Kurt Weyland
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226801
- eISBN:
- 9780191710285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226801.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter analyzes the decision-making process surrounding pension reform in Latin America. It argues decision to emulate the Chilean model did not follow the procedures of full, ‘economic’ ...
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This chapter analyzes the decision-making process surrounding pension reform in Latin America. It argues decision to emulate the Chilean model did not follow the procedures of full, ‘economic’ rationality. Rather they were shaped by shortcuts of bounded rationality. Instead of proactively scanning the international environment for the relevant information, experts and policymakers mostly reacted to information about Chilean-style privatization that happened to be available to them. Rather than conducting systematic, balanced, cost-benefit analyses of this innovation, many of them were overly impressed by the initial success of Chile's private pension funds and used associative reasoning in depicting social security privatization as the main cause for the dramatic increase in domestic savings and productive investment and the resulting growth boom experienced by Chile. Furthermore, instead of thoroughly adapting the Chilean import to their own country's requirements, decision-makers in a number of countries stayed strikingly close to the original. Thus, these pension reformers did not apply the principles of comprehensive rationality, but displayed the three principal shortcuts documented by cognitive psychologists in innumerable experiments and field studies: the heuristics of availability, representativeness, and anchoring.Less
This chapter analyzes the decision-making process surrounding pension reform in Latin America. It argues decision to emulate the Chilean model did not follow the procedures of full, ‘economic’ rationality. Rather they were shaped by shortcuts of bounded rationality. Instead of proactively scanning the international environment for the relevant information, experts and policymakers mostly reacted to information about Chilean-style privatization that happened to be available to them. Rather than conducting systematic, balanced, cost-benefit analyses of this innovation, many of them were overly impressed by the initial success of Chile's private pension funds and used associative reasoning in depicting social security privatization as the main cause for the dramatic increase in domestic savings and productive investment and the resulting growth boom experienced by Chile. Furthermore, instead of thoroughly adapting the Chilean import to their own country's requirements, decision-makers in a number of countries stayed strikingly close to the original. Thus, these pension reformers did not apply the principles of comprehensive rationality, but displayed the three principal shortcuts documented by cognitive psychologists in innumerable experiments and field studies: the heuristics of availability, representativeness, and anchoring.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for ...
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This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.Less
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.
Penelope Mackie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199272204
- eISBN:
- 9780191604034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272204.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter examines David Wiggins’s version of sortal essentialism, which relies on the EPI thesis, that a thing’s principle of individuation is essential to it in order to derive the result that ...
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This chapter examines David Wiggins’s version of sortal essentialism, which relies on the EPI thesis, that a thing’s principle of individuation is essential to it in order to derive the result that certain sortals (‘ultimate sortals’) are essential sortals. It argues that the attempt to defend sortal essentialism by appeal to EPI faces a dilemma: either the thesis is vacuous, and lends no support to sortal essentialism, or it is a substantial thesis, but one that we have no good reason to accept. It concludes that even if it is true that, for any given individual, there are some sorts or kinds to which it could not have belonged, there is insufficient reason to believe the sortal essentialist’s explanation that this is because there is some sortal kind to which it belongs essentially.Less
This chapter examines David Wiggins’s version of sortal essentialism, which relies on the EPI thesis, that a thing’s principle of individuation is essential to it in order to derive the result that certain sortals (‘ultimate sortals’) are essential sortals. It argues that the attempt to defend sortal essentialism by appeal to EPI faces a dilemma: either the thesis is vacuous, and lends no support to sortal essentialism, or it is a substantial thesis, but one that we have no good reason to accept. It concludes that even if it is true that, for any given individual, there are some sorts or kinds to which it could not have belonged, there is insufficient reason to believe the sortal essentialist’s explanation that this is because there is some sortal kind to which it belongs essentially.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
The foremost mental roadblocks in predictive model building are refusal to make outrageous simplifications and reluctance to play with means of extreme cases. “Ignorance-based” models focus on ...
