Maximilian de Gaynesford
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287826
- eISBN:
- 9780191603570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287821.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The historical development towards the current standard account of I as a ‘pure indexical’ (‘purism’) has two main features. First, the gradual acquisition of a logical apparatus which can ...
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The historical development towards the current standard account of I as a ‘pure indexical’ (‘purism’) has two main features. First, the gradual acquisition of a logical apparatus which can distinguish genuine from non-singular referring expressions, and categorize the latter into names, descriptive terms, indexicals, and so on. Second, the development and acceptance of three supposed doctrines: that a simple rule is sufficient to give the meaning of I (‘rule theory’); that one can use I to express thoughts without having to identify what is being referred to (‘independence’); and that as a matter of the meaning of I, any use of the term is logically guaranteed against failure to refer (‘the guarantee’).Less
The historical development towards the current standard account of I as a ‘pure indexical’ (‘purism’) has two main features. First, the gradual acquisition of a logical apparatus which can distinguish genuine from non-singular referring expressions, and categorize the latter into names, descriptive terms, indexicals, and so on. Second, the development and acceptance of three supposed doctrines: that a simple rule is sufficient to give the meaning of I (‘rule theory’); that one can use I to express thoughts without having to identify what is being referred to (‘independence’); and that as a matter of the meaning of I, any use of the term is logically guaranteed against failure to refer (‘the guarantee’).
Pavel Gregoric
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199277377
- eISBN:
- 9780191707537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277377.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter looks at Aristotle's account of the sensory apparatus, that is the system of bodily parts that a living being must have if it is to be informed by a soul with a perceptual capacity. To ...
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This chapter looks at Aristotle's account of the sensory apparatus, that is the system of bodily parts that a living being must have if it is to be informed by a soul with a perceptual capacity. To accommodate both the complexity and the unity of the perceptual capacity of the soul, the sensory apparatus must consist of a continuous system of bodily structures which are differentiated at the periphery into the sense organs, such as eyes and ears, and which are all connected in one single central sense organ. This central sense organ, in Aristotle's view, is the heart, not the brain. It is argued that, on this picture of the sensory apparatus, perception does not really take place in the peripheral sense organs, but in the central sense organ. Less
This chapter looks at Aristotle's account of the sensory apparatus, that is the system of bodily parts that a living being must have if it is to be informed by a soul with a perceptual capacity. To accommodate both the complexity and the unity of the perceptual capacity of the soul, the sensory apparatus must consist of a continuous system of bodily structures which are differentiated at the periphery into the sense organs, such as eyes and ears, and which are all connected in one single central sense organ. This central sense organ, in Aristotle's view, is the heart, not the brain. It is argued that, on this picture of the sensory apparatus, perception does not really take place in the peripheral sense organs, but in the central sense organ.
H. A. G. Houghton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199545926
- eISBN:
- 9780191719974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545926.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter considers the types of evidence Augustine provides for the text of the New Testament. His explicit comments on variants in New Testament manuscripts and corrections to the biblical ...
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This chapter considers the types of evidence Augustine provides for the text of the New Testament. His explicit comments on variants in New Testament manuscripts and corrections to the biblical citations of his opponents are, along with primary citations, the most important for determining the readings of the codices known to him. Anticipating later parts of the book, his citations of John are compared with the Old Latin, Vulgate and Greek traditions of the Gospel. Forms identical to other Church Fathers may preserve a version now lost, but they could also be due to independent ‘flattening’ of the text. Some Old Latin readings are fossilized in Augustine's mental text, and a few verses also offer important evidence for the Greek text, but it seems unlikely that Augustine was ever acquainted with the Diatessaron.Less
This chapter considers the types of evidence Augustine provides for the text of the New Testament. His explicit comments on variants in New Testament manuscripts and corrections to the biblical citations of his opponents are, along with primary citations, the most important for determining the readings of the codices known to him. Anticipating later parts of the book, his citations of John are compared with the Old Latin, Vulgate and Greek traditions of the Gospel. Forms identical to other Church Fathers may preserve a version now lost, but they could also be due to independent ‘flattening’ of the text. Some Old Latin readings are fossilized in Augustine's mental text, and a few verses also offer important evidence for the Greek text, but it seems unlikely that Augustine was ever acquainted with the Diatessaron.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter focuses on pollination by flies, a very diverse group of insects of the order Diptera. Many types of fly have the ability to regurgitate saliva onto potential foodstuffs, making the ...
