Anthony Brueckner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199585861
- eISBN:
- 9780191595332
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585861.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book is a collection of important work on the problem of scepticism, by someone who has provided perhaps the leading contemporary investigation of this problem. The guiding questions of this ...
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This book is a collection of important work on the problem of scepticism, by someone who has provided perhaps the leading contemporary investigation of this problem. The guiding questions of this volume are: Can we have knowledge of the external world of things outside our minds? Can we have knowledge of the internal world of our own contentful mental states? The work divides into four sections: I. Transcendental Arguments against Scepticism, II. Semantic Answers to Scepticism, III. Self-knowledge, and IV. Scepticism and Epistemic Closure.Less
This book is a collection of important work on the problem of scepticism, by someone who has provided perhaps the leading contemporary investigation of this problem. The guiding questions of this volume are: Can we have knowledge of the external world of things outside our minds? Can we have knowledge of the internal world of our own contentful mental states? The work divides into four sections: I. Transcendental Arguments against Scepticism, II. Semantic Answers to Scepticism, III. Self-knowledge, and IV. Scepticism and Epistemic Closure.
Iain Mclean and Alistair McMillan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199258208
- eISBN:
- 9780191603334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258201.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter analyses what is now called the West Lothian Question (WLQ) after its persistent poser Tam Dalyell MP (formerly for West Lothian). The WLQ asks: Given partial devolution, why can an MP ...
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This chapter analyses what is now called the West Lothian Question (WLQ) after its persistent poser Tam Dalyell MP (formerly for West Lothian). The WLQ asks: Given partial devolution, why can an MP for a devolved territory become involved in devolved matters in England, but not in his own constituency? It has been said that ‘the WLQ is not really a question: every time it is answered, Tam just waits for a bit and then asks it again’. But that merely shows what a persistently nagging question it has been since long before Tam Dalyell. In fact, it was sufficient (although not necessary) to bring down both of Gladstone’s Home Rule Bills (1886 and 1893). The chapter shows how problematic all the proposed solutions are, especially when dealing with divided government where one UK-wide party controls a territory and the other controls the UK government. However, if devolution is to be stable, the governments and parties will have to live with the WLQ. New conventions for cohabitation will arise, and the UK and devolved party systems may diverge, even if party labels do not. The UK electorate treats everything except UK General Elections as second-order.Less
This chapter analyses what is now called the West Lothian Question (WLQ) after its persistent poser Tam Dalyell MP (formerly for West Lothian). The WLQ asks: Given partial devolution, why can an MP for a devolved territory become involved in devolved matters in England, but not in his own constituency? It has been said that ‘the WLQ is not really a question: every time it is answered, Tam just waits for a bit and then asks it again’. But that merely shows what a persistently nagging question it has been since long before Tam Dalyell. In fact, it was sufficient (although not necessary) to bring down both of Gladstone’s Home Rule Bills (1886 and 1893). The chapter shows how problematic all the proposed solutions are, especially when dealing with divided government where one UK-wide party controls a territory and the other controls the UK government. However, if devolution is to be stable, the governments and parties will have to live with the WLQ. New conventions for cohabitation will arise, and the UK and devolved party systems may diverge, even if party labels do not. The UK electorate treats everything except UK General Elections as second-order.
J. R. LUCAS
- Published in print:
- 1970
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198243434
- eISBN:
- 9780191680687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198243434.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Moral Philosophy
The concept of explanation is linked with that of cause, although not identical with it. Explanations are answers. They are answers to questions, asked or anticipated, and in particular to the ...
