democracy and regionalization in Eastern Europe and discusses the following issues. Firstly, how regionalization in Eastern Europe is connected to the construction of a democratic regional community of states, namely, the European Union; and how regionalization may challenge the present state‐centric political order in Europe. Secondly, to what degree can the global democratic promise—seen in Western European regionalization—also be seen in Eastern European regionalization. The chapter emphasizes that regionalization in Eastern Europe has, so far, been a by‐product of the membership applications to the European Union.Less
Presents the relationship between democracy and regionalization in Eastern Europe and discusses the following issues. Firstly, how regionalization in Eastern Europe is connected to the construction of a democratic regional community of states, namely, the European Union; and how regionalization may challenge the present state‐centric political order in Europe. Secondly, to what degree can the global democratic promise—seen in Western European regionalization—also be seen in Eastern European regionalization. The chapter emphasizes that regionalization in Eastern Europe has, so far, been a by‐product of the membership applications to the European Union.
Edmund Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508298
- eISBN:
- 9780191706363
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508298.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward ...
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Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward introduction used by undergraduates and postgraduate students as well as by professional staff attending the summer schools run by the big accelerator laboratories. Research physicists should read it for important background. It covers the essentials of the subject for accelerator physicists and engineers, and is at the level of the introductory courses provided by the CERN and US Accelerator schools. Its style is to give enough information to understand the subject without an excess of mathematics or theory. The text includes exercises and answers to focus the attention of the reader on the calculations necessary to design a new machine. After a chapter on the history of the accelerators, four chapters cover the dynamics of particle beams as they are guided and focused by the magnets of a synchrotron or storage ring and as they are accelerated by rf cavities. Another two chapters cover linear and non-linear effects from imperfect fields. There are chapters on synchrotron radiation, colliders, instabilities, and on future acceleration techniques. A chapter describes the applications of the ten thousand or more accelerators in the world ranging from the linear accelerators used for cancer therapy, through those used in industry and in other fields of research, to the giant ‘atom smashers’ at international particle physics laboratories. A final chapter is to stimulate new ideas for future acceleration techniques.Less
Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward introduction used by undergraduates and postgraduate students as well as by professional staff attending the summer schools run by the big accelerator laboratories. Research physicists should read it for important background. It covers the essentials of the subject for accelerator physicists and engineers, and is at the level of the introductory courses provided by the CERN and US Accelerator schools. Its style is to give enough information to understand the subject without an excess of mathematics or theory. The text includes exercises and answers to focus the attention of the reader on the calculations necessary to design a new machine. After a chapter on the history of the accelerators, four chapters cover the dynamics of particle beams as they are guided and focused by the magnets of a synchrotron or storage ring and as they are accelerated by rf cavities. Another two chapters cover linear and non-linear effects from imperfect fields. There are chapters on synchrotron radiation, colliders, instabilities, and on future acceleration techniques. A chapter describes the applications of the ten thousand or more accelerators in the world ranging from the linear accelerators used for cancer therapy, through those used in industry and in other fields of research, to the giant ‘atom smashers’ at international particle physics laboratories. A final chapter is to stimulate new ideas for future acceleration techniques.
Haroutune Armenian (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195187113
- eISBN:
- 9780199864898
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187113.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The case-control method, and to a lesser extent its case-based variants, have become a most important tool in the armamentarium of today's investigator of health problems. This book addresses a ...