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This chapter focuses on pollination by flies, a very diverse group of insects of the order Diptera. Many types of fly have the ability to regurgitate saliva onto potential foodstuffs, making the material more liquid and manageable, and some use “bubbling” behavior to speed evaporation of excessively dilute fluids. Many groups have a strong preference for sugary fluids, and therefore commonly take some nectar as part of their adult diet; others feed on pollen. The chapter first provides an overview of the fly’s feeding apparatus as well as its sensory and behavioral capacities before discussing generalist flowers that are favored by a multitude of flies. It then considers specialist flower types that attract nectar-feeding flies, hoverfly flower types, and carrion-fly flower types. It concludes with an analysis of some other specialist cases of fly pollination of flowers.Less
This chapter focuses on pollination by flies, a very diverse group of insects of the order Diptera. Many types of fly have the ability to regurgitate saliva onto potential foodstuffs, making the material more liquid and manageable, and some use “bubbling” behavior to speed evaporation of excessively dilute fluids. Many groups have a strong preference for sugary fluids, and therefore commonly take some nectar as part of their adult diet; others feed on pollen. The chapter first provides an overview of the fly’s feeding apparatus as well as its sensory and behavioral capacities before discussing generalist flowers that are favored by a multitude of flies. It then considers specialist flower types that attract nectar-feeding flies, hoverfly flower types, and carrion-fly flower types. It concludes with an analysis of some other specialist cases of fly pollination of flowers.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter focuses on pollination by butterflies and moths, which belong to the order Lepidoptera. Lepidopterans are split into four suborders, but all the flower visitors occur in about sixteen ...
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This chapter focuses on pollination by butterflies and moths, which belong to the order Lepidoptera. Lepidopterans are split into four suborders, but all the flower visitors occur in about sixteen families within the largest of these, Ditrysia. Ditrysia incorporates many superfamilies, mostly consisting of large moths and yet more micromoths, but two contain the evolutionarily more recent butterflies. The chapter first provides an overview of the feeding apparatus of moths and butterflies before discussing their sensory and behavioral capacities. It then considers the butterfly flower syndrome known as psychophily and the general moth syndrome termed phalaenophily, along with sphingophily involving hawkmoth flowers. It suggests that butterflies and moths are reasonably effective as flower pollinators, with some more specialist and probably more effective examples among the larger and partially endothermic sphingid species.Less
This chapter focuses on pollination by butterflies and moths, which belong to the order Lepidoptera. Lepidopterans are split into four suborders, but all the flower visitors occur in about sixteen families within the largest of these, Ditrysia. Ditrysia incorporates many superfamilies, mostly consisting of large moths and yet more micromoths, but two contain the evolutionarily more recent butterflies. The chapter first provides an overview of the feeding apparatus of moths and butterflies before discussing their sensory and behavioral capacities. It then considers the butterfly flower syndrome known as psychophily and the general moth syndrome termed phalaenophily, along with sphingophily involving hawkmoth flowers. It suggests that butterflies and moths are reasonably effective as flower pollinators, with some more specialist and probably more effective examples among the larger and partially endothermic sphingid species.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter focuses on pollination by birds. Bird pollination, or ornithophily, is a widespread phenomenon. Many common birds visit flowers by biting through or piercing their corollas, notably tits ...