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The foremost mental roadblocks in predictive model building are refusal to make outrageous simplifications and reluctance to play with means of extreme cases. “Ignorance-based” models focus on conceptual constraints: What do we already know about the situation, even before collecting any data? Eliminate the conceptually forbidden areas where data points could not possibly occur, and locate the conceptual anchor points where the value of x imposes a unique value of y. Once this is done, few options may remain for how y can depend on x–unless you tell yourself “It can't be that simple.” A low R 2 may still confirm a predictive model, and a high one may work to reject it.Less
The foremost mental roadblocks in predictive model building are refusal to make outrageous simplifications and reluctance to play with means of extreme cases. “Ignorance-based” models focus on conceptual constraints: What do we already know about the situation, even before collecting any data? Eliminate the conceptually forbidden areas where data points could not possibly occur, and locate the conceptual anchor points where the value of x imposes a unique value of y. Once this is done, few options may remain for how y can depend on x–unless you tell yourself “It can't be that simple.” A low R 2 may still confirm a predictive model, and a high one may work to reject it.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
The outcomes of sociopolitical processes often depend on the factor in shortest supply; this makes multiplication of factors superior to their addition. Naïve linear regression may not detect all ...
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The outcomes of sociopolitical processes often depend on the factor in shortest supply; this makes multiplication of factors superior to their addition. Naïve linear regression may not detect all relationships between physical or social factors, because nonlinear relationships predominate. When x and y can conceptually take only positive values, the simplest conceptually acceptable fit is to connect y to x raised to a power (an exponent). This means that linear regression should be carried out on the logarithms of x and y, not on x and y. Various other constraints, such as forbidden areas and anchor points, lead to exponential, simple logistic, and more complex patterns.Less
The outcomes of sociopolitical processes often depend on the factor in shortest supply; this makes multiplication of factors superior to their addition. Naïve linear regression may not detect all relationships between physical or social factors, because nonlinear relationships predominate. When x and y can conceptually take only positive values, the simplest conceptually acceptable fit is to connect y to x raised to a power (an exponent). This means that linear regression should be carried out on the logarithms of x and y, not on x and y. Various other constraints, such as forbidden areas and anchor points, lead to exponential, simple logistic, and more complex patterns.
Leonardo Morlino
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280828
- eISBN:
- 9780191599965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280823.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
A set of specific hypotheses sums up the main results of the research. The anchoring process is suggested to be the main explanation of consolidation and crisis. So a ‘theory of anchoring’ is the ...
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A set of specific hypotheses sums up the main results of the research. The anchoring process is suggested to be the main explanation of consolidation and crisis. So a ‘theory of anchoring’ is the main result of the entire research. The possible follow‐up of research is envisaged, especially with reference to the ‘quality of democracy’.Less
A set of specific hypotheses sums up the main results of the research. The anchoring process is suggested to be the main explanation of consolidation and crisis. So a ‘theory of anchoring’ is the main result of the entire research. The possible follow‐up of research is envisaged, especially with reference to the ‘quality of democracy’.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
Take seriously the introductory advice by most introductory texts of statistics: graph the data and look at the graph so as to make sure linear regression makes sense from a statistical viewpoint. ...
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Take seriously the introductory advice by most introductory texts of statistics: graph the data and look at the graph so as to make sure linear regression makes sense from a statistical viewpoint. Graph more than the data – graph the entire conceptually allowed area and anchor points so as to make sure linear regression makes sense from a substantive viewpoint. If using linear regression, report not only the regression coefficients and the intercept but also the ranges, mean values, and medians of all input variables. While symmetric regression has advantages over OLS, fully reported symmetric regression is still merely regression.Less
Take seriously the introductory advice by most introductory texts of statistics: graph the data and look at the graph so as to make sure linear regression makes sense from a statistical viewpoint. Graph more than the data – graph the entire conceptually allowed area and anchor points so as to make sure linear regression makes sense from a substantive viewpoint. If using linear regression, report not only the regression coefficients and the intercept but also the ranges, mean values, and medians of all input variables. While symmetric regression has advantages over OLS, fully reported symmetric regression is still merely regression.
