Peter Forrest
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199214587
- eISBN:
- 9780191706523
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214587.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Religion
This book is a speculative philosophical theology based on three themes: that a version of materialism is a help, not a hindrance, in philosophical theology; that God develops; and that this ...
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This book is a speculative philosophical theology based on three themes: that a version of materialism is a help, not a hindrance, in philosophical theology; that God develops; and that this development is kenotic, an abandonment of power. The materialism considered in this work is non-reductive: of metaphysical necessity, the mental supervenes on the physical. Materialism leads to the thesis that the primordial God is metaphysically necessary, the limiting case of supervenience. It is speculated that the brain-analogue of the primordial God consists of all the possibilities for creation. It is also speculated that God changes. In the beginning there was a God which loved no one and which was not lovable, but was all-powerful and all-knowing. A sequence of acts resulted in a community of divine love, the Holy Trinity, and a world with many creatures who were autonomous agents. God loved us so much that one Divine Person became fully human and was willing to suffer to show us divine love. This is the kenotic development of God from Pure Will to Unbounded Love. In addition, kenosis provides a new resource for understanding evil. The Primordial God is good but in an inhuman way; why should anyone expect otherwise? But as a result of God's kenotic development, God is now like a loving parent, as the great monotheistic religions teach.Less
This book is a speculative philosophical theology based on three themes: that a version of materialism is a help, not a hindrance, in philosophical theology; that God develops; and that this development is kenotic, an abandonment of power. The materialism considered in this work is non-reductive: of metaphysical necessity, the mental supervenes on the physical. Materialism leads to the thesis that the primordial God is metaphysically necessary, the limiting case of supervenience. It is speculated that the brain-analogue of the primordial God consists of all the possibilities for creation. It is also speculated that God changes. In the beginning there was a God which loved no one and which was not lovable, but was all-powerful and all-knowing. A sequence of acts resulted in a community of divine love, the Holy Trinity, and a world with many creatures who were autonomous agents. God loved us so much that one Divine Person became fully human and was willing to suffer to show us divine love. This is the kenotic development of God from Pure Will to Unbounded Love. In addition, kenosis provides a new resource for understanding evil. The Primordial God is good but in an inhuman way; why should anyone expect otherwise? But as a result of God's kenotic development, God is now like a loving parent, as the great monotheistic religions teach.
Jody Azzouni
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195187137
- eISBN:
- 9780199850570
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187137.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
When ordinary people—mathematicians among them—take something to follow (deductively) from something else, they are exposing the backbone of our self-ascribed ability to reason. This book ...
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When ordinary people—mathematicians among them—take something to follow (deductively) from something else, they are exposing the backbone of our self-ascribed ability to reason. This book investigates the connection between that ordinary notion of consequence and the formal analogues invented by logicians. One claim of the book is that, despite our apparent intuitive grasp of consequence, we do not introspect rules by which we reason, nor do we grasp the scope and range of the domain, as it were, of our reasoning. This point is illustrated with a close analysis of a paradigmatic case of ordinary reasoning—mathematical proof.Less
When ordinary people—mathematicians among them—take something to follow (deductively) from something else, they are exposing the backbone of our self-ascribed ability to reason. This book investigates the connection between that ordinary notion of consequence and the formal analogues invented by logicians. One claim of the book is that, despite our apparent intuitive grasp of consequence, we do not introspect rules by which we reason, nor do we grasp the scope and range of the domain, as it were, of our reasoning. This point is illustrated with a close analysis of a paradigmatic case of ordinary reasoning—mathematical proof.
John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
This chapter reviews Nelson Goodman’s proposals concerning depiction, identifies problems with them, and suggests how they can be overcome without appealing to a perceptual account of pictorial ...
