Sydney Finkelstein, Donald C. Hambrick, and Albert A. Cannella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162073
- eISBN:
- 9780199867332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162073.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter begins with an explanation for why so many upper-echelons researchers choose to study top management teams (TMTs), emphasizing the assertion that the predictive ability of a team-level ...
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This chapter begins with an explanation for why so many upper-echelons researchers choose to study top management teams (TMTs), emphasizing the assertion that the predictive ability of a team-level analysis tends to be much better than that of a CEO-only analysis. It then discusses the three central conceptual elements of TMTs: composition, structure, and process, and how they are interrelated. The next section covers the determinants of TMT characteristics, including the environment (complexity, instability, and munificence), the organization (strategy and performance), and the CEO. The final section discusses the consequences of TMT interactions, including their effects on strategic decision making, on strategy, and on performance.Less
This chapter begins with an explanation for why so many upper-echelons researchers choose to study top management teams (TMTs), emphasizing the assertion that the predictive ability of a team-level analysis tends to be much better than that of a CEO-only analysis. It then discusses the three central conceptual elements of TMTs: composition, structure, and process, and how they are interrelated. The next section covers the determinants of TMT characteristics, including the environment (complexity, instability, and munificence), the organization (strategy and performance), and the CEO. The final section discusses the consequences of TMT interactions, including their effects on strategic decision making, on strategy, and on performance.
Barbara Goff and Michael Simpson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217182
- eISBN:
- 9780191712388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217182.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Kamau Brathwaite's Odale's Choice, an adaptation of Antigone designed for school children to perform, figures and enacts the birth of a nation, as Ghana, where it was first produced, becomes the ...
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Kamau Brathwaite's Odale's Choice, an adaptation of Antigone designed for school children to perform, figures and enacts the birth of a nation, as Ghana, where it was first produced, becomes the first African country to achieve independence from a European colonial power. The bleakest aspects of the play are read as representations of both the necessary sacrifices that must be made to achieve independence and the unnecessary sacrifices that may be demanded after independence. The Pan-African implications of this play by an Afro-Caribbean writer are contrasted with the Pan-Caribbean vision articulated in Derek Walcott's Omeros. In the debate among Caribbean writers and critics about the historical, epistemological and political priority of the constituent cultures of the region, Omeros's fixation on Greek models is an answer to Brathwaite's assertion of African antecedents. Against all efforts to privilege any of the region's cultures, Omeros plots the limits of even its own Greek apparatus.Less
Kamau Brathwaite's Odale's Choice, an adaptation of Antigone designed for school children to perform, figures and enacts the birth of a nation, as Ghana, where it was first produced, becomes the first African country to achieve independence from a European colonial power. The bleakest aspects of the play are read as representations of both the necessary sacrifices that must be made to achieve independence and the unnecessary sacrifices that may be demanded after independence. The Pan-African implications of this play by an Afro-Caribbean writer are contrasted with the Pan-Caribbean vision articulated in Derek Walcott's Omeros. In the debate among Caribbean writers and critics about the historical, epistemological and political priority of the constituent cultures of the region, Omeros's fixation on Greek models is an answer to Brathwaite's assertion of African antecedents. Against all efforts to privilege any of the region's cultures, Omeros plots the limits of even its own Greek apparatus.
Walter G. Stephan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195300314
- eISBN:
- 9780199868698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300314.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses the goals of reconciliation at the societal and individual level and the antecedent conditions that make reconciliation so difficult. It describes the intervention techniques ...
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This chapter discusses the goals of reconciliation at the societal and individual level and the antecedent conditions that make reconciliation so difficult. It describes the intervention techniques currently available to address reconciliation and some of the processes by which these techniques work. The societal context variables that can affect the success of reconciliation interventions, and the roles that psychologists can play in this process are considered.Less
This chapter discusses the goals of reconciliation at the societal and individual level and the antecedent conditions that make reconciliation so difficult. It describes the intervention techniques currently available to address reconciliation and some of the processes by which these techniques work. The societal context variables that can affect the success of reconciliation interventions, and the roles that psychologists can play in this process are considered.
R. Walter Heinrichs
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122190
- eISBN:
- 9780199865482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122190.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on biological and behavioral antecedents of schizophrenia that may reflect an early brain lesion or a genetic predisposition to develop the illness. The idea of a cumulative ...
