Donna Yarri
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195181791
- eISBN:
- 9780199835744
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195181794.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The ethical treatment of animals is one of serious academic interest today. Specifically, both the practice of animal experimentation and ethical concerns about it have a long history, going ...
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The ethical treatment of animals is one of serious academic interest today. Specifically, both the practice of animal experimentation and ethical concerns about it have a long history, going virtually back to the ancient Greek period and continuing to the present day. With new breakthroughs in science and technology, it is likely that this practice will be with us for a long time to come. Thus, this book provides an interdisciplinary approach to the topic by utilizing the insights of cognitive ethology, philosophy, science, and Christian theology in order to present a benign approach to the ethical treatment of experimental animals. The reality and existence of animal minds, animal pain, and animal suffering provide the foundation for animal rights, and subsequently, for more positive treatment. Concrete suggestions are offered with regard to more humane animal legislation, improved animal husbandry conditions, as well as concrete guidelines that offset the burdens to animals against the benefits to humans. The ultimate result is a more humane practice in experimentation, modeled somewhat on the practice of pet keeping, in which experimental animals are viewed not only as having instrumental value but intrinsic value as well.Less
The ethical treatment of animals is one of serious academic interest today. Specifically, both the practice of animal experimentation and ethical concerns about it have a long history, going virtually back to the ancient Greek period and continuing to the present day. With new breakthroughs in science and technology, it is likely that this practice will be with us for a long time to come. Thus, this book provides an interdisciplinary approach to the topic by utilizing the insights of cognitive ethology, philosophy, science, and Christian theology in order to present a benign approach to the ethical treatment of experimental animals. The reality and existence of animal minds, animal pain, and animal suffering provide the foundation for animal rights, and subsequently, for more positive treatment. Concrete suggestions are offered with regard to more humane animal legislation, improved animal husbandry conditions, as well as concrete guidelines that offset the burdens to animals against the benefits to humans. The ultimate result is a more humane practice in experimentation, modeled somewhat on the practice of pet keeping, in which experimental animals are viewed not only as having instrumental value but intrinsic value as well.
Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368246
- eISBN:
- 9780199867615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368246.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter discusses the use of animals in research. It provides a brief history of animal research and examines the ethical arguments for and against animal experimentation. The chapter discusses ...
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This chapter discusses the use of animals in research. It provides a brief history of animal research and examines the ethical arguments for and against animal experimentation. The chapter discusses the animal rights views of Peter Singer and Tom Regan and considers some morally significant differences between animals and humans. It also discusses some principles for the ethical treatment of animal in research, such as the “three Rs”—reduction, replacement, and refinement—as well as animal research regulations.Less
This chapter discusses the use of animals in research. It provides a brief history of animal research and examines the ethical arguments for and against animal experimentation. The chapter discusses the animal rights views of Peter Singer and Tom Regan and considers some morally significant differences between animals and humans. It also discusses some principles for the ethical treatment of animal in research, such as the “three Rs”—reduction, replacement, and refinement—as well as animal research regulations.
Larry Carbone
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161960
- eISBN:
- 9780199790067
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161960.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This book presents a history of animal rights. It brings a novel, sociological perspective to an area that has been addressed largely from a philosophical perspective, or from the entrenched ...
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This book presents a history of animal rights. It brings a novel, sociological perspective to an area that has been addressed largely from a philosophical perspective, or from the entrenched positions of highly committed advocates of a particular position in the debate. This book is about the people who would speak for animals in laboratories. On the one hand, people vie to speak on animals' behalf in the policy arena, to advocate for them in a forum in which they have no direct voice. Animal protectionists are immediately obvious in this role, but so are veterinarians, other animal care professionals, and many scientists. On the other hand, speaking for animals means interpreting them, translating their animal minds into human language; it's a claim of expertise and knowledge rather than commitment and advocacy. But the two are intimately intertwined, and many of the policy debates examined in this book are about these two ways of speaking for animals. This book is offered to those who are hoping for some sort of balance that promotes animal welfare and biomedical progress, not platitudes or irrelevant rules with no real impact in animals' lives.Less
This book presents a history of animal rights. It brings a novel, sociological perspective to an area that has been addressed largely from a philosophical perspective, or from the entrenched positions of highly committed advocates of a particular position in the debate. This book is about the people who would speak for animals in laboratories. On the one hand, people vie to speak on animals' behalf in the policy arena, to advocate for them in a forum in which they have no direct voice. Animal protectionists are immediately obvious in this role, but so are veterinarians, other animal care professionals, and many scientists. On the other hand, speaking for animals means interpreting them, translating their animal minds into human language; it's a claim of expertise and knowledge rather than commitment and advocacy. But the two are intimately intertwined, and many of the policy debates examined in this book are about these two ways of speaking for animals. This book is offered to those who are hoping for some sort of balance that promotes animal welfare and biomedical progress, not platitudes or irrelevant rules with no real impact in animals' lives.