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This chapter reviews Nelson Goodman’s proposals concerning depiction, identifies problems with them, and suggests how they can be overcome without appealing to a perceptual account of pictorial representation. Goodman’s proposal is that all pictorial systems are relatively replete, syntactically dense, and semantically dense. This is problematic because repleteness is not as well-defined as it should be, and density requires that pictures be analog representations, while many seem to be digital. These conditions were never meant to be sufficient for a system to be pictorial, but the problem is that they seem to be unnecessary as well.Less
This chapter reviews Nelson Goodman’s proposals concerning depiction, identifies problems with them, and suggests how they can be overcome without appealing to a perceptual account of pictorial representation. Goodman’s proposal is that all pictorial systems are relatively replete, syntactically dense, and semantically dense. This is problematic because repleteness is not as well-defined as it should be, and density requires that pictures be analog representations, while many seem to be digital. These conditions were never meant to be sufficient for a system to be pictorial, but the problem is that they seem to be unnecessary as well.
John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
With the worries about Goodman on the table, this chapter introduces an alternative set of conditions: a modified form of Goodman’s relative repleteness, syntactic sensitivity, and semantic richness. ...
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With the worries about Goodman on the table, this chapter introduces an alternative set of conditions: a modified form of Goodman’s relative repleteness, syntactic sensitivity, and semantic richness. These three are necessary for a representational system to be pictorial and they make no reference to the perception of pictures, but they are not sufficient for a representational system to be pictorial. They accommodate digital pictures comfortably, but are much too broad to capture what makes pictures pictures.Less
With the worries about Goodman on the table, this chapter introduces an alternative set of conditions: a modified form of Goodman’s relative repleteness, syntactic sensitivity, and semantic richness. These three are necessary for a representational system to be pictorial and they make no reference to the perception of pictures, but they are not sufficient for a representational system to be pictorial. They accommodate digital pictures comfortably, but are much too broad to capture what makes pictures pictures.
Ronald de Sousa
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189858
- eISBN:
- 9780199868377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189858.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of rationality. It then discusses the difference between digital computers and analog computers, the origins and limits of ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of rationality. It then discusses the difference between digital computers and analog computers, the origins and limits of intelligence, and meeting Plantinga's challenge. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of rationality. It then discusses the difference between digital computers and analog computers, the origins and limits of intelligence, and meeting Plantinga's challenge. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Stefan Helmreich, Sophia Roosth, and Michele Friedner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164809
- eISBN:
- 9781400873869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164809.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter proposes a classification of today's whales according to three different formats: the analog whale, the digital whale, and the simulated whale. The analog whale would be a whale of the ...
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This chapter proposes a classification of today's whales according to three different formats: the analog whale, the digital whale, and the simulated whale. The analog whale would be a whale of the waves, rising, though mostly falling. As the type of the ANALOG, think of the whale fall, the sunken carcass of a whale, which in its deep death can give rise to an ecology all its own. The cetacean understood as a linear sequence of DNA, of discrete nucleotide bases, fits into the category of the digital whale. Under the simulated whale, we can place the fiberglass whale made by the marine biologist Jenifer Hurley, of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in California, to train sea lions to film migrating whales. The chapter suggests that all of these representations of whales in their migrations toward death reach toward another format: the virtual.Less
This chapter proposes a classification of today's whales according to three different formats: the analog whale, the digital whale, and the simulated whale. The analog whale would be a whale of the waves, rising, though mostly falling. As the type of the ANALOG, think of the whale fall, the sunken carcass of a whale, which in its deep death can give rise to an ecology all its own. The cetacean understood as a linear sequence of DNA, of discrete nucleotide bases, fits into the category of the digital whale. Under the simulated whale, we can place the fiberglass whale made by the marine biologist Jenifer Hurley, of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in California, to train sea lions to film migrating whales. The chapter suggests that all of these representations of whales in their migrations toward death reach toward another format: the virtual.
Stephen R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279906
- eISBN:
- 9780191707131
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279906.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the concept of clitics. The aim of the book is then set out, which is to explore both of these senses of clitic, their interrelations, and ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the concept of clitics. The aim of the book is then set out, which is to explore both of these senses of clitic, their interrelations, and the implications of their analysis for the theory of grammar more generally. The general perspective will be one that grows out of the theory of A-Morphous Morphology, where clitics are regarded as the phrasal analog of (word-level) morphology. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the concept of clitics. The aim of the book is then set out, which is to explore both of these senses of clitic, their interrelations, and the implications of their analysis for the theory of grammar more generally. The general perspective will be one that grows out of the theory of A-Morphous Morphology, where clitics are regarded as the phrasal analog of (word-level) morphology. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
John R. Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The Late Quaternary palaeoecological record represents a source of baseline data for evidence-based conservation, by providing novel insights into how organisms and environments are likely to respond ...