Diana C. Mutz
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144511
- eISBN:
- 9781400840489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144511.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter illustrates population-based experiments designed to improve measurement. These are descendants of the early split-ballot approach, also geared toward improving measurement of attitudes ...
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This chapter illustrates population-based experiments designed to improve measurement. These are descendants of the early split-ballot approach, also geared toward improving measurement of attitudes and behaviors, but the approaches are now far more sophisticated and complex. The experimental treatments discussed here are not designed to test a specific theoretical hypothesis so much as to improve measurement. Although the chapter makes a distinction between testing hypotheses and improving measurement, in many cases the fundamental hypothesis of a study is that a measure is flawed in some systematic way. Three general approaches to improving measurement are evident in population-based experiments: the “item count technique,” alteration of the inferential process, and techniques involving anchoring as a means of improving measurement.Less
This chapter illustrates population-based experiments designed to improve measurement. These are descendants of the early split-ballot approach, also geared toward improving measurement of attitudes and behaviors, but the approaches are now far more sophisticated and complex. The experimental treatments discussed here are not designed to test a specific theoretical hypothesis so much as to improve measurement. Although the chapter makes a distinction between testing hypotheses and improving measurement, in many cases the fundamental hypothesis of a study is that a measure is flawed in some systematic way. Three general approaches to improving measurement are evident in population-based experiments: the “item count technique,” alteration of the inferential process, and techniques involving anchoring as a means of improving measurement.
Pieter A. M. Seuren
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559473
- eISBN:
- 9780191721137
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559473.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
Thought as expressed in language is propositionally structured. The notion of proposition is explained in a historical context. Utterance tokens are per se context‐dependent: they are contextually ...
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Thought as expressed in language is propositionally structured. The notion of proposition is explained in a historical context. Utterance tokens are per se context‐dependent: they are contextually anchored and referentially keyed. Propositions‐in‐context consist of a topic and a comment. Truth and interpretation are both model‐theoretic and cognitive. Existential import is a matter of lexical argument term position.Less
Thought as expressed in language is propositionally structured. The notion of proposition is explained in a historical context. Utterance tokens are per se context‐dependent: they are contextually anchored and referentially keyed. Propositions‐in‐context consist of a topic and a comment. Truth and interpretation are both model‐theoretic and cognitive. Existential import is a matter of lexical argument term position.
Fred Lerdahl
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178296
- eISBN:
- 9780199870370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178296.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter applies the pitch-space model to sequences and hierarchies of events to reveal patterns of tonal tension and attraction. Intuitions of tonal tension and relaxation correspond to ...
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This chapter applies the pitch-space model to sequences and hierarchies of events to reveal patterns of tonal tension and attraction. Intuitions of tonal tension and relaxation correspond to distances in relation to a given reference point (the tonic). Computational methods for both sequential and hierarchical tension are developed and illustrated in a Mozart sonata. These considerations lead to a reformulation of the interaction principle. The factor of surface dissonance is incorporated into the model. Intuitions of melodic anchoring motivate the complementary theory of melodic (or voice-leading) attractions. The crucial factors in the melodic attraction rule are proximity and stability. Attractions between reciprocal pitches and chords are asymmetrical, and attractions are provisionally equated with expectancies. The melodic attraction model is extended to harmonic attraction. The relationship between tonal tension and attraction is discussed, as are connections to other theories.Less
This chapter applies the pitch-space model to sequences and hierarchies of events to reveal patterns of tonal tension and attraction. Intuitions of tonal tension and relaxation correspond to distances in relation to a given reference point (the tonic). Computational methods for both sequential and hierarchical tension are developed and illustrated in a Mozart sonata. These considerations lead to a reformulation of the interaction principle. The factor of surface dissonance is incorporated into the model. Intuitions of melodic anchoring motivate the complementary theory of melodic (or voice-leading) attractions. The crucial factors in the melodic attraction rule are proximity and stability. Attractions between reciprocal pitches and chords are asymmetrical, and attractions are provisionally equated with expectancies. The melodic attraction model is extended to harmonic attraction. The relationship between tonal tension and attraction is discussed, as are connections to other theories.