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The concept of explanation is linked with that of cause, although not identical with it. Explanations are answers. They are answers to questions, asked or anticipated, and in particular to the question ‘Why?’. They characteristically begin with the word ‘because’, although we also explain what we are doing, who our friends are, and how we can bring our plans to fruition. There cannot be any exact account of explanation. Although it is not true that any answer will do, it is often the case that more than one answer might do, and we cannot lay down in advance exactly what answers are admissible in any given case. We rely not on antecedent specification of the answer required but on subsequent elucidation, by further question and answer, until a satisfactory one has been elicited.Less
The concept of explanation is linked with that of cause, although not identical with it. Explanations are answers. They are answers to questions, asked or anticipated, and in particular to the question ‘Why?’. They characteristically begin with the word ‘because’, although we also explain what we are doing, who our friends are, and how we can bring our plans to fruition. There cannot be any exact account of explanation. Although it is not true that any answer will do, it is often the case that more than one answer might do, and we cannot lay down in advance exactly what answers are admissible in any given case. We rely not on antecedent specification of the answer required but on subsequent elucidation, by further question and answer, until a satisfactory one has been elicited.
Richard Kraut
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199844463
- eISBN:
- 9780199919550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844463.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 3 offered an argument designed to make it plausible that there should be a positive answer to the initial question of this book: Are there things we should value because they are, quite ...
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Chapter 3 offered an argument designed to make it plausible that there should be a positive answer to the initial question of this book: Are there things we should value because they are, quite simply, good? This chapter returns that argument and asks how convincing it is. It is argued that if a thing's absolute goodness is to count as a reason for valuing it, some convincing examples of things that are to be valued for that reason should be able to be found. So far none have been found.Less
Chapter 3 offered an argument designed to make it plausible that there should be a positive answer to the initial question of this book: Are there things we should value because they are, quite simply, good? This chapter returns that argument and asks how convincing it is. It is argued that if a thing's absolute goodness is to count as a reason for valuing it, some convincing examples of things that are to be valued for that reason should be able to be found. So far none have been found.
Bernard Gert
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195176896
- eISBN:
- 9780199835300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176898.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter examines some adequate and inadequate answers to the question, “Why should I be moral?” It analyzes the moral emotions of compassion, remorse, pride, shame, and guilt. It compares the ...
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This chapter examines some adequate and inadequate answers to the question, “Why should I be moral?” It analyzes the moral emotions of compassion, remorse, pride, shame, and guilt. It compares the reasons for being moral with the reasons for being immoral, and shows that neither set of reasons is always decisive.Less
This chapter examines some adequate and inadequate answers to the question, “Why should I be moral?” It analyzes the moral emotions of compassion, remorse, pride, shame, and guilt. It compares the reasons for being moral with the reasons for being immoral, and shows that neither set of reasons is always decisive.
Max Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579761
- eISBN:
- 9780191722882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579761.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter asks whether the kind of reading offered in the previous chapter disarms the possibility of modernist satire, deflecting our attention from criticism to autobiography. It discusses two ...
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This chapter asks whether the kind of reading offered in the previous chapter disarms the possibility of modernist satire, deflecting our attention from criticism to autobiography. It discusses two less equivocally satirical modernists by way of counter‐arguments to this objection. Wyndham Lewis's Time and Western Man contains some of the most forceful modernist attacks on the auto/biographic; yet Lewis offers the book as itself a kind of intellectual self‐portrait. Conversely, Richard Aldington's Soft Answers is read as a portrait‐collection, adopting modernist parodies of auto/biography in order to satirize modernists such as Eliot and Pound. It argues that (as in the case of Pound, and according to the argument introduced in the Preface) not only can satire be auto/biography, but auto/biography can also be satire. Indeed, Pound was shown in Chapter 9 to be writing both in verse; and in the Chapter 11 Woolf is shown to do both in prose. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the First World War transformed the crisis in life ‐ writing.Less
This chapter asks whether the kind of reading offered in the previous chapter disarms the possibility of modernist satire, deflecting our attention from criticism to autobiography. It discusses two less equivocally satirical modernists by way of counter‐arguments to this objection. Wyndham Lewis's Time and Western Man contains some of the most forceful modernist attacks on the auto/biographic; yet Lewis offers the book as itself a kind of intellectual self‐portrait. Conversely, Richard Aldington's Soft Answers is read as a portrait‐collection, adopting modernist parodies of auto/biography in order to satirize modernists such as Eliot and Pound. It argues that (as in the case of Pound, and according to the argument introduced in the Preface) not only can satire be auto/biography, but auto/biography can also be satire. Indeed, Pound was shown in Chapter 9 to be writing both in verse; and in the Chapter 11 Woolf is shown to do both in prose. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the First World War transformed the crisis in life ‐ writing.