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This chapter focuses on pollination by birds. Bird pollination, or ornithophily, is a widespread phenomenon. Many common birds visit flowers by biting through or piercing their corollas, notably tits and warblers. Birds primarily take nectar from flowers, although some may also eat pollen and occasionally take solid floral tissues. The chapter first provides an overview of the bird’s feeding apparatus, sensory capacity, and behavior and learning capabilities before discussing various types of flowers that are pollinated by birds such as hummingbirds and perching birds. The foraging behaviors of these birds are also considered, along with the ornithophilous syndrome. The chapter concludes with some observations on why extreme specialization is precluded in ornithophilous relationships.Less
This chapter focuses on pollination by birds. Bird pollination, or ornithophily, is a widespread phenomenon. Many common birds visit flowers by biting through or piercing their corollas, notably tits and warblers. Birds primarily take nectar from flowers, although some may also eat pollen and occasionally take solid floral tissues. The chapter first provides an overview of the bird’s feeding apparatus, sensory capacity, and behavior and learning capabilities before discussing various types of flowers that are pollinated by birds such as hummingbirds and perching birds. The foraging behaviors of these birds are also considered, along with the ornithophilous syndrome. The chapter concludes with some observations on why extreme specialization is precluded in ornithophilous relationships.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter focuses on pollination by bats, or chiropterophily. Bats are classified as two distinct and separately evolved orders, Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. They are primarily nocturnal, ...
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This chapter focuses on pollination by bats, or chiropterophily. Bats are classified as two distinct and separately evolved orders, Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. They are primarily nocturnal, and as flying endothermic mammals have extremely high energy demands. Furthermore, their flower visits often require hovering for short periods; this increases their energy demand further, albeit not by much. However, having rather large body masses, in practice the bat species that visit blossoms for a major part of their diet are linked with some unusual and very high-reward flowers. The chapter first provides an overview of the bat’s feeding apparatus, sensory capacities such as olfaction, and foraging behavior and learning before discussing different types of bat-pollinated flowers.Less
This chapter focuses on pollination by bats, or chiropterophily. Bats are classified as two distinct and separately evolved orders, Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. They are primarily nocturnal, and as flying endothermic mammals have extremely high energy demands. Furthermore, their flower visits often require hovering for short periods; this increases their energy demand further, albeit not by much. However, having rather large body masses, in practice the bat species that visit blossoms for a major part of their diet are linked with some unusual and very high-reward flowers. The chapter first provides an overview of the bat’s feeding apparatus, sensory capacities such as olfaction, and foraging behavior and learning before discussing different types of bat-pollinated flowers.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter considers pollination by bees, or melittophily. The bee flower syndrome involves flowers that have medium to long corolla tubes, often pendant, usually zygomorphic (i.e., bilaterally ...
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This chapter considers pollination by bees, or melittophily. The bee flower syndrome involves flowers that have medium to long corolla tubes, often pendant, usually zygomorphic (i.e., bilaterally symmetrical rather than radial), commonly with a landing platform with complex texture or ridging so that a bee can hang on easily, and often arranged in spiked inflorescences. The flowers typically open in the early morning and offer their main rewards before midday, although a few are particularly rewarding in the evenings. The chapter begins with a discussion of the bee’s feeding apparatus and feeding methods, along with sensory systems and bee perception of flowers. It then examines the effects of sociality on bees’ flower-visiting patterns as well as behavior and learning in flower-visiting bees. Finally, it analyzes six melittophily types namely: solitary bees, carpenter bees, euglossine bees, bumblebees, stingless bees, and honeybees.Less
This chapter considers pollination by bees, or melittophily. The bee flower syndrome involves flowers that have medium to long corolla tubes, often pendant, usually zygomorphic (i.e., bilaterally symmetrical rather than radial), commonly with a landing platform with complex texture or ridging so that a bee can hang on easily, and often arranged in spiked inflorescences. The flowers typically open in the early morning and offer their main rewards before midday, although a few are particularly rewarding in the evenings. The chapter begins with a discussion of the bee’s feeding apparatus and feeding methods, along with sensory systems and bee perception of flowers. It then examines the effects of sociality on bees’ flower-visiting patterns as well as behavior and learning in flower-visiting bees. Finally, it analyzes six melittophily types namely: solitary bees, carpenter bees, euglossine bees, bumblebees, stingless bees, and honeybees.
Gilles Saint-Paul
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128177
- eISBN:
- 9781400838899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128177.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter examines modern paternalism through a number of examples and relates it to the intellectual apparatus analyzed in the previous chapters. An important point here is that only a fraction ...