Cass R. Sunstein and Martha C. Nussbaum (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This book explores the legal and political issues that underlie the campaign for animal rights and the opposition to it. Addressing ethical questions about ownership, protection against unjustified ...
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This book explores the legal and political issues that underlie the campaign for animal rights and the opposition to it. Addressing ethical questions about ownership, protection against unjustified suffering, and the ability of animals to make their own choices free from human control, its chapters offer numerous different perspectives on animal rights and animal welfare. They show that whatever one's ultimate conclusions, the relationship between human beings and nonhuman animals is being fundamentally rethought. The book offers a modern treatment of that rethinking.Less
This book explores the legal and political issues that underlie the campaign for animal rights and the opposition to it. Addressing ethical questions about ownership, protection against unjustified suffering, and the ability of animals to make their own choices free from human control, its chapters offer numerous different perspectives on animal rights and animal welfare. They show that whatever one's ultimate conclusions, the relationship between human beings and nonhuman animals is being fundamentally rethought. The book offers a modern treatment of that rethinking.
Larry Carbone
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161960
- eISBN:
- 9780199790067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161960.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This introductory chapter begins with a description of the goal of the book, which is to understand efforts over the past few decades to establish and maintain standards of animal welfare for ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a description of the goal of the book, which is to understand efforts over the past few decades to establish and maintain standards of animal welfare for animals, in pursuit of improved lives for future animals. Social theory and animal welfare science, and current trends in laboratory animal welfare policy are discussed.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a description of the goal of the book, which is to understand efforts over the past few decades to establish and maintain standards of animal welfare for animals, in pursuit of improved lives for future animals. Social theory and animal welfare science, and current trends in laboratory animal welfare policy are discussed.
Christopher Rootes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252060
- eISBN:
- 9780191601064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252068.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The evolution of environmental protest in Britain is considered against the background of the development of the environmental movement and the emergence of the environment as a political issue. 1323 ...
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The evolution of environmental protest in Britain is considered against the background of the development of the environmental movement and the emergence of the environment as a political issue. 1323 protest events reported in The Guardian during the years 1988–97 are analysed to explore the varying incidence, issues, forms and organizational affiliations of protest. In a decade in which environmentalism was widely supposed to have been institutionalized and domesticated, the evidence reveals an extraordinary surge of increasingly confrontational but generally non‐violent protest, especially against roads and for animal rights. In terms of issues, forms, networks, and organizations, animal welfare appears quite distinct from and scarcely linked to the broader environmental movement. The varying incidence and changing character of protest is explained chiefly in terms of changing political opportunities, but also as a legacy of a cycle of protest that began with the campaign against the poll tax.Less
The evolution of environmental protest in Britain is considered against the background of the development of the environmental movement and the emergence of the environment as a political issue. 1323 protest events reported in The Guardian during the years 1988–97 are analysed to explore the varying incidence, issues, forms and organizational affiliations of protest. In a decade in which environmentalism was widely supposed to have been institutionalized and domesticated, the evidence reveals an extraordinary surge of increasingly confrontational but generally non‐violent protest, especially against roads and for animal rights. In terms of issues, forms, networks, and organizations, animal welfare appears quite distinct from and scarcely linked to the broader environmental movement. The varying incidence and changing character of protest is explained chiefly in terms of changing political opportunities, but also as a legacy of a cycle of protest that began with the campaign against the poll tax.
Donna Yarri
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195181791
- eISBN:
- 9780199835744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195181794.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter argues that on the basis of the reality of animal minds and animal sentience that animal rights exist and should be protected. Just as humans are granted rights, even marginal humans, so ...