Walter W. Powell, Kelley Packalen, and Kjersten Whittington
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter examines eleven regions in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s that were all rich in resources—ideas, money, and skills—which might have led to the formation of life sciences ...
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This chapter examines eleven regions in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s that were all rich in resources—ideas, money, and skills—which might have led to the formation of life sciences clusters. Yet only three of the regions—the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and San Diego—developed into robust industrial districts for biotechnology. Most research on the emergence of high-tech cluster samples on successful cases and traces backward to find a developmental pattern. In contrast, rather than read in reverse from a positive outcome, the chapter builds networks forward from their early origins, revealing three crucial factors: organizational diversity, anchor tenant organizations that protect the norms of a community and provide relational glue across multiple affiliations, and a sequence of network formation that starts with local connections and subsequently expands to global linkages.Less
This chapter examines eleven regions in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s that were all rich in resources—ideas, money, and skills—which might have led to the formation of life sciences clusters. Yet only three of the regions—the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and San Diego—developed into robust industrial districts for biotechnology. Most research on the emergence of high-tech cluster samples on successful cases and traces backward to find a developmental pattern. In contrast, rather than read in reverse from a positive outcome, the chapter builds networks forward from their early origins, revealing three crucial factors: organizational diversity, anchor tenant organizations that protect the norms of a community and provide relational glue across multiple affiliations, and a sequence of network formation that starts with local connections and subsequently expands to global linkages.
Lee Fleming, Lyra Colfer, Alexandra Marin, and Jonathan McPhie
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0017
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter shows the early emergence of Silicon Valley and Boston. Much has been made of the cultural differences between Silicon Valley in the Bay Area and Boston's Route 128. The chapter digs ...
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This chapter shows the early emergence of Silicon Valley and Boston. Much has been made of the cultural differences between Silicon Valley in the Bay Area and Boston's Route 128. The chapter digs beneath this surface portrait, discerning which organizations are most generative. It looks at the structural differences between two leading technology hubs. Using patent data that capture inventor networks, the chapter highlights the importance of careers. It also reveals much greater information flow and career mobility across organizations and industries in the Valley than in Boston. This movement of people and ideas was spurred by the critical intermediary roles of certain institutions which functioned like the anchor tenants that were the pollinators in the biotechnology clusters in Chapter 14. The chapter thus argues that this anchoring of diversity is central to the formation of technology clusters.Less
This chapter shows the early emergence of Silicon Valley and Boston. Much has been made of the cultural differences between Silicon Valley in the Bay Area and Boston's Route 128. The chapter digs beneath this surface portrait, discerning which organizations are most generative. It looks at the structural differences between two leading technology hubs. Using patent data that capture inventor networks, the chapter highlights the importance of careers. It also reveals much greater information flow and career mobility across organizations and industries in the Valley than in Boston. This movement of people and ideas was spurred by the critical intermediary roles of certain institutions which functioned like the anchor tenants that were the pollinators in the biotechnology clusters in Chapter 14. The chapter thus argues that this anchoring of diversity is central to the formation of technology clusters.
Peter Hinds
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264430
- eISBN:
- 9780191733994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264430.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This chapter discusses an introduction to Titus Oates and Roger L'Estrange. It provides contexts for their behaviour and actions in the 1670s and 1680s. The author uses L'Estrange as an observer and ...