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This chapter focuses on biological and behavioral antecedents of schizophrenia that may reflect an early brain lesion or a genetic predisposition to develop the illness. The idea of a cumulative liability for schizophrenic illness that increases with genetic and environmental “hits” over the course of childhood and adolescence is very appealing from a theoretical vantage point. Such a perspective can make up for the causal weakness of individual stresses and vulnerabilities. However, the empirical findings do not amount to a very powerful collection of illness-promoting hits and risks at the present time. Too many vulnerable children are indistinguishable from their peers and siblings and still go on to suffer from schizophrenia as young adults. Thus, the chapter moves to the question whether children who become schizophrenic are already different from their peers in childhood. The chapter concludes that some are different but most are not, at least not in terms of the characteristics studied to date.Less
This chapter focuses on biological and behavioral antecedents of schizophrenia that may reflect an early brain lesion or a genetic predisposition to develop the illness. The idea of a cumulative liability for schizophrenic illness that increases with genetic and environmental “hits” over the course of childhood and adolescence is very appealing from a theoretical vantage point. Such a perspective can make up for the causal weakness of individual stresses and vulnerabilities. However, the empirical findings do not amount to a very powerful collection of illness-promoting hits and risks at the present time. Too many vulnerable children are indistinguishable from their peers and siblings and still go on to suffer from schizophrenia as young adults. Thus, the chapter moves to the question whether children who become schizophrenic are already different from their peers in childhood. The chapter concludes that some are different but most are not, at least not in terms of the characteristics studied to date.
Richard S. Kayne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179163
- eISBN:
- 9780199788330
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179163.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book presents a collection of recent articles by Richard Kayne, one of the top formal linguists in the world. It focuses on both comparative syntax, which uses differences between languages as a ...
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This book presents a collection of recent articles by Richard Kayne, one of the top formal linguists in the world. It focuses on both comparative syntax, which uses differences between languages as a new and fine-grained tool for illuminating properties of the human language faculty, and antisymmetry, a restrictive proposal concerning the set of structures available to the language faculty. The essays included in this book address a series of questions having to do with the central notion of movement in syntax, especially remnant movement (a type of movement given special prominence by antisymmetry), and a series of questions revolving around silent elements (especially nouns and adjectives) that, despite their lack of phonetic realization, seem to have an important role in the syntax of all languages.Less
This book presents a collection of recent articles by Richard Kayne, one of the top formal linguists in the world. It focuses on both comparative syntax, which uses differences between languages as a new and fine-grained tool for illuminating properties of the human language faculty, and antisymmetry, a restrictive proposal concerning the set of structures available to the language faculty. The essays included in this book address a series of questions having to do with the central notion of movement in syntax, especially remnant movement (a type of movement given special prominence by antisymmetry), and a series of questions revolving around silent elements (especially nouns and adjectives) that, despite their lack of phonetic realization, seem to have an important role in the syntax of all languages.
Richard S. Kayne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179163
- eISBN:
- 9780199788330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179163.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter argues that the antecedent-pronoun relation must involve a movement relation, in a way partially similar to that stated in a recent work by John O'Neil and Norbert Hornstein. Taking this ...
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This chapter argues that the antecedent-pronoun relation must involve a movement relation, in a way partially similar to that stated in a recent work by John O'Neil and Norbert Hornstein. Taking this position to the extreme leads to the conclusion that accidental coreference in the sense explained by Howard Lasnik has a much narrower part to play in universal grammar (UG) than has been thought. The movement approach pursued here eliminates Condition C as a primitive component of UG and has Condition B being more fundamental than is often assumed. By adopting the derivational perspective of Chomsky's work, the idea that binding should be rethought in movement terms even more generally, including what is regarded as Condition C effects, is discussed.Less
This chapter argues that the antecedent-pronoun relation must involve a movement relation, in a way partially similar to that stated in a recent work by John O'Neil and Norbert Hornstein. Taking this position to the extreme leads to the conclusion that accidental coreference in the sense explained by Howard Lasnik has a much narrower part to play in universal grammar (UG) than has been thought. The movement approach pursued here eliminates Condition C as a primitive component of UG and has Condition B being more fundamental than is often assumed. By adopting the derivational perspective of Chomsky's work, the idea that binding should be rethought in movement terms even more generally, including what is regarded as Condition C effects, is discussed.
Christopher R. Agnew, Donal E. Carlston, William G. Graziano, and Janice R. Kelly (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377798
- eISBN:
- 9780199864522
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
The inaugural Purdue Symposium on Psychological Sciences (PSPB) gathered leading thinkers in social psychology to consider theoretical and empirical issues relevant to behavior, across the field and ...
