Dan McKanan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520290051
- eISBN:
- 9780520964389
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290051.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
For the past century, initiatives inspired by Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy have contributed to the evolution of environmental activism. Steiner’s 1924 course of lectures on agriculture initiated ...
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For the past century, initiatives inspired by Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy have contributed to the evolution of environmental activism. Steiner’s 1924 course of lectures on agriculture initiated biodynamics, which became the first organized form of organic agriculture. Farmers and activists inspired by Steiner helped prepare the way for Rachel Carson’s campaign against pesticides, anticipated the major themes of Gaian spirituality, invented community-supported agriculture, and founded many of the world’s largest green banks. Waldorf schools and Camphill intentional communities, also inspired by Steiner, integrate concern for the environment into their practices of education and care for persons with special needs. Eco-Alchemy tells all these stories, with special attention to the ways anthroposophical initiatives have interacted with impulses rooted in other spiritual traditions. By placing anthroposophy within the broader history of environmentalism, Dan McKanan demonstrates that the environmental movement itself has a complex ecology and would not be as diverse or transformative without the contributions of anthroposophy. Anthroposophy’s greatest contribution has been its emphasis on the balancing of polarities, drawn from alchemy. By refusing the dichotomies of matter and spirit, nature and humanity, and science and spirituality, students of Rudolf Steiner help environmentalism evolve in new and creative ways.Less
For the past century, initiatives inspired by Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy have contributed to the evolution of environmental activism. Steiner’s 1924 course of lectures on agriculture initiated biodynamics, which became the first organized form of organic agriculture. Farmers and activists inspired by Steiner helped prepare the way for Rachel Carson’s campaign against pesticides, anticipated the major themes of Gaian spirituality, invented community-supported agriculture, and founded many of the world’s largest green banks. Waldorf schools and Camphill intentional communities, also inspired by Steiner, integrate concern for the environment into their practices of education and care for persons with special needs. Eco-Alchemy tells all these stories, with special attention to the ways anthroposophical initiatives have interacted with impulses rooted in other spiritual traditions. By placing anthroposophy within the broader history of environmentalism, Dan McKanan demonstrates that the environmental movement itself has a complex ecology and would not be as diverse or transformative without the contributions of anthroposophy. Anthroposophy’s greatest contribution has been its emphasis on the balancing of polarities, drawn from alchemy. By refusing the dichotomies of matter and spirit, nature and humanity, and science and spirituality, students of Rudolf Steiner help environmentalism evolve in new and creative ways.
You Nakai
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- April 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190686765
- eISBN:
- 9780190686796
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190686765.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, American, History, Western
David Tudor (1926–1996) is remembered today in two guises: as an extraordinary pianist of postwar avant-garde music who worked closely with composers like John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen, ...
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David Tudor (1926–1996) is remembered today in two guises: as an extraordinary pianist of postwar avant-garde music who worked closely with composers like John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen, influencing the development of graphic notation and indeterminacy; and as a spirited pioneer of live-electronic music who realized idiosyncratic performances based on the interaction of homemade modular instruments, inspiring an entire generation of musicians. However, the fact that Tudor himself did not talk or write much about what he was doing, combined with the esoteric nature of electronic circuits and schematics (for musicologists), has prevented any comprehensive approach to the entirety of his output which actually began with the organ and ended in visual art. As a result, Tudor has remained a puzzle of sorts in spite of his profound influence—perhaps a pertinent status for a figure who was known for his deep love of puzzles. This book sets out to solve the puzzle of David Tudor as a puzzle that David Tudor made, applying Tudor’s own methods for approaching other people’s materials to the unusually large number of materials that he himself left behind. Patching together instruments, circuits, sketches, notes, diagrams, recordings, receipts, letters, custom declaration forms, testimonies, and recollections like modular pieces of a giant puzzle, the narrative skips over the misleading binary of performer/composer to present a lively portrait of Tudor as a multi-instrumentalist who always realized his music from the nature of specific instruments.Less
David Tudor (1926–1996) is remembered today in two guises: as an extraordinary pianist of postwar avant-garde music who worked closely with composers like John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen, influencing the development of graphic notation and indeterminacy; and as a spirited pioneer of live-electronic music who realized idiosyncratic performances based on the interaction of homemade modular instruments, inspiring an entire generation of musicians. However, the fact that Tudor himself did not talk or write much about what he was doing, combined with the esoteric nature of electronic circuits and schematics (for musicologists), has prevented any comprehensive approach to the entirety of his output which actually began with the organ and ended in visual art. As a result, Tudor has remained a puzzle of sorts in spite of his profound influence—perhaps a pertinent status for a figure who was known for his deep love of puzzles. This book sets out to solve the puzzle of David Tudor as a puzzle that David Tudor made, applying Tudor’s own methods for approaching other people’s materials to the unusually large number of materials that he himself left behind. Patching together instruments, circuits, sketches, notes, diagrams, recordings, receipts, letters, custom declaration forms, testimonies, and recollections like modular pieces of a giant puzzle, the narrative skips over the misleading binary of performer/composer to present a lively portrait of Tudor as a multi-instrumentalist who always realized his music from the nature of specific instruments.