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This chapter examines modern paternalism through a number of examples and relates it to the intellectual apparatus analyzed in the previous chapters. An important point here is that only a fraction of the paternalistic interventions observed are grounded on the intellectual apparatus described in the preceding chapters. Conversely, many proponents of behavioral economics are in favor of a moderate dose of paternalism and would not approve of all the policies that the chapter discusses. However, this does not invalidate the point that by becoming behavioral, economics is no longer capable of providing an intellectual safeguard against excess government intrusion in private matters. The chapter then looks at the numerous challenges and contradictions that opened the door for wide-ranging government involvement in private matters.Less
This chapter examines modern paternalism through a number of examples and relates it to the intellectual apparatus analyzed in the previous chapters. An important point here is that only a fraction of the paternalistic interventions observed are grounded on the intellectual apparatus described in the preceding chapters. Conversely, many proponents of behavioral economics are in favor of a moderate dose of paternalism and would not approve of all the policies that the chapter discusses. However, this does not invalidate the point that by becoming behavioral, economics is no longer capable of providing an intellectual safeguard against excess government intrusion in private matters. The chapter then looks at the numerous challenges and contradictions that opened the door for wide-ranging government involvement in private matters.
Yuri Pines
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134956
- eISBN:
- 9781400842278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134956.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter focuses primarily on those members of local elites who were connected to the government apparatus. This core group of local elites had decisively shaped state-elite interactions ...
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This chapter focuses primarily on those members of local elites who were connected to the government apparatus. This core group of local elites had decisively shaped state-elite interactions throughout imperial history. The chapter first outlines historical changes in the character of local elites and in their relations with the pre-imperial, the early imperial, and the late imperial state. It shows that the process of establishing viable relations between these elites and the bureaucracy was a lengthy and painful one, and that it took more than a full millennium for the empire to learn how to harness local elites to its cause. Even then, tension between holders of social and of administrative power remained highly visible, and cycles of cooperation and contest between them shaped much of the political dynamics of the imperial age.Less
This chapter focuses primarily on those members of local elites who were connected to the government apparatus. This core group of local elites had decisively shaped state-elite interactions throughout imperial history. The chapter first outlines historical changes in the character of local elites and in their relations with the pre-imperial, the early imperial, and the late imperial state. It shows that the process of establishing viable relations between these elites and the bureaucracy was a lengthy and painful one, and that it took more than a full millennium for the empire to learn how to harness local elites to its cause. Even then, tension between holders of social and of administrative power remained highly visible, and cycles of cooperation and contest between them shaped much of the political dynamics of the imperial age.
Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149721
- eISBN:
- 9781400840434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the Party and Securitate cadres who implemented collectivization, describing aspects of their recruitment, their work, and their life as activists. Party cadres had the task ...
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This chapter focuses on the Party and Securitate cadres who implemented collectivization, describing aspects of their recruitment, their work, and their life as activists. Party cadres had the task of bringing the imported engineering project to life; they were the ones entrusted with the power to construct a new social order and also to construct the very forms of power that would sustain it. The chapter then argues that because the Party achieved power without an adequate number of prepared and ideologically committed cadres, certain compromises followed. First, their work would rely more on force than on persuasion, and therefore peasants would end by joining collectives only pro forma rather than from conviction. Second, the exigencies of cadres' work led them to develop networks, which protected them while making the bureaucratic apparatus more personalistic.Less
This chapter focuses on the Party and Securitate cadres who implemented collectivization, describing aspects of their recruitment, their work, and their life as activists. Party cadres had the task of bringing the imported engineering project to life; they were the ones entrusted with the power to construct a new social order and also to construct the very forms of power that would sustain it. The chapter then argues that because the Party achieved power without an adequate number of prepared and ideologically committed cadres, certain compromises followed. First, their work would rely more on force than on persuasion, and therefore peasants would end by joining collectives only pro forma rather than from conviction. Second, the exigencies of cadres' work led them to develop networks, which protected them while making the bureaucratic apparatus more personalistic.
John Stachel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264249
- eISBN:
- 9780191734045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264249.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture discusses the nature of creativity; creativity is defined in terms of the interaction between the individual and the field of experts in a certain domain. This interaction eventually ...