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The case-control method, and to a lesser extent its case-based variants, have become a most important tool in the armamentarium of today's investigator of health problems. This book addresses a number of general and specific questions dealing with the case-control and other case-based methods, including how to design and implement a case-control study that minimizes biases; how to analyze the data to deal appropriately with confounding and to help identify interactions; how to interpret data from a case-control study; and how to use the method in a variety of problem solving situations. The book provides an exposition of the uses of a study of individual cases as well as case series in epidemiology. It describes the development of the comparative method as a basis for decision making in the health professions. The first part of the book deals with issues of design of the case control and other case based methods such as the case-crossover and case-cohort studies. In this section of the book several issues of design and analysis of case-control studies are presented within a framework for developing an information base for decision making in research and in health care. The second part of the book has a focus on the applications of the method. These include the use of case-control studies in outbreak investigations as well as other acute events such as disasters, the use of the method in health care and health services evaluation, and its use in genetic epidemiology as well as other applications.Less
The case-control method, and to a lesser extent its case-based variants, have become a most important tool in the armamentarium of today's investigator of health problems. This book addresses a number of general and specific questions dealing with the case-control and other case-based methods, including how to design and implement a case-control study that minimizes biases; how to analyze the data to deal appropriately with confounding and to help identify interactions; how to interpret data from a case-control study; and how to use the method in a variety of problem solving situations. The book provides an exposition of the uses of a study of individual cases as well as case series in epidemiology. It describes the development of the comparative method as a basis for decision making in the health professions. The first part of the book deals with issues of design of the case control and other case based methods such as the case-crossover and case-cohort studies. In this section of the book several issues of design and analysis of case-control studies are presented within a framework for developing an information base for decision making in research and in health care. The second part of the book has a focus on the applications of the method. These include the use of case-control studies in outbreak investigations as well as other acute events such as disasters, the use of the method in health care and health services evaluation, and its use in genetic epidemiology as well as other applications.
Claudio Ciborra
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275267
- eISBN:
- 9780191714399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275267.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter argues that behind the enactment of strategic applications of ICT there are mundane modes of operation, such as bricolage, improvisation, or hacking. The bubbling up of new ideas from ...
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This chapter argues that behind the enactment of strategic applications of ICT there are mundane modes of operation, such as bricolage, improvisation, or hacking. The bubbling up of new ideas from the bottom of the organization can lead to acts of incremental or radical innovation, whereby the existing organizational reality, the environment, and ICT applications are seen anew by the members of the organization. In the latter case, strategic information systems (SISs) are intimately associated with business renewal. SIS applications are those that are developed close to and serve the grass roots of the organization, where its core competencies and skills are daily deployed and perfected thanks to the myriad invisible acts of bricolage and hacking. Managers and specialists need to appreciate local fluctuations in systems practices as the repository of unique innovations, and commit adequate resources and attention to their cultivation, even if, or especially when, they fly in the face of more established, structured approaches.Less
This chapter argues that behind the enactment of strategic applications of ICT there are mundane modes of operation, such as bricolage, improvisation, or hacking. The bubbling up of new ideas from the bottom of the organization can lead to acts of incremental or radical innovation, whereby the existing organizational reality, the environment, and ICT applications are seen anew by the members of the organization. In the latter case, strategic information systems (SISs) are intimately associated with business renewal. SIS applications are those that are developed close to and serve the grass roots of the organization, where its core competencies and skills are daily deployed and perfected thanks to the myriad invisible acts of bricolage and hacking. Managers and specialists need to appreciate local fluctuations in systems practices as the repository of unique innovations, and commit adequate resources and attention to their cultivation, even if, or especially when, they fly in the face of more established, structured approaches.
Anne-Lise Christensen and George P. Prigatano
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195176704
- eISBN:
- 9780199864706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176704.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
The Lurian approach to the bedside neuropsychological examination: Historical context, reflections, and clinical observations within European countries. Due to the development of basic neurosurgical ...