Candy Gunther Brown
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469648484
- eISBN:
- 9781469648507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648484.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
Chapter 11 considers Pennsylvania’s Hatboro-Horsham School District (HHSD)’s determination that the proposed Good Earth Charter School (GE) is religiously sectarian. GE is a Waldorf Methods school, ...
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Chapter 11 considers Pennsylvania’s Hatboro-Horsham School District (HHSD)’s determination that the proposed Good Earth Charter School (GE) is religiously sectarian. GE is a Waldorf Methods school, premised on Rudolf Steiner’s (1861-1925) anthroposophy, a religious cosmology that explains humanity’s spiritual evolution from cosmic origins and anticipates humanity’s attainment of divine nature. Although Waldorf charter schools withstood a legal challenge in California in PLANS, Inc. v. Sacramento City Unified School Distict, Twin Ridges Elementary School District (1998–2012), HHSD found that GE’s curriculum, teacher training, and affiliations reflect its anthroposophic foundations. Contrasting the California and Pennsylvania cases illustrates how resource disparities can affect legal determinations of what counts as religion. This chapter argues that Waldorf Methods charter schools illustrate how a pedagogical approach can be secular and religious. GE’s curriculum is aligned with state educational standards, and there are public Waldorf Methods schools that promote secular interests by offering an arts-focused education to students who otherwise could not afford it. Yet, Waldorf’s distinctive pedagogy—including its meditation practices—is an outgrowth of Steiner’s esoteric understanding of child development. Modern anthroposophists have in two separate court cases argued successfully that anthroposophy is a religion for free exercise purposes.Less
Chapter 11 considers Pennsylvania’s Hatboro-Horsham School District (HHSD)’s determination that the proposed Good Earth Charter School (GE) is religiously sectarian. GE is a Waldorf Methods school, premised on Rudolf Steiner’s (1861-1925) anthroposophy, a religious cosmology that explains humanity’s spiritual evolution from cosmic origins and anticipates humanity’s attainment of divine nature. Although Waldorf charter schools withstood a legal challenge in California in PLANS, Inc. v. Sacramento City Unified School Distict, Twin Ridges Elementary School District (1998–2012), HHSD found that GE’s curriculum, teacher training, and affiliations reflect its anthroposophic foundations. Contrasting the California and Pennsylvania cases illustrates how resource disparities can affect legal determinations of what counts as religion. This chapter argues that Waldorf Methods charter schools illustrate how a pedagogical approach can be secular and religious. GE’s curriculum is aligned with state educational standards, and there are public Waldorf Methods schools that promote secular interests by offering an arts-focused education to students who otherwise could not afford it. Yet, Waldorf’s distinctive pedagogy—including its meditation practices—is an outgrowth of Steiner’s esoteric understanding of child development. Modern anthroposophists have in two separate court cases argued successfully that anthroposophy is a religion for free exercise purposes.
Dan McKanan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520290051
- eISBN:
- 9780520964389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290051.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Anthroposophy’s contribution to environmentalism is evident not only in biodynamic agriculture and green banking but also across the spectrum of anthroposophical initiatives. One of the most holistic ...
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Anthroposophy’s contribution to environmentalism is evident not only in biodynamic agriculture and green banking but also across the spectrum of anthroposophical initiatives. One of the most holistic movements inspired by Steiner is the international network of Camphill communities, where people with and without developmental disabilities share daily life and work, often in agricultural settings. Camphill communities often function as innovative ecovillages, embracing carbon-neutral energy systems, biological wastewater treatment, and a variety of social enterprises. By linking concern with the natural world to concern for human health and well-being, they challenge the environmental movement to broaden its vision of ecology. Less
Anthroposophy’s contribution to environmentalism is evident not only in biodynamic agriculture and green banking but also across the spectrum of anthroposophical initiatives. One of the most holistic movements inspired by Steiner is the international network of Camphill communities, where people with and without developmental disabilities share daily life and work, often in agricultural settings. Camphill communities often function as innovative ecovillages, embracing carbon-neutral energy systems, biological wastewater treatment, and a variety of social enterprises. By linking concern with the natural world to concern for human health and well-being, they challenge the environmental movement to broaden its vision of ecology.