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This chapter argues that on the basis of the reality of animal minds and animal sentience that animal rights exist and should be protected. Just as humans are granted rights, even marginal humans, so too should animals. Not only should animals have moral rights, but legal rights as well. The rights which should exist in animal experimentation are as follows: freedom from unnecessary pain and suffering, not to have liberty so restricted, not to have their lives unnecessarily shortened, to engage in species-specific behavior, and to be treated with respect as individuals.Less
This chapter argues that on the basis of the reality of animal minds and animal sentience that animal rights exist and should be protected. Just as humans are granted rights, even marginal humans, so too should animals. Not only should animals have moral rights, but legal rights as well. The rights which should exist in animal experimentation are as follows: freedom from unnecessary pain and suffering, not to have liberty so restricted, not to have their lives unnecessarily shortened, to engage in species-specific behavior, and to be treated with respect as individuals.
Kimberly K. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199895755
- eISBN:
- 9780199950522
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199895755.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, American Politics
What is the role of government in protecting animal welfare? What principles should policy makers draw on as they try to balance animal welfare against human liberty? Much has been written in recent ...
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What is the role of government in protecting animal welfare? What principles should policy makers draw on as they try to balance animal welfare against human liberty? Much has been written in recent years on our moral duties toward animals, but scholars and activists alike have neglected the important question of how far the state may go to enforce those duties. This book fills that gap by exploring how liberal political principles apply to animal welfare policy. Focusing on animal welfare in the United States, the book argues that some animals (most prominently pets and livestock) may be considered members of the liberal social contract. That conclusion justifies limited state intervention to defend their welfare—even when such intervention may harm human citizens. The book also examines such questions as whether citizens may enjoy property rights in animals, what those rights entail, how animals may be represented in our political and legal institutions, and what strategies for reform are most compatible with liberal principles. More generally, this study asks, what sort of liberalism is suitable for the twenty-first-century United States? It argues that investigating the political morality of our treatment of animals gives us insight into how to design institutions that protect the most vulnerable members of our society, thus making of our shared world a more fitting home for both humans and the nonhumans to which we are so deeply connected.Less
What is the role of government in protecting animal welfare? What principles should policy makers draw on as they try to balance animal welfare against human liberty? Much has been written in recent years on our moral duties toward animals, but scholars and activists alike have neglected the important question of how far the state may go to enforce those duties. This book fills that gap by exploring how liberal political principles apply to animal welfare policy. Focusing on animal welfare in the United States, the book argues that some animals (most prominently pets and livestock) may be considered members of the liberal social contract. That conclusion justifies limited state intervention to defend their welfare—even when such intervention may harm human citizens. The book also examines such questions as whether citizens may enjoy property rights in animals, what those rights entail, how animals may be represented in our political and legal institutions, and what strategies for reform are most compatible with liberal principles. More generally, this study asks, what sort of liberalism is suitable for the twenty-first-century United States? It argues that investigating the political morality of our treatment of animals gives us insight into how to design institutions that protect the most vulnerable members of our society, thus making of our shared world a more fitting home for both humans and the nonhumans to which we are so deeply connected.
Richard A. Posner
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter analyses the animal rights issue from legal, philosophical, and pragmatic perspectives. It argues that the best approach to the issue is a human-centric one that appeals to our ...
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This chapter analyses the animal rights issue from legal, philosophical, and pragmatic perspectives. It argues that the best approach to the issue is a human-centric one that appeals to our developing knowledge and sentiments about animals, and which eschews on the one hand philosophical argument and a legal-formalist approach on the other. The chapter explains that on pragmatic grounds, people are not likely to want to give rights to animals and that some rights would be damaging to animals themselves. It also comments on the views of Steven Wise and Peter Singer.Less
This chapter analyses the animal rights issue from legal, philosophical, and pragmatic perspectives. It argues that the best approach to the issue is a human-centric one that appeals to our developing knowledge and sentiments about animals, and which eschews on the one hand philosophical argument and a legal-formalist approach on the other. The chapter explains that on pragmatic grounds, people are not likely to want to give rights to animals and that some rights would be damaging to animals themselves. It also comments on the views of Steven Wise and Peter Singer.