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This chapter discusses an introduction to Titus Oates and Roger L'Estrange. It provides contexts for their behaviour and actions in the 1670s and 1680s. The author uses L'Estrange as an observer and critic of the times through which he lived, as well as a narrative anchor to some degree. This helps in making sense of the comment on the political events during the period. Political satire during this period is also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses an introduction to Titus Oates and Roger L'Estrange. It provides contexts for their behaviour and actions in the 1670s and 1680s. The author uses L'Estrange as an observer and critic of the times through which he lived, as well as a narrative anchor to some degree. This helps in making sense of the comment on the political events during the period. Political satire during this period is also discussed.
Alan Gilchrist
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195187168
- eISBN:
- 9780199786725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187168.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter offers a specific error-driven theory of lightness framed in terms of the rules of anchoring. The lightness model described in Gilchrist et al. (1999) is presented in more detail in this ...
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This chapter offers a specific error-driven theory of lightness framed in terms of the rules of anchoring. The lightness model described in Gilchrist et al. (1999) is presented in more detail in this chapter. Its principal strength is the wide range of lightness errors it can accommodate. Central to the model is its construction of the relationship between simple and complex images. The discussion starts with a consideration of lightness in simple images. At the heart of the anchoring model lies a critical assumption about the relationship between simple and complex images: the rules of anchoring found in simple images are applicable to frames of reference embedded within complex images. The same anchoring rules are held to apply to both.Less
This chapter offers a specific error-driven theory of lightness framed in terms of the rules of anchoring. The lightness model described in Gilchrist et al. (1999) is presented in more detail in this chapter. Its principal strength is the wide range of lightness errors it can accommodate. Central to the model is its construction of the relationship between simple and complex images. The discussion starts with a consideration of lightness in simple images. At the heart of the anchoring model lies a critical assumption about the relationship between simple and complex images: the rules of anchoring found in simple images are applicable to frames of reference embedded within complex images. The same anchoring rules are held to apply to both.
Alan Gilchrist
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195187168
- eISBN:
- 9780199786725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187168.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter outlines and critiques all the main theories of lightness, laying out the strengths and weaknesses of each. These include the past experience theories, contrast theories, brightness ...
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This chapter outlines and critiques all the main theories of lightness, laying out the strengths and weaknesses of each. These include the past experience theories, contrast theories, brightness models, decomposition models, and anchoring theory.Less
This chapter outlines and critiques all the main theories of lightness, laying out the strengths and weaknesses of each. These include the past experience theories, contrast theories, brightness models, decomposition models, and anchoring theory.
Alan Gilchrist
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195187168
- eISBN:
- 9780199786725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187168.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter deals with the essential but only recently recognized problem of anchoring in lightness perception. Previously, lightness theories had no anchoring rules and thus could predict only ...
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This chapter deals with the essential but only recently recognized problem of anchoring in lightness perception. Previously, lightness theories had no anchoring rules and thus could predict only relative lightness values, not specific values. An anchoring rule or set of rules is the final component required for a complete theory of veridical perception. Although it has not been widely recognized, most theories of lightness perception, including decomposition theories, can, at most, assign only relative lightness values to the surfaces in a scene. They may predict, for example, that a particular surface is five times lighter, or three times darker than a neighboring surface. To produce absolute lightness values requires an anchoring rule. This is a rule that identifies a specific value of lightness (like white or middle gray) with some property of the retinal image (like highest luminance, average luminance, or largest area).Less
This chapter deals with the essential but only recently recognized problem of anchoring in lightness perception. Previously, lightness theories had no anchoring rules and thus could predict only relative lightness values, not specific values. An anchoring rule or set of rules is the final component required for a complete theory of veridical perception. Although it has not been widely recognized, most theories of lightness perception, including decomposition theories, can, at most, assign only relative lightness values to the surfaces in a scene. They may predict, for example, that a particular surface is five times lighter, or three times darker than a neighboring surface. To produce absolute lightness values requires an anchoring rule. This is a rule that identifies a specific value of lightness (like white or middle gray) with some property of the retinal image (like highest luminance, average luminance, or largest area).