Dan McKanan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520290051
- eISBN:
- 9780520964389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290051.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Anthroposophy occupies a distinct ecological niche within the broader environmental movement. Its commitment to Goetheanism sets it apart from academic science; its understanding of social justice ...
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Anthroposophy occupies a distinct ecological niche within the broader environmental movement. Its commitment to Goetheanism sets it apart from academic science; its understanding of social justice differs from that of the mainstream left; and its stress on the human role in cosmic evolution can create tension with Gaian critiques of anthropocentrism. The relationship between anthroposophical initiatives and the Anthroposophical Society also shapes the way it interacts with other forms of environmentalism. Yet the boundaries between anthroposophy and other impulses can be sites of transformative dialogue.Less
Anthroposophy occupies a distinct ecological niche within the broader environmental movement. Its commitment to Goetheanism sets it apart from academic science; its understanding of social justice differs from that of the mainstream left; and its stress on the human role in cosmic evolution can create tension with Gaian critiques of anthropocentrism. The relationship between anthroposophical initiatives and the Anthroposophical Society also shapes the way it interacts with other forms of environmentalism. Yet the boundaries between anthroposophy and other impulses can be sites of transformative dialogue.
Dan McKanan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520290051
- eISBN:
- 9780520964389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290051.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Anthroposophy, with its alchemical emphasis on the balancing of polarities, brings several gifts to the ongoing evolution of the environmental movement. These gifts include a cosmic holism that ...
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Anthroposophy, with its alchemical emphasis on the balancing of polarities, brings several gifts to the ongoing evolution of the environmental movement. These gifts include a cosmic holism that challenges us to attend to ever-widening circles of interconnection; a homeopathic model of social change that invites us to use subtle influences to heal the world; an appropriate anthropocentrism that allows us to experience ourselves as fully at home in the world; and a vision of planetary transmutation that can resist climate change while embracing biological and spiritual evolution.Less
Anthroposophy, with its alchemical emphasis on the balancing of polarities, brings several gifts to the ongoing evolution of the environmental movement. These gifts include a cosmic holism that challenges us to attend to ever-widening circles of interconnection; a homeopathic model of social change that invites us to use subtle influences to heal the world; an appropriate anthropocentrism that allows us to experience ourselves as fully at home in the world; and a vision of planetary transmutation that can resist climate change while embracing biological and spiritual evolution.
Eric Kurlander
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300189452
- eISBN:
- 9780300190373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300189452.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter looks systemically at the application of the ‘border sciences’ promoted by many Nazis, including astrology, World Ice Theory, and ‘biodynamic’ agriculture, between 1933 and 1941. In ...
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This chapter looks systemically at the application of the ‘border sciences’ promoted by many Nazis, including astrology, World Ice Theory, and ‘biodynamic’ agriculture, between 1933 and 1941. In terms of astrology and parapsychology, biodynamic agriculture, and World Ice Theory, the regime's approach was often highly public. High-profile support for border science is evident in the regime employing biodynamic agriculture to prepare the athletics grounds for the 1936 Olympics or in Hitler and Himmler promoting World Ice Theory as official science despite the opposition of the entire academic establishment. Similarly, when it comes to anthroposophy's border scientific approach to ‘higher knowledge’ — whether in terms of radiesthesia, natural healing, or biodynamic agriculture — a remarkable number of Nazis expressed enthusiasm and support. During the Second World War, this border scientific approach to decision-making and policy helped facilitate projects both fantastical and monstrous.Less
This chapter looks systemically at the application of the ‘border sciences’ promoted by many Nazis, including astrology, World Ice Theory, and ‘biodynamic’ agriculture, between 1933 and 1941. In terms of astrology and parapsychology, biodynamic agriculture, and World Ice Theory, the regime's approach was often highly public. High-profile support for border science is evident in the regime employing biodynamic agriculture to prepare the athletics grounds for the 1936 Olympics or in Hitler and Himmler promoting World Ice Theory as official science despite the opposition of the entire academic establishment. Similarly, when it comes to anthroposophy's border scientific approach to ‘higher knowledge’ — whether in terms of radiesthesia, natural healing, or biodynamic agriculture — a remarkable number of Nazis expressed enthusiasm and support. During the Second World War, this border scientific approach to decision-making and policy helped facilitate projects both fantastical and monstrous.