Larry Carbone
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161960
- eISBN:
- 9780199790067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161960.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter discusses the significance of animal species in laboratory animal policy debates. Various species have one or more different identities in our society — the faithful dog, the intelligent ...
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This chapter discusses the significance of animal species in laboratory animal policy debates. Various species have one or more different identities in our society — the faithful dog, the intelligent but untamed monkeys, the small defenseless mouse cum vermin — that have played into anti-and pro-vivisection propaganda. It is argued that different species identities, a blend of real facts about the animals as well as our cultural constructs, fit better or worse with shifting moral philosophies of rights, contractarian reciprocity, or feminist ethics of care.Less
This chapter discusses the significance of animal species in laboratory animal policy debates. Various species have one or more different identities in our society — the faithful dog, the intelligent but untamed monkeys, the small defenseless mouse cum vermin — that have played into anti-and pro-vivisection propaganda. It is argued that different species identities, a blend of real facts about the animals as well as our cultural constructs, fit better or worse with shifting moral philosophies of rights, contractarian reciprocity, or feminist ethics of care.
Elizabeth Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines some of the tensions among animal welfare, animal rights, and environmental protection ethics. It explains that while animal rights advocates object to animal experimentation, ...
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This chapter examines some of the tensions among animal welfare, animal rights, and environmental protection ethics. It explains that while animal rights advocates object to animal experimentation, this practice is acceptable to those who believe in animal welfare. The chapter shows that those who believe in environmental ethics might support the hunting of deer and rabbits when this is necessary to protect ecological well-being. It proposes an alternative approach to understanding the evaluative claims of the three perspectives, called rational attitude theory of value.Less
This chapter examines some of the tensions among animal welfare, animal rights, and environmental protection ethics. It explains that while animal rights advocates object to animal experimentation, this practice is acceptable to those who believe in animal welfare. The chapter shows that those who believe in environmental ethics might support the hunting of deer and rabbits when this is necessary to protect ecological well-being. It proposes an alternative approach to understanding the evaluative claims of the three perspectives, called rational attitude theory of value.
Cass R. Sunstein
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This introductory chapter explores the concept of animal rights. It shows the range of possible positions concerning the animal rights issue and explores what issues, of theory or fact, separate ...
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This introductory chapter explores the concept of animal rights. It shows the range of possible positions concerning the animal rights issue and explores what issues, of theory or fact, separate reasonable people. The chapter claims that in at least some sense, almost everyone believes in animal rights, and that the real question is about what the phrase ‘animal rights’ actually means. It discusses the provisions of some state laws concerning animal rights, and the difference between animal rights and animal welfare. The introduction also explains the objectives of this book, which are to bring some new clarity to the animal rights debate, and to chart some new directions for both practice and theory.Less
This introductory chapter explores the concept of animal rights. It shows the range of possible positions concerning the animal rights issue and explores what issues, of theory or fact, separate reasonable people. The chapter claims that in at least some sense, almost everyone believes in animal rights, and that the real question is about what the phrase ‘animal rights’ actually means. It discusses the provisions of some state laws concerning animal rights, and the difference between animal rights and animal welfare. The introduction also explains the objectives of this book, which are to bring some new clarity to the animal rights debate, and to chart some new directions for both practice and theory.
Steven M. Wise
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter argues that the legal system should recognise animal rights one step at a time. It outlines the various obstacles to the recognition of the basic legal rights for any nonhuman animal ...
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This chapter argues that the legal system should recognise animal rights one step at a time. It outlines the various obstacles to the recognition of the basic legal rights for any nonhuman animal including physical, economic, political, religious, historical, legal, and psychological rights. The chapter contends that animals should have rights if they have something called practical autonomy, and discusses the relevant issue of the abolition of human slavery in the U.S.A.Less
This chapter argues that the legal system should recognise animal rights one step at a time. It outlines the various obstacles to the recognition of the basic legal rights for any nonhuman animal including physical, economic, political, religious, historical, legal, and psychological rights. The chapter contends that animals should have rights if they have something called practical autonomy, and discusses the relevant issue of the abolition of human slavery in the U.S.A.