Marie‐Louise Coolahan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199567652
- eISBN:
- 9780191722011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567652.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter examines women's authorship and patronage of poetry in Irish. It focuses on the keen (caoineadh), in which the female speaker laments the death of an individual, and amateur syllabic ...
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This chapter examines women's authorship and patronage of poetry in Irish. It focuses on the keen (caoineadh), in which the female speaker laments the death of an individual, and amateur syllabic verse, locating both in the context of professional bardic poetry. The chapter demonstrates how Caitilín Dubh, Fionnghuala Ní Bhriain, and Brighid Fitzgerald engaged with bardic tradition and expressed complex positions in relation to gendered and ethnic identity. It analyses the legitimizing contexts for women's authorship of verse, discussing the more prolific Scottish Gaelic context as an important reference point for the understanding of Irish women's compositions. Finally, the chapter explores Irish noblewomen's patronage of poetry, arguing that this evidence throws light on women's critical engagement with bardic culture.Less
This chapter examines women's authorship and patronage of poetry in Irish. It focuses on the keen (caoineadh), in which the female speaker laments the death of an individual, and amateur syllabic verse, locating both in the context of professional bardic poetry. The chapter demonstrates how Caitilín Dubh, Fionnghuala Ní Bhriain, and Brighid Fitzgerald engaged with bardic tradition and expressed complex positions in relation to gendered and ethnic identity. It analyses the legitimizing contexts for women's authorship of verse, discussing the more prolific Scottish Gaelic context as an important reference point for the understanding of Irish women's compositions. Finally, the chapter explores Irish noblewomen's patronage of poetry, arguing that this evidence throws light on women's critical engagement with bardic culture.
Ned Schantz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335910
- eISBN:
- 9780199868902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335910.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies, Women's Literature
This chapter identifies the isolating effects of stalkers on female figures, emphasizing the temporal isolation accomplished through the control of storage media such as tape recorders and answering ...
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This chapter identifies the isolating effects of stalkers on female figures, emphasizing the temporal isolation accomplished through the control of storage media such as tape recorders and answering machines that would otherwise connect the heroines to a vital past of female networks. Following the stalker through two pairs of films: The Terminator and Klute, then Blade Runner and Vertigo, it becomes clear that this abuse of the past constitutes criminal necrophilia. This necrophilia will nonetheless be relentlessly projected back onto the heroines, whose female networks will be figured in various ways as morbid simulation. At stake is always the cultural verdict on the modern city, a city seen as fraught with female independence and male shame.Less
This chapter identifies the isolating effects of stalkers on female figures, emphasizing the temporal isolation accomplished through the control of storage media such as tape recorders and answering machines that would otherwise connect the heroines to a vital past of female networks. Following the stalker through two pairs of films: The Terminator and Klute, then Blade Runner and Vertigo, it becomes clear that this abuse of the past constitutes criminal necrophilia. This necrophilia will nonetheless be relentlessly projected back onto the heroines, whose female networks will be figured in various ways as morbid simulation. At stake is always the cultural verdict on the modern city, a city seen as fraught with female independence and male shame.
Arthur Prior
- Published in print:
- 1967
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198243113
- eISBN:
- 9780191680632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198243113.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter covers the following topics: arguments for the incompatibility of foreknowledge (and fore-truth) and indeterminism, formalization of these arguments, the classical answers to these ...