Christy Wampole
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226317656
- eISBN:
- 9780226317793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226317793.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter begins with the Querelle du Peuplier, a debate between Maurice Barrès and André Gide, which gave voice to anti-Semitic, anti-intellectual, and anti-cosmopolitan tensions in France. From ...
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This chapter begins with the Querelle du Peuplier, a debate between Maurice Barrès and André Gide, which gave voice to anti-Semitic, anti-intellectual, and anti-cosmopolitan tensions in France. From this example of French nationalism in its most reactionary form to the paganistic language used by the National Socialists for celebrating original autochthony, the appeal for a restored rootedness was everywhere at the beginning of the twentieth century. Simone Weil and Martin Heidegger take up the same tropes of rootedness and groundedness in order to propose solutions for an ailing Europe. Weil hoped to reverse the course toward abstraction while Heidegger sought a new groundedness in an age of burgeoning technology. Through a mystical logic of terroir, his arguments came to resemble those of the anthroposophists, who envisioned a new kind of integral personhood that would recontextualize humanity.Less
This chapter begins with the Querelle du Peuplier, a debate between Maurice Barrès and André Gide, which gave voice to anti-Semitic, anti-intellectual, and anti-cosmopolitan tensions in France. From this example of French nationalism in its most reactionary form to the paganistic language used by the National Socialists for celebrating original autochthony, the appeal for a restored rootedness was everywhere at the beginning of the twentieth century. Simone Weil and Martin Heidegger take up the same tropes of rootedness and groundedness in order to propose solutions for an ailing Europe. Weil hoped to reverse the course toward abstraction while Heidegger sought a new groundedness in an age of burgeoning technology. Through a mystical logic of terroir, his arguments came to resemble those of the anthroposophists, who envisioned a new kind of integral personhood that would recontextualize humanity.
Geoffrey Jones
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198706977
- eISBN:
- 9780191840340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198706977.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
This chapter examines the pioneering green entrepreneurs in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who emerged in natural food and wind and solar energy. They were not conservationists but ...
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This chapter examines the pioneering green entrepreneurs in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who emerged in natural food and wind and solar energy. They were not conservationists but aimed to create for-profit businesses which were focused more on building a more sustainable future than on preserving the past. Many of them saw profits as a means to the end of remediating the ecological externalities of the conventional system. They are identifiable as precursors of contemporary green entrepreneurs, though their focus and mental framing reflected their own age, rather than ours. The chapter also considers the importance of the philosopher Rudolf Steiner, who offered a radical vision of sustainability. This period saw the foundations laid for today’s organic food, natural medicine, and renewable energy industries.Less
This chapter examines the pioneering green entrepreneurs in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who emerged in natural food and wind and solar energy. They were not conservationists but aimed to create for-profit businesses which were focused more on building a more sustainable future than on preserving the past. Many of them saw profits as a means to the end of remediating the ecological externalities of the conventional system. They are identifiable as precursors of contemporary green entrepreneurs, though their focus and mental framing reflected their own age, rather than ours. The chapter also considers the importance of the philosopher Rudolf Steiner, who offered a radical vision of sustainability. This period saw the foundations laid for today’s organic food, natural medicine, and renewable energy industries.
Bruce Baird
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780197630273
- eISBN:
- 9780197630310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197630273.003.0011
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
This chapter examines the career of Kasai Akira. Kasai was a critical member of the butô cohort during the 60s, but left Japan (and butô) in 1979 and went to Germany to study eurythmy and ...
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This chapter examines the career of Kasai Akira. Kasai was a critical member of the butô cohort during the 60s, but left Japan (and butô) in 1979 and went to Germany to study eurythmy and anthroposophy with Rudolf Steiner. Eurythmy is a movement philosophy that posits a one-to-one connection between movement, music, voice, and speech. Kasai returned to Japan in 1986 and taught eurythmy. He re-entered the world of butô in 1994 and has since regained his position as one of the most important performers of butô, because he has appealed to dancers who have felt that his approach could be adapted to the circumstances of each individual dancer. He maintains that everyone (not just artists) must more fully study the relationships between matter, consciousness, language, cultural, history, music, and movement. Doing so will enable them to make dances that have the potential to address the needs of underserved populations, reconfigure gender confirmations, and in general, remake the universe. Dances covered include Tristan and Isolde (1976), Tragic Tales (1979), The 120 Days of Sodom (1979), Pollen Revolution (2002), and I Dance the Japanese Constitution (2013).Less
This chapter examines the career of Kasai Akira. Kasai was a critical member of the butô cohort during the 60s, but left Japan (and butô) in 1979 and went to Germany to study eurythmy and anthroposophy with Rudolf Steiner. Eurythmy is a movement philosophy that posits a one-to-one connection between movement, music, voice, and speech. Kasai returned to Japan in 1986 and taught eurythmy. He re-entered the world of butô in 1994 and has since regained his position as one of the most important performers of butô, because he has appealed to dancers who have felt that his approach could be adapted to the circumstances of each individual dancer. He maintains that everyone (not just artists) must more fully study the relationships between matter, consciousness, language, cultural, history, music, and movement. Doing so will enable them to make dances that have the potential to address the needs of underserved populations, reconfigure gender confirmations, and in general, remake the universe. Dances covered include Tristan and Isolde (1976), Tragic Tales (1979), The 120 Days of Sodom (1979), Pollen Revolution (2002), and I Dance the Japanese Constitution (2013).