Andrew Jamison and Magnus Ring
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252060
- eISBN:
- 9780191601064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252068.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The incidence of environmental protest in Sweden is examined by means of an analysis of environmental protest events reported in Dagens Nyheter during the years 1988–97. Although nationally reported ...
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The incidence of environmental protest in Sweden is examined by means of an analysis of environmental protest events reported in Dagens Nyheter during the years 1988–97. Although nationally reported protest declined in the early years of the decade, it stabilized thereafter. Given changes in the newspaper, its declining interest in protest, and increasing interest in ‘green business’, it is likely that the actual incidence of protest is understated by this source. Nevertheless, it appears that protests around urban issues declined steadily whereas those concerning animal rights increased, with a modest number of violent protests mainly associated with the latter. Otherwise, environmental protest in Sweden appears to have remained relatively subdued and moderate, as befits a country where environmentalism has been unusually pervasively incorporated.Less
The incidence of environmental protest in Sweden is examined by means of an analysis of environmental protest events reported in Dagens Nyheter during the years 1988–97. Although nationally reported protest declined in the early years of the decade, it stabilized thereafter. Given changes in the newspaper, its declining interest in protest, and increasing interest in ‘green business’, it is likely that the actual incidence of protest is understated by this source. Nevertheless, it appears that protests around urban issues declined steadily whereas those concerning animal rights increased, with a modest number of violent protests mainly associated with the latter. Otherwise, environmental protest in Sweden appears to have remained relatively subdued and moderate, as befits a country where environmentalism has been unusually pervasively incorporated.
David Favre
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter discusses issues concerning the awarding of new legal rights to nonhuman animals. It argues that animals should, in an important sense, be allowed to own themselves, and explains what ...
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This chapter discusses issues concerning the awarding of new legal rights to nonhuman animals. It argues that animals should, in an important sense, be allowed to own themselves, and explains what this would mean in practice. The chapter suggests that one of the main problem of the animal rights movement is the tendency of their leaders to support only the purest philosophical position, regardless of political feasibility. It also considers the present possibility of moving towards the recognition of new rights for animals by awarding them the status of equitable self-ownership.Less
This chapter discusses issues concerning the awarding of new legal rights to nonhuman animals. It argues that animals should, in an important sense, be allowed to own themselves, and explains what this would mean in practice. The chapter suggests that one of the main problem of the animal rights movement is the tendency of their leaders to support only the purest philosophical position, regardless of political feasibility. It also considers the present possibility of moving towards the recognition of new rights for animals by awarding them the status of equitable self-ownership.
Catharine A. Mackinnon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter presents a feminist view on animal rights. It investigates why it is necessary for animals to be like people to be protected from them or to be entitled to their own lives, and presents ...
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This chapter presents a feminist view on animal rights. It investigates why it is necessary for animals to be like people to be protected from them or to be entitled to their own lives, and presents a reading of John Steinbeck's play Of Mice and Men. The chapter considers the ways nonhuman animals are seen and treated by human animals in gendered terms and suggests that comparing humans' treatment of animals with men's treatment of women illuminates the way the legal system's response to animals is gendered. It argues for the analysis of the situation of animals on their own terms, however difficult.Less
This chapter presents a feminist view on animal rights. It investigates why it is necessary for animals to be like people to be protected from them or to be entitled to their own lives, and presents a reading of John Steinbeck's play Of Mice and Men. The chapter considers the ways nonhuman animals are seen and treated by human animals in gendered terms and suggests that comparing humans' treatment of animals with men's treatment of women illuminates the way the legal system's response to animals is gendered. It argues for the analysis of the situation of animals on their own terms, however difficult.
Mario Diani and Francesca Forno
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252060
- eISBN:
- 9780191601064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252068.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyses the evolution of Italian environmentalism in the decade following the successful anti‐nuclear referendum of 1987. Although the number of national protests contracted over the ...