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This lecture discusses the nature of creativity; creativity is defined in terms of the interaction between the individual and the field of experts in a certain domain. This interaction eventually determines the form and content of the results that are admitted into the domain. The lecture considers the nature of his cognitive processes and presents evidence that supports the crucial role played by social relations in shaping the domain-specific cognitive apparatus. It also looks at the myth of Einstein as magus and some of the dynamical polarities in his personality that allowed him to contribute to changes in theoretical physics.Less
This lecture discusses the nature of creativity; creativity is defined in terms of the interaction between the individual and the field of experts in a certain domain. This interaction eventually determines the form and content of the results that are admitted into the domain. The lecture considers the nature of his cognitive processes and presents evidence that supports the crucial role played by social relations in shaping the domain-specific cognitive apparatus. It also looks at the myth of Einstein as magus and some of the dynamical polarities in his personality that allowed him to contribute to changes in theoretical physics.
Timothy C. Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780823273256
- eISBN:
- 9780823273300
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823273256.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Techne of Giving intervenes in two debates: the first, the relation between an affirmative biopolitics and biopower; and the second, how cinema, Italian cinema especially, can provides fresh ...
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Techne of Giving intervenes in two debates: the first, the relation between an affirmative biopolitics and biopower; and the second, how cinema, Italian cinema especially, can provides fresh perspectives on how to engage generously with biopolitical apparatuses. In so doing, the book brings together contemporary philosophy and film studies in order to argue for the generous features of the cinematic apparatus. Not all apparatuses are the same—some are more generous than others to the degree that they allow the spectator to experience, in the workings of the visible and invisible, a mode of non-mastery able to respond to biopower. As the canon of biopolitical critique solidifies, Techne of Giving therefore pushes back against thanatopolitical readings of biopolitics. Drawing on authors as diverse as Adorno, Winnicott, Metz, Irigaray, and Lyotard, Techne of Giving skirts the fields of visual studies and contemporary thought to imagine a generous form of life. In so doing, the book is intended to jumpstart discussions of what it means to be generous and what part gratitude plays when considering different forms of being in common. The hope is to short-circuit neoliberal models of giving with their buyers and sellers, and instead to posit forms of non-giving and non-receiving. In addition the book follows the visual traces of such a model of generosity and giving across a number of classic Italian films. By so doing, it sketches a sensibility in which protagonists neither give nor receive in any traditional sense.Less
Techne of Giving intervenes in two debates: the first, the relation between an affirmative biopolitics and biopower; and the second, how cinema, Italian cinema especially, can provides fresh perspectives on how to engage generously with biopolitical apparatuses. In so doing, the book brings together contemporary philosophy and film studies in order to argue for the generous features of the cinematic apparatus. Not all apparatuses are the same—some are more generous than others to the degree that they allow the spectator to experience, in the workings of the visible and invisible, a mode of non-mastery able to respond to biopower. As the canon of biopolitical critique solidifies, Techne of Giving therefore pushes back against thanatopolitical readings of biopolitics. Drawing on authors as diverse as Adorno, Winnicott, Metz, Irigaray, and Lyotard, Techne of Giving skirts the fields of visual studies and contemporary thought to imagine a generous form of life. In so doing, the book is intended to jumpstart discussions of what it means to be generous and what part gratitude plays when considering different forms of being in common. The hope is to short-circuit neoliberal models of giving with their buyers and sellers, and instead to posit forms of non-giving and non-receiving. In addition the book follows the visual traces of such a model of generosity and giving across a number of classic Italian films. By so doing, it sketches a sensibility in which protagonists neither give nor receive in any traditional sense.
Benjamin C. Waterhouse
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149165
- eISBN:
- 9781400848171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149165.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter explores how the debate over the Chrysler bailout within the business community highlighted persistent tensions over what “free market” solutions really should look like, as well as ...