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This chapter covers the following topics: arguments for the incompatibility of foreknowledge (and fore-truth) and indeterminism, formalization of these arguments, the classical answers to these arguments, formalization of the Ockhamist answer, ultimately converging time, formalization of the Peircean answer and comparison with the Ockhamist, the Peircean senses of ‘will’, and propositions that are neither true nor false.Less
This chapter covers the following topics: arguments for the incompatibility of foreknowledge (and fore-truth) and indeterminism, formalization of these arguments, the classical answers to these arguments, formalization of the Ockhamist answer, ultimately converging time, formalization of the Peircean answer and comparison with the Ockhamist, the Peircean senses of ‘will’, and propositions that are neither true nor false.
Alice Freed and Susan Ehrlich (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195306897
- eISBN:
- 9780199867943
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306897.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This volume is a study of question use in institutional discourse, the first volume of its kind to make questions and questioning the explicit focus of its investigation. It brings together studies ...
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This volume is a study of question use in institutional discourse, the first volume of its kind to make questions and questioning the explicit focus of its investigation. It brings together studies that bridge a wide range of institutional settings from traditionally studied contexts such as medicine, law, and the mass media to little‐considered settings such as call centers, new types of counseling environments, and helplines. In the introduction, the editors draw upon the research in the assembled chapters to identify commonalities in the use of questions in a variety of institutions; this in turn provides the basis for drawing generalizations about the use of questions. The goal is not only to expand the understanding of questioning and answering in institutional discourse but also to document the ways that social change has both transformed the nature of institutional encounters in more traditional settings and increased the sorts of institutional encounters in which people engage, particularly those associated with service‐related activities. The volume contributes to a comprehensive definition of questions that includes both functional and sequential considerations, extends our understanding of the relationship between questions and their role in institutional discourse, and addresses the nature of ordinary versus institutional talk.Less
This volume is a study of question use in institutional discourse, the first volume of its kind to make questions and questioning the explicit focus of its investigation. It brings together studies that bridge a wide range of institutional settings from traditionally studied contexts such as medicine, law, and the mass media to little‐considered settings such as call centers, new types of counseling environments, and helplines. In the introduction, the editors draw upon the research in the assembled chapters to identify commonalities in the use of questions in a variety of institutions; this in turn provides the basis for drawing generalizations about the use of questions. The goal is not only to expand the understanding of questioning and answering in institutional discourse but also to document the ways that social change has both transformed the nature of institutional encounters in more traditional settings and increased the sorts of institutional encounters in which people engage, particularly those associated with service‐related activities. The volume contributes to a comprehensive definition of questions that includes both functional and sequential considerations, extends our understanding of the relationship between questions and their role in institutional discourse, and addresses the nature of ordinary versus institutional talk.
J. Matthew Gallman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161458
- eISBN:
- 9780199788798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161458.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
With the close of the Civil War, the newly reunited United States saw a series of debates about the structure of political participation and the nature of citizenship in the postwar world. Several ...
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With the close of the Civil War, the newly reunited United States saw a series of debates about the structure of political participation and the nature of citizenship in the postwar world. Several different issues shaped these discussions, and Anna Elizabeth Dickinson found herself in the thick of each public conversation. Four years of bloody war had confirmed that the union formed by the Constitution could not be dissolved through secession, but that Constitution left few clues about how to reintegrate the defeated Southern states back into the Union, and particularly how to treat those Southern men who had served the Confederacy. During the fall of 1868, in the midst of political and associational complexities, Dickinson turned to an entirely new form of public discourse: she wrote a novel entitled What Answer?. In What Answer?, Dickinson interwove a tragic interracial love story with a scathing commentary on race relations in the Civil War North.Less
With the close of the Civil War, the newly reunited United States saw a series of debates about the structure of political participation and the nature of citizenship in the postwar world. Several different issues shaped these discussions, and Anna Elizabeth Dickinson found herself in the thick of each public conversation. Four years of bloody war had confirmed that the union formed by the Constitution could not be dissolved through secession, but that Constitution left few clues about how to reintegrate the defeated Southern states back into the Union, and particularly how to treat those Southern men who had served the Confederacy. During the fall of 1868, in the midst of political and associational complexities, Dickinson turned to an entirely new form of public discourse: she wrote a novel entitled What Answer?. In What Answer?, Dickinson interwove a tragic interracial love story with a scathing commentary on race relations in the Civil War North.