Simms Bryan
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190931445
- eISBN:
- 9780190931476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190931445.003.0012
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Following Berg’s death the most pressing problem was the completion of the opera Lulu. Universal Edition contracted with Arnold Schoenberg to complete the work but Schoenberg subsequently declined. ...
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Following Berg’s death the most pressing problem was the completion of the opera Lulu. Universal Edition contracted with Arnold Schoenberg to complete the work but Schoenberg subsequently declined. The opera was premiered in a two-act version in Zurich in 1937. Helene Berg’s involvement with anthroposophy shaped her contention that Berg was still in communication with her and that Lulu’s third act should never be completed. Universal Edition commissioned the completion by Friedrich Cerha, and the premiere of the three-act version was held in Paris in 1979, after Helene Berg’s death. Helene Berg undertook a publication of her husband’s letters to herself, created the Alban Berg Foundation, and donated Berg’s manuscripts and papers to the Austrian National Library. Helene Berg died in 1976. Biographies of Berg were first written by his friends and students, including Willi Reich and Soma Morgernstern, later by those outside of his circle such as Hans F. Redlich.Less
Following Berg’s death the most pressing problem was the completion of the opera Lulu. Universal Edition contracted with Arnold Schoenberg to complete the work but Schoenberg subsequently declined. The opera was premiered in a two-act version in Zurich in 1937. Helene Berg’s involvement with anthroposophy shaped her contention that Berg was still in communication with her and that Lulu’s third act should never be completed. Universal Edition commissioned the completion by Friedrich Cerha, and the premiere of the three-act version was held in Paris in 1979, after Helene Berg’s death. Helene Berg undertook a publication of her husband’s letters to herself, created the Alban Berg Foundation, and donated Berg’s manuscripts and papers to the Austrian National Library. Helene Berg died in 1976. Biographies of Berg were first written by his friends and students, including Willi Reich and Soma Morgernstern, later by those outside of his circle such as Hans F. Redlich.
Rachel Bergman
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- June 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190620622
- eISBN:
- 9780190620653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190620622.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Opera, Theory, Analysis, Composition
Viktor Ullmann’s 1935 opera Der Sturz des Antichrist, based on Albert Steffen’s anthroposophic “dramatic sketch” of the same title, presents us with two complementary narratives of good versus evil ...
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Viktor Ullmann’s 1935 opera Der Sturz des Antichrist, based on Albert Steffen’s anthroposophic “dramatic sketch” of the same title, presents us with two complementary narratives of good versus evil and the inner workings of Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy. Not only does the text suggest allegorical and anthroposophical narratives, but Ullmann also enhances these narratives in several important ways: he distinctly sets each act to represent the three different worlds of Steffen’s text (physical world, soul world, and spiritual world); he draws upon Rudolf Steiner’s views on music in key moments of the opera; he develops an intricate system of leitmotivs; and he incorporates two significant quotations in the final act. The chapter addresses each of these topics within the context of Raymond Monelle’s (2000) music-text framework.Less
Viktor Ullmann’s 1935 opera Der Sturz des Antichrist, based on Albert Steffen’s anthroposophic “dramatic sketch” of the same title, presents us with two complementary narratives of good versus evil and the inner workings of Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy. Not only does the text suggest allegorical and anthroposophical narratives, but Ullmann also enhances these narratives in several important ways: he distinctly sets each act to represent the three different worlds of Steffen’s text (physical world, soul world, and spiritual world); he draws upon Rudolf Steiner’s views on music in key moments of the opera; he develops an intricate system of leitmotivs; and he incorporates two significant quotations in the final act. The chapter addresses each of these topics within the context of Raymond Monelle’s (2000) music-text framework.