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This chapter explores how the debate over the Chrysler bailout within the business community highlighted persistent tensions over what “free market” solutions really should look like, as well as business's ongoing policy struggle with the liberal regulatory state. By the end of the 1970s, industrial lobbyists led by major employers' associations had notched a number of significant political victories and established themselves as powerful players in national policymaking. Organized business groups played key roles in stopping the forward tide of liberal reform legislation and spreading a market-oriented, antiregulatory vision throughout American political culture. For many lobbyists and executives, however, such achievements represented only a starting point toward loftier goals: the severe rollback of environmental, consumer, and workplace regulations and the comprehensive overhaul of the regulatory apparatus.Less
This chapter explores how the debate over the Chrysler bailout within the business community highlighted persistent tensions over what “free market” solutions really should look like, as well as business's ongoing policy struggle with the liberal regulatory state. By the end of the 1970s, industrial lobbyists led by major employers' associations had notched a number of significant political victories and established themselves as powerful players in national policymaking. Organized business groups played key roles in stopping the forward tide of liberal reform legislation and spreading a market-oriented, antiregulatory vision throughout American political culture. For many lobbyists and executives, however, such achievements represented only a starting point toward loftier goals: the severe rollback of environmental, consumer, and workplace regulations and the comprehensive overhaul of the regulatory apparatus.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the establishment of the United Nations Organizations in 1945 and considers it a central act of recognition by the war-surviving generation that something striking had to be ...
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This chapter discusses the establishment of the United Nations Organizations in 1945 and considers it a central act of recognition by the war-surviving generation that something striking had to be done to avoid the recurrence of disasters. It explains that the law of the Charter is the hub of the international community's post-war reconstruction of its legal apparatus. It notes that the UN Charter became the authoritative statement of law for the conduct of international relations concerning restatements of classic principles (such as States' sovereignty in domestic jurisdiction) or assertions of new ones, for example prohibition of all but defensive self-help by States).Less
This chapter discusses the establishment of the United Nations Organizations in 1945 and considers it a central act of recognition by the war-surviving generation that something striking had to be done to avoid the recurrence of disasters. It explains that the law of the Charter is the hub of the international community's post-war reconstruction of its legal apparatus. It notes that the UN Charter became the authoritative statement of law for the conduct of international relations concerning restatements of classic principles (such as States' sovereignty in domestic jurisdiction) or assertions of new ones, for example prohibition of all but defensive self-help by States).
Richard H. Dyck
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162851
- eISBN:
- 9780199863891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter reviews the anatomical characteristics of the rat's vibrissa sensory apparatus and its growth and dynamic functional characteristics. Topics discussed include the structure and growth of ...
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This chapter reviews the anatomical characteristics of the rat's vibrissa sensory apparatus and its growth and dynamic functional characteristics. Topics discussed include the structure and growth of the vibrissal system, motor aspects of vibrissae function, sensory aspects of vibrissae function, and vibrissa system plasticity.Less
This chapter reviews the anatomical characteristics of the rat's vibrissa sensory apparatus and its growth and dynamic functional characteristics. Topics discussed include the structure and growth of the vibrissal system, motor aspects of vibrissae function, sensory aspects of vibrissae function, and vibrissa system plasticity.
C. Mathew Mate
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198526780
- eISBN:
- 9780191712098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526780.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter focuses on the two experimental techniques — the surface force apparatus (SFA) and the atomic force microscope (AFM) — that are commonly used for measuring molecular level forces that ...
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This chapter focuses on the two experimental techniques — the surface force apparatus (SFA) and the atomic force microscope (AFM) — that are commonly used for measuring molecular level forces that act between two surfaces at small separation distances. The first part of this chapter covers the fundamental principles of SFA and AFM design. The second half of this chapter illustrates the application of AFM to measuring surface forces with examples the measurement of van der Waals forces, meniscus forces from liquid films and from capillary condensation, and electrostatic double-layer forces.Less
This chapter focuses on the two experimental techniques — the surface force apparatus (SFA) and the atomic force microscope (AFM) — that are commonly used for measuring molecular level forces that act between two surfaces at small separation distances. The first part of this chapter covers the fundamental principles of SFA and AFM design. The second half of this chapter illustrates the application of AFM to measuring surface forces with examples the measurement of van der Waals forces, meniscus forces from liquid films and from capillary condensation, and electrostatic double-layer forces.
Gabriella Giannachi
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035293
- eISBN:
- 9780262335416
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035293.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This book traces the evolution of the archive across the centuries by looking at primitive, Medieval, Renaissance, Victorian and contemporary archives. Crucially, the book evidences the fluidity and ...