Chris Stamatakis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644407
- eISBN:
- 9780191738821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644407.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, Poetry
This chapter examines the oral textuality of lyrics (‘balets’) circulating within the Tudor court, and discusses the phenomenon of answer poems in this literary culture. Speakers in these balets are ...
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This chapter examines the oral textuality of lyrics (‘balets’) circulating within the Tudor court, and discusses the phenomenon of answer poems in this literary culture. Speakers in these balets are often no more than rhetorical effects—ventriloquized personae whose plangent utterances serve primarily to display the poet’s sprezzatura (effortless artistry), as advocated by Castiglione’s Il Cortegiano. Wyatt turns an inherited stock of amatory conventions on their head, and exploits the variability of repeated refrains to write, self-consciously, about the act of writing amatory verse. The narrative of these balets, in which we typically find a hapless, unrequited speaker, contrasts with their material condition, as they circulate within and are answered by a literary company. Readers are invited to respond to the verse that is exchanged in these textual networks, and to exploit the page space beneath poems to pen answers that sustain the scripted dialogue and renew the intertextual play.Less
This chapter examines the oral textuality of lyrics (‘balets’) circulating within the Tudor court, and discusses the phenomenon of answer poems in this literary culture. Speakers in these balets are often no more than rhetorical effects—ventriloquized personae whose plangent utterances serve primarily to display the poet’s sprezzatura (effortless artistry), as advocated by Castiglione’s Il Cortegiano. Wyatt turns an inherited stock of amatory conventions on their head, and exploits the variability of repeated refrains to write, self-consciously, about the act of writing amatory verse. The narrative of these balets, in which we typically find a hapless, unrequited speaker, contrasts with their material condition, as they circulate within and are answered by a literary company. Readers are invited to respond to the verse that is exchanged in these textual networks, and to exploit the page space beneath poems to pen answers that sustain the scripted dialogue and renew the intertextual play.
Nils F. Schott
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231170222
- eISBN:
- 9780231540124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170222.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
In a discussion of a teaching manual by St. Augustine, Schott shows how a catechesis attentive to the needs of others seeks to remove obstacles to love and to institute a community.
In a discussion of a teaching manual by St. Augustine, Schott shows how a catechesis attentive to the needs of others seeks to remove obstacles to love and to institute a community.
Veneeta Dayal
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199281268
- eISBN:
- 9780191757396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281268.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter identifies the domain of inquiry undertaken in this survey, highlighting the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of questions. It gives an introduction to the semantics of ...
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This chapter identifies the domain of inquiry undertaken in this survey, highlighting the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of questions. It gives an introduction to the semantics of questions, drawing out the relationship between questions and answers. It walks the reader through the steps involved in interpreting questions, showing how interrogative structures can denote a set of possible answers and showing basic differences between yes/no questions, constituent questions with one wh expression and constituent questions with two wh expressions. Differences between direct and indirect answers and between partial and complete answers are touched upon. The chapter also addresses the significance of syntactic scope for wh expressions in semantic accounts and clarifies the extent to which this study engages with syntactic theory. The chapter ends with a roadmap to the rest of the book.Less
This chapter identifies the domain of inquiry undertaken in this survey, highlighting the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of questions. It gives an introduction to the semantics of questions, drawing out the relationship between questions and answers. It walks the reader through the steps involved in interpreting questions, showing how interrogative structures can denote a set of possible answers and showing basic differences between yes/no questions, constituent questions with one wh expression and constituent questions with two wh expressions. Differences between direct and indirect answers and between partial and complete answers are touched upon. The chapter also addresses the significance of syntactic scope for wh expressions in semantic accounts and clarifies the extent to which this study engages with syntactic theory. The chapter ends with a roadmap to the rest of the book.