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This chapter analyses the evolution of Italian environmentalism in the decade following the successful anti‐nuclear referendum of 1987. Although the number of national protests contracted over the decade, the overall presence of environmental organizations in the national media and in local protest was actually stable if not on the rise. Altogether, Italian environmentalism only partially fits the model of a movement engaged in sustained, large‐scale collective challenges to authorities. Especially at the national level, environmental action emerges rather as action promoted by a set of public interest groups, mostly institutionalized in their forms of action, and whose control over the issues is less and less challenged by other political actors such as parties or economic interest groups.Less
This chapter analyses the evolution of Italian environmentalism in the decade following the successful anti‐nuclear referendum of 1987. Although the number of national protests contracted over the decade, the overall presence of environmental organizations in the national media and in local protest was actually stable if not on the rise. Altogether, Italian environmentalism only partially fits the model of a movement engaged in sustained, large‐scale collective challenges to authorities. Especially at the national level, environmental action emerges rather as action promoted by a set of public interest groups, mostly institutionalized in their forms of action, and whose control over the issues is less and less challenged by other political actors such as parties or economic interest groups.
Larry Carbone
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161960
- eISBN:
- 9780199790067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161960.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Claiming a billion-dollar price tag for compliance, the biomedical research community reacted forcefully to two new provisions of the 1985 Animal Welfare Act amendment calling for exercise programs ...
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Claiming a billion-dollar price tag for compliance, the biomedical research community reacted forcefully to two new provisions of the 1985 Animal Welfare Act amendment calling for exercise programs for dogs and for maintenance of the psychological well-being of primates. This chapter reviews this history, including a look at the scientific studies of dog exercise that were deployed to allay expensive exercise regulations, as veterinarian-scientists fought an uphill battle in convincing the USDA that despite what “everyone knows” about dogs, they neither need nor choose more exercise than what they can get living alone in a small cage.Less
Claiming a billion-dollar price tag for compliance, the biomedical research community reacted forcefully to two new provisions of the 1985 Animal Welfare Act amendment calling for exercise programs for dogs and for maintenance of the psychological well-being of primates. This chapter reviews this history, including a look at the scientific studies of dog exercise that were deployed to allay expensive exercise regulations, as veterinarian-scientists fought an uphill battle in convincing the USDA that despite what “everyone knows” about dogs, they neither need nor choose more exercise than what they can get living alone in a small cage.
Lesley J. Rogers and Gisela Kaplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter discusses issues concerning the interface between scientific knowledge and legislation for animal rights. It reviews available and up-to-date scientific evidence for awareness of self, ...
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This chapter discusses issues concerning the interface between scientific knowledge and legislation for animal rights. It reviews available and up-to-date scientific evidence for awareness of self, theory of mind, complex memory, planning actions, complex communication, and intelligence in animals. The chapter considers brain size in relation to cognitive ability and social behaviour, and mentions that even smaller brains can process information very efficiently. Based on the anomalies in animal intelligence, it cautions us against ranking species according to performance on a single task or on a single set of criteria, and against attributing higher value to one set of characteristics than another.Less
This chapter discusses issues concerning the interface between scientific knowledge and legislation for animal rights. It reviews available and up-to-date scientific evidence for awareness of self, theory of mind, complex memory, planning actions, complex communication, and intelligence in animals. The chapter considers brain size in relation to cognitive ability and social behaviour, and mentions that even smaller brains can process information very efficiently. Based on the anomalies in animal intelligence, it cautions us against ranking species according to performance on a single task or on a single set of criteria, and against attributing higher value to one set of characteristics than another.
Martha C. Nussbaum
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter discusses the application of the capabilities approach to the question of animal rights. It explains that this approach provides better theoretical guidance on the issue of animal ...
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This chapter discusses the application of the capabilities approach to the question of animal rights. It explains that this approach provides better theoretical guidance on the issue of animal entitlements over contractarian and utilitarian approaches because it is capable of recognising a wide range of types of animal dignity and of corresponding needs for flourishing. The chapter criticises the view of philosopher Immanuel Kant and his followers that mistreatment of animals does not raise questions of justice and suggests that the claims of animals should be rooted in an understanding of what sorts of capabilities animals have.Less
This chapter discusses the application of the capabilities approach to the question of animal rights. It explains that this approach provides better theoretical guidance on the issue of animal entitlements over contractarian and utilitarian approaches because it is capable of recognising a wide range of types of animal dignity and of corresponding needs for flourishing. The chapter criticises the view of philosopher Immanuel Kant and his followers that mistreatment of animals does not raise questions of justice and suggests that the claims of animals should be rooted in an understanding of what sorts of capabilities animals have.