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This book traces the evolution of the archive across the centuries by looking at primitive, Medieval, Renaissance, Victorian and contemporary archives. Crucially, the book evidences the fluidity and potential inter-changeability between libraries, archives and museums. A number of case studies offer an insight into the operation of a variety of different types of archives, including cabinets of curiosity, archival artforms, architectures, performances, road-shows, time capsules, social media documentation practices, databases, and a variety of museological web-based heritage platforms. The archive is shown to play a crucial role in how individuals and social groups administer themselves through and within a burgeoning social memory apparatus. This is why at the heart of every industrial revolution thus far, the archive continues to contribute to the way we store, preserve and generate knowledge through an accumulation of documents, artifacts, objects, as well as ephemera and even debris. The archive has always been strategic for different types of economies, including the digital economy and the internet of things. Shown here to increasingly affect to the way we map, produce, and share knowledge, the apparatus of the archive, which allows us to continuously renew who we are in relation to the past, so that new futures may become possible, now effectively pervades almost every aspect of our lives.Less
This book traces the evolution of the archive across the centuries by looking at primitive, Medieval, Renaissance, Victorian and contemporary archives. Crucially, the book evidences the fluidity and potential inter-changeability between libraries, archives and museums. A number of case studies offer an insight into the operation of a variety of different types of archives, including cabinets of curiosity, archival artforms, architectures, performances, road-shows, time capsules, social media documentation practices, databases, and a variety of museological web-based heritage platforms. The archive is shown to play a crucial role in how individuals and social groups administer themselves through and within a burgeoning social memory apparatus. This is why at the heart of every industrial revolution thus far, the archive continues to contribute to the way we store, preserve and generate knowledge through an accumulation of documents, artifacts, objects, as well as ephemera and even debris. The archive has always been strategic for different types of economies, including the digital economy and the internet of things. Shown here to increasingly affect to the way we map, produce, and share knowledge, the apparatus of the archive, which allows us to continuously renew who we are in relation to the past, so that new futures may become possible, now effectively pervades almost every aspect of our lives.
Kamal Sadiq
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195371222
- eISBN:
- 9780199852178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371222.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter reveals the mechanisms by which illegal-immigrant networks filter into state agencies, such as the district registration office in Mansehra, thereby ensuring state complicity in the ...
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This chapter reveals the mechanisms by which illegal-immigrant networks filter into state agencies, such as the district registration office in Mansehra, thereby ensuring state complicity in the settlement of illegal immigrants. It also shows the corrosive influence of immigrant networks on the state apparatus. It specifically argues that wherever there is illegal immigration, there are networks of complicity facilitating and encouraging that illegal flow. It starts by defining networks of complicity. Following this, it traces the formation of these networks, showing how and in what ways networks produce complicity. Finally, it distinguishes between complicity for economic and for political reasons.Less
This chapter reveals the mechanisms by which illegal-immigrant networks filter into state agencies, such as the district registration office in Mansehra, thereby ensuring state complicity in the settlement of illegal immigrants. It also shows the corrosive influence of immigrant networks on the state apparatus. It specifically argues that wherever there is illegal immigration, there are networks of complicity facilitating and encouraging that illegal flow. It starts by defining networks of complicity. Following this, it traces the formation of these networks, showing how and in what ways networks produce complicity. Finally, it distinguishes between complicity for economic and for political reasons.
David Sims
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774164040
- eISBN:
- 9781617970405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774164040.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the governance and political aspects of Cairo, Egypt. It attempts to understand why most of the political apparatus dealing with Cairo simply doesn't work in the ways intended, ...
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This chapter examines the governance and political aspects of Cairo, Egypt. It attempts to understand why most of the political apparatus dealing with Cairo simply doesn't work in the ways intended, and how, nevertheless, the city continues to function and evolve. It also analyzes the structure and functioning of the Egyptian government and suggests that Cairo should be considered a minimalistic city, one where only urban essentials are required to work, and the rest remains largely irrelevant.Less
This chapter examines the governance and political aspects of Cairo, Egypt. It attempts to understand why most of the political apparatus dealing with Cairo simply doesn't work in the ways intended, and how, nevertheless, the city continues to function and evolve. It also analyzes the structure and functioning of the Egyptian government and suggests that Cairo should be considered a minimalistic city, one where only urban essentials are required to work, and the rest remains largely irrelevant.