Leonardo Morlino
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199572533
- eISBN:
- 9780191731082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572533.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization, Comparative Politics
The four key theoretical mechanisms that came out of the entire research are recalled and the prospects for future research on the field are proposed. Finally, the issue of what policy ...
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The four key theoretical mechanisms that came out of the entire research are recalled and the prospects for future research on the field are proposed. Finally, the issue of what policy recommendations should be addressed is discussed.Less
The four key theoretical mechanisms that came out of the entire research are recalled and the prospects for future research on the field are proposed. Finally, the issue of what policy recommendations should be addressed is discussed.
Mariko Lin Chang
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195367690
- eISBN:
- 9780199944101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367690.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter discusses the concept of the wealth escalator as the mechanism for understanding why men have an advantage when it comes to translating income into wealth. It also discusses the debt ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of the wealth escalator as the mechanism for understanding why men have an advantage when it comes to translating income into wealth. It also discusses the debt anchor that compounds women's wealth-building disadvantage. It argues that, while earnings are important, the ability to tap into the wealth escalator helps one build wealth much more quickly than by earnings alone. Women's lower incomes place them at a disadvantage in wealth building, but women are less likely to tap into the wealth escalator because of the types of jobs and industries they work in and because of their patterns of labor force participation.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of the wealth escalator as the mechanism for understanding why men have an advantage when it comes to translating income into wealth. It also discusses the debt anchor that compounds women's wealth-building disadvantage. It argues that, while earnings are important, the ability to tap into the wealth escalator helps one build wealth much more quickly than by earnings alone. Women's lower incomes place them at a disadvantage in wealth building, but women are less likely to tap into the wealth escalator because of the types of jobs and industries they work in and because of their patterns of labor force participation.
Sophie Repp
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543601
- eISBN:
- 9780191715587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543601.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
Chapter 5 delivers a new semantic definition of gapping: it is the referential anchoring of a sentence which is elided in the second conjunct of a gapping sentence. It shows that gapping does not ...
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Chapter 5 delivers a new semantic definition of gapping: it is the referential anchoring of a sentence which is elided in the second conjunct of a gapping sentence. It shows that gapping does not necessarily involve the elision of the finite verb but can also occur in non‐finite structures.Less
Chapter 5 delivers a new semantic definition of gapping: it is the referential anchoring of a sentence which is elided in the second conjunct of a gapping sentence. It shows that gapping does not necessarily involve the elision of the finite verb but can also occur in non‐finite structures.
Hersh Shefrin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195161212
- eISBN:
- 9780199832996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195161211.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Statistics and probability are essential concepts when it comes to risk. Yet, most people have poor intuition about statistics and probabilities. Instead of behaving like professional statisticians, ...
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Statistics and probability are essential concepts when it comes to risk. Yet, most people have poor intuition about statistics and probabilities. Instead of behaving like professional statisticians, they rely on flawed intuition, based on rules of thumb called heuristics. By using heuristics people render themselves vulnerable to errors and biases. That is why the first theme of behavioral finance is called heuristic‐driven bias. The chapter describes these biases using behavioral concepts such as availability, representativeness, anchoring‐and‐adjustment, overconfidence, and aversion to ambiguity. Examples are provided to illustrate how these concepts affect the manner in which investors form predictions.Less
Statistics and probability are essential concepts when it comes to risk. Yet, most people have poor intuition about statistics and probabilities. Instead of behaving like professional statisticians, they rely on flawed intuition, based on rules of thumb called heuristics. By using heuristics people render themselves vulnerable to errors and biases. That is why the first theme of behavioral finance is called heuristic‐driven bias. The chapter describes these biases using behavioral concepts such as availability, representativeness, anchoring‐and‐adjustment, overconfidence, and aversion to ambiguity. Examples are provided to illustrate how these concepts affect the manner in which investors form predictions.