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The inaugural Purdue Symposium on Psychological Sciences (PSPB) gathered leading thinkers in social psychology to consider theoretical and empirical issues relevant to behavior, across the field and with respect to various subfields of social psychological inquiry. This volume presents the contributions of the PSPS symposium participants. Each contributor highlights theoretical and/or measurement issues about behavior, including how behavior is treated in current social psychological theory and research. The book's coverage of behavior is divided into two overarching sections: (1) behavior and intra-individual processes, including social cognition and individual differences, and (2) behavior and inter-individual processes, including close relationships and group dynamics. Despite the imposed sections, there is significant overlap in issues examined across sections. Focusing attention on a multiplicity of issues surrounding the study of behavior is timely and important. Some scholars believe that, across various sub-disciplines of the field, social psychology has contributed a great deal to our understanding of behavior and its antecedents. From this perspective, there is considerable utility in drawing together such work in one place. Other scholars suggest that, though there has been great progress elucidating the internal cognitive, affective and motivational underpinnings of behavior, much less research focuses on external behavior itself. From this perspective, it is important to identify the theoretical gaps, the empirical needs, and the focal issues that still demand attention. In this volume, we review some of these key issues with contributions from some of the world's leading social and personality psychologists.Less
The inaugural Purdue Symposium on Psychological Sciences (PSPB) gathered leading thinkers in social psychology to consider theoretical and empirical issues relevant to behavior, across the field and with respect to various subfields of social psychological inquiry. This volume presents the contributions of the PSPS symposium participants. Each contributor highlights theoretical and/or measurement issues about behavior, including how behavior is treated in current social psychological theory and research. The book's coverage of behavior is divided into two overarching sections: (1) behavior and intra-individual processes, including social cognition and individual differences, and (2) behavior and inter-individual processes, including close relationships and group dynamics. Despite the imposed sections, there is significant overlap in issues examined across sections. Focusing attention on a multiplicity of issues surrounding the study of behavior is timely and important. Some scholars believe that, across various sub-disciplines of the field, social psychology has contributed a great deal to our understanding of behavior and its antecedents. From this perspective, there is considerable utility in drawing together such work in one place. Other scholars suggest that, though there has been great progress elucidating the internal cognitive, affective and motivational underpinnings of behavior, much less research focuses on external behavior itself. From this perspective, it is important to identify the theoretical gaps, the empirical needs, and the focal issues that still demand attention. In this volume, we review some of these key issues with contributions from some of the world's leading social and personality psychologists.
Stephen Rippon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203826
- eISBN:
- 9780191708282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203826.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change over time are reviewed. The strongly interdisciplinary approach of this book is introduced, along with its case‐studies in Somerset, the South‐West, East Anglia, and Essex, and south‐east Monmouthshire and Pembrokeshire in South Wales.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change over time are reviewed. The strongly interdisciplinary approach of this book is introduced, along with its case‐studies in Somerset, the South‐West, East Anglia, and Essex, and south‐east Monmouthshire and Pembrokeshire in South Wales.
Stephen Rippon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203826
- eISBN:
- 9780191708282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203826.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical ...
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This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical regions within the county are introduced, followed by a characterization of the historic landscape (the present patterns of fields, roads, settlements, land‐uses, etc.). Possible explanations for the regional variation in landscape character within Somerset are reviewed. There is now considerable evidence for villages and common fields existed by the tenth century though only to the east of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills.Less
This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical regions within the county are introduced, followed by a characterization of the historic landscape (the present patterns of fields, roads, settlements, land‐uses, etc.). Possible explanations for the regional variation in landscape character within Somerset are reviewed. There is now considerable evidence for villages and common fields existed by the tenth century though only to the east of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills.
Stephen Rippon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203826
- eISBN:
- 9780191708282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203826.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the area to the south‐west of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills—‐in Devon and Cornwall—‐which are shown to have marked a major boundary in landscape character since at least the ...