Veneeta Dayal
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199281268
- eISBN:
- 9780191757396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281268.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter considers three types of answers: weakly exhaustive, strongly exhaustive, and non-exhaustive/mention-some answers. Two lines of approach are discussed, one that locates the variation ...
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This chapter considers three types of answers: weakly exhaustive, strongly exhaustive, and non-exhaustive/mention-some answers. Two lines of approach are discussed, one that locates the variation between strong and weak exhaustiveness in answerhood operators, another where variation is due to the optional presence of exhaustification operators in the question nucleus. The second issue addressed is the ambiguity between mention-some and mention-all readings. Under one view questions are ambiguous, with different contexts making different readings salient; under another view they only have mention-all readings but partial answers may count as complete answers in certain contexts. The possibility of three classes of predicates, those that select for strong exhaustiveness, those that select for both strong and weak exhaustiveness, and those that select only for weak/non-exhaustiveness is considered as evidence for these distinctions. Negative polarity items are also considered a diagnostic for the grammatical status of the divide between strong, weak, and non-exhaustiveness.Less
This chapter considers three types of answers: weakly exhaustive, strongly exhaustive, and non-exhaustive/mention-some answers. Two lines of approach are discussed, one that locates the variation between strong and weak exhaustiveness in answerhood operators, another where variation is due to the optional presence of exhaustification operators in the question nucleus. The second issue addressed is the ambiguity between mention-some and mention-all readings. Under one view questions are ambiguous, with different contexts making different readings salient; under another view they only have mention-all readings but partial answers may count as complete answers in certain contexts. The possibility of three classes of predicates, those that select for strong exhaustiveness, those that select for both strong and weak exhaustiveness, and those that select only for weak/non-exhaustiveness is considered as evidence for these distinctions. Negative polarity items are also considered a diagnostic for the grammatical status of the divide between strong, weak, and non-exhaustiveness.
Hans-Jürgen Puhle, José Ramón Montero, and Richard Gunther (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199202836
- eISBN:
- 9780191695452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202836.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This concluding chapter summarizes the principal findings of this book, puts them into a broader perspective, and examines their uses and limitations. The chapter answers the basic questions ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the principal findings of this book, puts them into a broader perspective, and examines their uses and limitations. The chapter answers the basic questions regarding the relationship between political intermediation and democracy. The findings about fundamental orientations towards democracy and the impact of the mass media are also included. The chapter considers the weight and influence of the secondary associations and social networks, factors of biases, and partnership, and it implies that political intermediation and its repercussions are more complicated than previously assumed. Lastly, the authors wish to learn more about the various ways that intermediation affects fundamental characteristics of politics in the democratic world.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the principal findings of this book, puts them into a broader perspective, and examines their uses and limitations. The chapter answers the basic questions regarding the relationship between political intermediation and democracy. The findings about fundamental orientations towards democracy and the impact of the mass media are also included. The chapter considers the weight and influence of the secondary associations and social networks, factors of biases, and partnership, and it implies that political intermediation and its repercussions are more complicated than previously assumed. Lastly, the authors wish to learn more about the various ways that intermediation affects fundamental characteristics of politics in the democratic world.
David Braun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195389364
- eISBN:
- 9780199932368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389364.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General, Metaphysics/Epistemology
I favor a version of intellectualism about knowing how. According to my version, which I call ‘The Answer Theory’, an agent knows how to G if and only if she knows a proposition that answers the ...