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The Lurian approach to the bedside neuropsychological examination: Historical context, reflections, and clinical observations within European countries. Due to the development of basic neurosurgical techniques for operations on the brain, neurosurgery became a new and autonomous surgical discipline of special importance during World War 1. However, it was not until the 1970ies a bedside examination, focusing on Luria's methodology, performed at a very early state in the neurosurgical department at Aarhus University, proved its value in line with Luria's general attitude to the conflict between explanatory, physiologic psychology and the descriptive, phenomenological psychology. A neuropsychologist as part of the clinical team makes it possible to start evaluation earlier and makes it possible to perform the evaluation little by little, during the states of decline or progress and already at this state by way of support and feedback initiate a rehabilitation process. An American modification of Luria's approach to the bedside neuropsychological examination is described. The development of the Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS) was developed in part on the basis of Lurian concepts. This section of the chapter describes the test and how the test can be used for clinical and research purposes. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining both qualitative and quantitative information in the assessment of higher cerebral functions. It also emphasizes the importance of assessing cognitive and affective functioning in a brief, but reliable way.Less
The Lurian approach to the bedside neuropsychological examination: Historical context, reflections, and clinical observations within European countries. Due to the development of basic neurosurgical techniques for operations on the brain, neurosurgery became a new and autonomous surgical discipline of special importance during World War 1. However, it was not until the 1970ies a bedside examination, focusing on Luria's methodology, performed at a very early state in the neurosurgical department at Aarhus University, proved its value in line with Luria's general attitude to the conflict between explanatory, physiologic psychology and the descriptive, phenomenological psychology. A neuropsychologist as part of the clinical team makes it possible to start evaluation earlier and makes it possible to perform the evaluation little by little, during the states of decline or progress and already at this state by way of support and feedback initiate a rehabilitation process. An American modification of Luria's approach to the bedside neuropsychological examination is described. The development of the Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS) was developed in part on the basis of Lurian concepts. This section of the chapter describes the test and how the test can be used for clinical and research purposes. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining both qualitative and quantitative information in the assessment of higher cerebral functions. It also emphasizes the importance of assessing cognitive and affective functioning in a brief, but reliable way.
Alan Millar
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199254408
- eISBN:
- 9780191719721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199254408.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter develops the idea that there is a normative dimension to all propositional attitudes in virtue of the fact that these attitudes have conceptual content. The starting point is Kripke’s ...
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This chapter develops the idea that there is a normative dimension to all propositional attitudes in virtue of the fact that these attitudes have conceptual content. The starting point is Kripke’s critique of dispositionalism about semantic meaning. It is argued that meaning something by a term is a matter of participating in a practice of using that term in a manner that respects its conditions of correct, in the sense of true, application. The relevant normative commitment is to using the word in this way and is to be explained in terms of general considerations about practices. In the course of discussion, much is made of a distinction between correctness as true application and correctness as keeping faith with the meaning. It is argued that possessing a concept incurs a normative commitment of a sort that is structurally analogous to that implicated by semantic meaning.Less
This chapter develops the idea that there is a normative dimension to all propositional attitudes in virtue of the fact that these attitudes have conceptual content. The starting point is Kripke’s critique of dispositionalism about semantic meaning. It is argued that meaning something by a term is a matter of participating in a practice of using that term in a manner that respects its conditions of correct, in the sense of true, application. The relevant normative commitment is to using the word in this way and is to be explained in terms of general considerations about practices. In the course of discussion, much is made of a distinction between correctness as true application and correctness as keeping faith with the meaning. It is argued that possessing a concept incurs a normative commitment of a sort that is structurally analogous to that implicated by semantic meaning.
David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter describes three different types of situations in organizations where knowledge retention strategies are needed. It then provides an overview of an integrated knowledge retention ...
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This chapter describes three different types of situations in organizations where knowledge retention strategies are needed. It then provides an overview of an integrated knowledge retention framework that includes: human resources practices and processes; knowledge transfer practices; information technology applications to capture, store, and share knowledge; and knowledge recovery initiatives.Less
This chapter describes three different types of situations in organizations where knowledge retention strategies are needed. It then provides an overview of an integrated knowledge retention framework that includes: human resources practices and processes; knowledge transfer practices; information technology applications to capture, store, and share knowledge; and knowledge recovery initiatives.