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This chapter examines the area to the south‐west of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills—‐in Devon and Cornwall—‐which are shown to have marked a major boundary in landscape character since at least the Roman period. Whilst this may in part account for the very different way that the landscape developed in the medieval period, this region should not be seen as backward or remote: around the eighth century it saw a significant intensification in how the landscape was exploited that mirrors developments elsewhere across southern England.Less
This chapter examines the area to the south‐west of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills—‐in Devon and Cornwall—‐which are shown to have marked a major boundary in landscape character since at least the Roman period. Whilst this may in part account for the very different way that the landscape developed in the medieval period, this region should not be seen as backward or remote: around the eighth century it saw a significant intensification in how the landscape was exploited that mirrors developments elsewhere across southern England.
Vyvyan Evans
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234660
- eISBN:
- 9780191715495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234660.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter situates LCCM Theory in the larger cognitive linguistics enterprise of which it is a part. It begins by introducing cognitive linguistics, and by briefly reviewing its primary ...
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This chapter situates LCCM Theory in the larger cognitive linguistics enterprise of which it is a part. It begins by introducing cognitive linguistics, and by briefly reviewing its primary commitments and guiding assumptions. It argues that LCCM Theory represents a cognitive semantic theory, and also a cognitive theory of grammar. The chapter also considers the way in which LCCM Theory serves to build on antecedent theories in cognitive linguistics.Less
This chapter situates LCCM Theory in the larger cognitive linguistics enterprise of which it is a part. It begins by introducing cognitive linguistics, and by briefly reviewing its primary commitments and guiding assumptions. It argues that LCCM Theory represents a cognitive semantic theory, and also a cognitive theory of grammar. The chapter also considers the way in which LCCM Theory serves to build on antecedent theories in cognitive linguistics.
Jacques Berlinerblau
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195165272
- eISBN:
- 9780199784554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195165276.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter offers a brief exegesis of Durkheim's theory of misrecognition, a component of his work that has received little attention. Although he never explicitly employed the term misrecognition, ...
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This chapter offers a brief exegesis of Durkheim's theory of misrecognition, a component of his work that has received little attention. Although he never explicitly employed the term misrecognition, it accurately describes a basic idea seen in all of his major works and many of his minor ones. The analysis of this concept is germane to this inquiry in the following respects. First, this theme is found in everything that irks students and scholars about Durkheimian theory. Second, within the notion of misrecognition are a variety of pedagogical orientations which may be of use to those who lecture on theory.Less
This chapter offers a brief exegesis of Durkheim's theory of misrecognition, a component of his work that has received little attention. Although he never explicitly employed the term misrecognition, it accurately describes a basic idea seen in all of his major works and many of his minor ones. The analysis of this concept is germane to this inquiry in the following respects. First, this theme is found in everything that irks students and scholars about Durkheimian theory. Second, within the notion of misrecognition are a variety of pedagogical orientations which may be of use to those who lecture on theory.
Peter L. Lindseth
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195390148
- eISBN:
- 9780199866397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390148.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law
This chapter relates the argument of the book to the existing literature on European integration. It entails three elements: placing European integration within an historiographical framework ...
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This chapter relates the argument of the book to the existing literature on European integration. It entails three elements: placing European integration within an historiographical framework emphasizing the emergence of modern administrative governance, thus challenging certain common misunderstandings of the ‘administrative’ label applied to integration; the role of ‘delegation’ as a historically constructed normative-legal principle—a ‘resistance norm’—defining the relationship between constitutional principals and administrative agents; and finally, the critical importance of national antecedents in establishing the legitimating structures and normative principles of the postwar constitutional settlement of administrative governance on which European integration would build in the 1950s.Less
This chapter relates the argument of the book to the existing literature on European integration. It entails three elements: placing European integration within an historiographical framework emphasizing the emergence of modern administrative governance, thus challenging certain common misunderstandings of the ‘administrative’ label applied to integration; the role of ‘delegation’ as a historically constructed normative-legal principle—a ‘resistance norm’—defining the relationship between constitutional principals and administrative agents; and finally, the critical importance of national antecedents in establishing the legitimating structures and normative principles of the postwar constitutional settlement of administrative governance on which European integration would build in the 1950s.
Michela Ippolito
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019484
- eISBN:
- 9780262314879
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019484.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This book proposes a compositional semantics for subjunctive (or would) conditionals in English that accounts for their felicity conditions and the constraints on the satisfaction of their ...