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I favor a version of intellectualism about knowing how. According to my version, which I call ‘The Answer Theory’, an agent knows how to G if and only if she knows a proposition that answers the question of how to G. But judgments about whether a proposition answers the question of how to G vary from context to context. (This contextual variation in judgments motivates semantic views that say that knows-how-to ascriptions are context sensitive, but they are also consistent with the invariantist semantic theory that I prefer.) Many objections to intellectualism, including Schiffer's, Koethe's, and Bengson and Moffett's objections to Stanley and Williamson's version of intellectualism, exploit this contextual variation in judgments. Once we recognize the role of contextual variation in these objections, it is easy to formulate effective replies to them and to analogous objections to the answer theory.Less
I favor a version of intellectualism about knowing how. According to my version, which I call ‘The Answer Theory’, an agent knows how to G if and only if she knows a proposition that answers the question of how to G. But judgments about whether a proposition answers the question of how to G vary from context to context. (This contextual variation in judgments motivates semantic views that say that knows-how-to ascriptions are context sensitive, but they are also consistent with the invariantist semantic theory that I prefer.) Many objections to intellectualism, including Schiffer's, Koethe's, and Bengson and Moffett's objections to Stanley and Williamson's version of intellectualism, exploit this contextual variation in judgments. Once we recognize the role of contextual variation in these objections, it is easy to formulate effective replies to them and to analogous objections to the answer theory.
Bart Nooteboom
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241002
- eISBN:
- 9780191696886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241002.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
This chapter reviews the extent to which the preceding analysis helps answer the questions specified in Chapter 1, and explains the stylized facts supplied in Chapter 1 and elsewhere. For this, it ...
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This chapter reviews the extent to which the preceding analysis helps answer the questions specified in Chapter 1, and explains the stylized facts supplied in Chapter 1 and elsewhere. For this, it summarizes the research questions and the answers provided in this book. It next discusses priorities for further research. The main priority is empirical testing of the many propositions set out in previous chapters. Hypotheses are presented and ways of testing them are indicated.Less
This chapter reviews the extent to which the preceding analysis helps answer the questions specified in Chapter 1, and explains the stylized facts supplied in Chapter 1 and elsewhere. For this, it summarizes the research questions and the answers provided in this book. It next discusses priorities for further research. The main priority is empirical testing of the many propositions set out in previous chapters. Hypotheses are presented and ways of testing them are indicated.
Eros Corazza
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199270187
- eISBN:
- 9780191601484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019927018X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Focuses on the first person pronoun and semantic properties. It also discusses how one’s use of ‘I’ relates to one’s psychological states and egocentricity and defends the view that someone’s ...
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Focuses on the first person pronoun and semantic properties. It also discusses how one’s use of ‘I’ relates to one’s psychological states and egocentricity and defends the view that someone’s self-consciousness is manifested in mastering the use of the first person pronoun.Less
Focuses on the first person pronoun and semantic properties. It also discusses how one’s use of ‘I’ relates to one’s psychological states and egocentricity and defends the view that someone’s self-consciousness is manifested in mastering the use of the first person pronoun.
Michael C. Banner
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198240198
- eISBN:
- 9780191680113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240198.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Science
This chapter discusses the character of a theistic answer to the problem of evil. The discussion focuses on two of this problem's features. The first feature of this problem is that it presents the ...
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This chapter discusses the character of a theistic answer to the problem of evil. The discussion focuses on two of this problem's features. The first feature of this problem is that it presents the most pressing and persuasive objection to belief in the existence of God. The second feature is that it illustrates the claim that reflection on science is encouraging to particular and traditional modes of its defence instead of being destructive.Less
This chapter discusses the character of a theistic answer to the problem of evil. The discussion focuses on two of this problem's features. The first feature of this problem is that it presents the most pressing and persuasive objection to belief in the existence of God. The second feature is that it illustrates the claim that reflection on science is encouraging to particular and traditional modes of its defence instead of being destructive.