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This book proposes a compositional semantics for subjunctive (or would) conditionals in English that accounts for their felicity conditions and the constraints on the satisfaction of their presuppositions by capitalizing on the occurrence of past tense morphology in both antecedent and consequent clauses. Very little of the extensive literature on subjunctive conditionals tries to account for the meaning of these sentences compositionally or to relate this meaning to their linguistic form; this book fills that gap, connecting the different lines of research on conditionals. The book reviews previous analyses of counterfactuals and subjunctive conditionals in the work of David Lewis, Robert Stalnaker, Angelika Kratzer, and others; considers the contrast between future simple past subjunctive conditionals and future past perfect subjunctive conditionals; presents a proposal for subjunctive conditionals that addresses puzzles left unsolved by previous proposals; reviews a number of presupposition triggers showing that they fit the pattern predicted by her proposal; and discusses an asymmetry between the past and the future among subjunctive conditionals, arguing that the best account of our linguistic intuitions must include an indeterministic view of the world.Less
This book proposes a compositional semantics for subjunctive (or would) conditionals in English that accounts for their felicity conditions and the constraints on the satisfaction of their presuppositions by capitalizing on the occurrence of past tense morphology in both antecedent and consequent clauses. Very little of the extensive literature on subjunctive conditionals tries to account for the meaning of these sentences compositionally or to relate this meaning to their linguistic form; this book fills that gap, connecting the different lines of research on conditionals. The book reviews previous analyses of counterfactuals and subjunctive conditionals in the work of David Lewis, Robert Stalnaker, Angelika Kratzer, and others; considers the contrast between future simple past subjunctive conditionals and future past perfect subjunctive conditionals; presents a proposal for subjunctive conditionals that addresses puzzles left unsolved by previous proposals; reviews a number of presupposition triggers showing that they fit the pattern predicted by her proposal; and discusses an asymmetry between the past and the future among subjunctive conditionals, arguing that the best account of our linguistic intuitions must include an indeterministic view of the world.
Bruce Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 1985
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119357
- eISBN:
- 9780191671159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119357.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter sets out the basic principles of concord in Old English (OE), with references to the more detailed discussions which follow in later chapters. It begins with a brief discussion of the ...
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This chapter sets out the basic principles of concord in Old English (OE), with references to the more detailed discussions which follow in later chapters. It begins with a brief discussion of the elements concerned with congruence. The chapters then presents some introductory remarks on case and verb forms. This is followed by a discussion of the basic concords of OE, covering agreement between subject and predicate, agreement between a noun or pronoun and attributive or appositive elements, and agreement between antecedent and pronoun.Less
This chapter sets out the basic principles of concord in Old English (OE), with references to the more detailed discussions which follow in later chapters. It begins with a brief discussion of the elements concerned with congruence. The chapters then presents some introductory remarks on case and verb forms. This is followed by a discussion of the basic concords of OE, covering agreement between subject and predicate, agreement between a noun or pronoun and attributive or appositive elements, and agreement between antecedent and pronoun.
Ezra Susser, Sharon Schwartz, Alfredo Morabia, and Evelyn J. Bromet
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195101812
- eISBN:
- 9780199864096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101812.003.12
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The first part of this chapter discusses the conditions under which a factor can confound the association between exposure and disease, and the conditions under which this cannot occur. It also ...
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The first part of this chapter discusses the conditions under which a factor can confound the association between exposure and disease, and the conditions under which this cannot occur. It also differentiates confounders from antecedents or mediators. The next part discusses methods devised to neutralize the effects of confounders. Two standard methods are presented: matching to prevent confounding in the data by equalizing the exposed and the unexposed on a potential confounder, and statistical adjustment to compensate for confounding in the data by separating the effects of the exposure from the effects of the confounder.Less
The first part of this chapter discusses the conditions under which a factor can confound the association between exposure and disease, and the conditions under which this cannot occur. It also differentiates confounders from antecedents or mediators. The next part discusses methods devised to neutralize the effects of confounders. Two standard methods are presented: matching to prevent confounding in the data by equalizing the exposed and the unexposed on a potential confounder, and statistical adjustment to compensate for confounding in the data by separating the effects of the exposure from the effects of the confounder.
Matthew Levering
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199604524
- eISBN:
- 9780191729317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604524.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, History of Christianity
The fifth chapter argues that twentieth-century efforts to distance Christianity from earlier predestinarian doctrine run into biblical and conceptual difficulties. Bulgakov rejects predestination ...
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The fifth chapter argues that twentieth-century efforts to distance Christianity from earlier predestinarian doctrine run into biblical and conceptual difficulties. Bulgakov rejects predestination and instead develops a sophiological theology of the necessary salvation of every rational creature. Denying that Satan (or any demon) is a personal being, Barth proposes that every human being is predestined or elected in Christ Jesus. Maritain holds that created freedom can overturn God's “antecedent” will by a non-active “nihilation” of the rule of reason; God's “consequent” will for predestination follows upon human freedom. Balthasar considers the doctrine of predestination a false path, and he instead develops a Trinitarian dramatics to deal with the issues previously understood in terms of predestination.Less
The fifth chapter argues that twentieth-century efforts to distance Christianity from earlier predestinarian doctrine run into biblical and conceptual difficulties. Bulgakov rejects predestination and instead develops a sophiological theology of the necessary salvation of every rational creature. Denying that Satan (or any demon) is a personal being, Barth proposes that every human being is predestined or elected in Christ Jesus. Maritain holds that created freedom can overturn God's “antecedent” will by a non-active “nihilation” of the rule of reason; God's “consequent” will for predestination follows upon human freedom. Balthasar considers the doctrine of predestination a false path, and he instead develops a Trinitarian dramatics to deal with the issues previously understood in terms of predestination.
Bede Rundle
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198236917
- eISBN:
- 9780191679414
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198236917.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Certain familiar ways of speaking lead to various theoretical accounts of the mind which are mainly products of causal notions. Actions can be caused by mental factors, and there are actions in which ...
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Certain familiar ways of speaking lead to various theoretical accounts of the mind which are mainly products of causal notions. Actions can be caused by mental factors, and there are actions in which the mental figures are effects, and these happen consequently. The determination of desires, thoughts, and actions are also said to be out of causal necessity. The case for excluding the mental from the realm of causes, or at least for querying its membership, is far stronger than is generally appreciated, and this chapter sets forth some of the considerations which favour this underrated possibility. The emphasis is on indicating problems and raising questions.Less
Certain familiar ways of speaking lead to various theoretical accounts of the mind which are mainly products of causal notions. Actions can be caused by mental factors, and there are actions in which the mental figures are effects, and these happen consequently. The determination of desires, thoughts, and actions are also said to be out of causal necessity. The case for excluding the mental from the realm of causes, or at least for querying its membership, is far stronger than is generally appreciated, and this chapter sets forth some of the considerations which favour this underrated possibility. The emphasis is on indicating problems and raising questions.
Sandra Visser and Thomas Williams
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195309386
- eISBN:
- 9780199852123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309386.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter offers a systematic account of the theory of modality that Anselm employs in his discussion of the problem of foreknowledge and freedom. It begins by examining his conception of ...
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This chapter offers a systematic account of the theory of modality that Anselm employs in his discussion of the problem of foreknowledge and freedom. It begins by examining his conception of necessity. He identifies two different kinds of necessity: antecedent necessity, when the causal relation holds between concrete individuals, and subsequent necessity, when the causal relation holds between concepts. The discussion then shows how he uses his modal theory in his discussion of the problem of freedom and foreknowledge. It clarifies some of the distinctive features of Anselm's modal theory by examining it in light of contemporary discussions of modality.Less
This chapter offers a systematic account of the theory of modality that Anselm employs in his discussion of the problem of foreknowledge and freedom. It begins by examining his conception of necessity. He identifies two different kinds of necessity: antecedent necessity, when the causal relation holds between concrete individuals, and subsequent necessity, when the causal relation holds between concepts. The discussion then shows how he uses his modal theory in his discussion of the problem of freedom and foreknowledge. It clarifies some of the distinctive features of Anselm's modal theory by examining it in light of contemporary discussions of modality.
Howard G. Lavine, Christopher D. Johnston, and Marco R. Steenbergen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199772759
- eISBN:
- 9780199979622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199772759.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
Chapter 3 provides an extensive discussion of the conceptualization and measurement of ambivalence. It also provides empirical validation of the chapter's conceptual definition, and lays out a ...
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Chapter 3 provides an extensive discussion of the conceptualization and measurement of ambivalence. It also provides empirical validation of the chapter's conceptual definition, and lays out a measurement strategy for use in later chapters. Chapter 3 ends with an empirical examination of the antecedents of partisan ambivalence, with particular attention to the role of political context.Less
Chapter 3 provides an extensive discussion of the conceptualization and measurement of ambivalence. It also provides empirical validation of the chapter's conceptual definition, and lays out a measurement strategy for use in later chapters. Chapter 3 ends with an empirical examination of the antecedents of partisan ambivalence, with particular attention to the role of political context.