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The Late Quaternary palaeoecological record represents a source of baseline data for evidence-based conservation, by providing novel insights into how organisms and environments are likely to respond to the negative effects of future climate change. Palaeoecological data can reveal how individual taxa have responded in the past to specific climatic and environmental changes, and can suggest the kinds of processes that are likely to take place in the future at a broader ecological level. Conservation priority should be given to populations living in ‘long-term’ or ‘true’ geographic refugia where genetic diversity evolves. A lack of consideration of intraspecific-level extinction, increasingly recognised in the Quaternary record, has hampered interpretation of the causes of past species extinctions. Non-analogue ecological communities are commonly observed in the Quaternary record, suggesting that there will be a significant level of unpredictability in environmental responses to climatic change at the community level.Less
The Late Quaternary palaeoecological record represents a source of baseline data for evidence-based conservation, by providing novel insights into how organisms and environments are likely to respond to the negative effects of future climate change. Palaeoecological data can reveal how individual taxa have responded in the past to specific climatic and environmental changes, and can suggest the kinds of processes that are likely to take place in the future at a broader ecological level. Conservation priority should be given to populations living in ‘long-term’ or ‘true’ geographic refugia where genetic diversity evolves. A lack of consideration of intraspecific-level extinction, increasingly recognised in the Quaternary record, has hampered interpretation of the causes of past species extinctions. Non-analogue ecological communities are commonly observed in the Quaternary record, suggesting that there will be a significant level of unpredictability in environmental responses to climatic change at the community level.
Mary Orr
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199258581
- eISBN:
- 9780191718083
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258581.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This final chapter reconsiders the famous set‐pieces of the ‘Sphinx and the Chimera’ and the ‘être la matière’ epiphany closing the text by close attention to real ‘monsters’ of Antoine's imagination ...
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This final chapter reconsiders the famous set‐pieces of the ‘Sphinx and the Chimera’ and the ‘être la matière’ epiphany closing the text by close attention to real ‘monsters’ of Antoine's imagination now that the Devil and Hilarion have left him to his solitary human condition. By arguing that Antoine equates to a Cuvier pitched against Saint‐Hilaire (and his theories of teratology) in the famous ‘querelle des analogues’ of 1832, the chapter investigates for the first time how the two famous sections above and the ‘parade of the monsters’ mesh with Cuvier's wide‐ranging contributions to comparative anatomy and palaeontology. The chapter thus identifies and reconstructs ‘real’ imaginary monsters (fossils), and adds science intertexts—Humboldt's Cosmos for example—to Flaubert's famous library for the first time. Further contemporary scientist interlocutors aptly replace Saint‐Hilaire and Laplace as the final (reference) matter of the chapter, the contributions of the Pouchets to theories of spontaneous generation and micropalaeontology.Less
This final chapter reconsiders the famous set‐pieces of the ‘Sphinx and the Chimera’ and the ‘être la matière’ epiphany closing the text by close attention to real ‘monsters’ of Antoine's imagination now that the Devil and Hilarion have left him to his solitary human condition. By arguing that Antoine equates to a Cuvier pitched against Saint‐Hilaire (and his theories of teratology) in the famous ‘querelle des analogues’ of 1832, the chapter investigates for the first time how the two famous sections above and the ‘parade of the monsters’ mesh with Cuvier's wide‐ranging contributions to comparative anatomy and palaeontology. The chapter thus identifies and reconstructs ‘real’ imaginary monsters (fossils), and adds science intertexts—Humboldt's Cosmos for example—to Flaubert's famous library for the first time. Further contemporary scientist interlocutors aptly replace Saint‐Hilaire and Laplace as the final (reference) matter of the chapter, the contributions of the Pouchets to theories of spontaneous generation and micropalaeontology.
Susan Carey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367638
- eISBN:
- 9780199867349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367638.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter lays out the evidence for two distinct systems of core cognition with numerical content—analog magnitude representations of number and parallel individuation of small sets— contrasting ...
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This chapter lays out the evidence for two distinct systems of core cognition with numerical content—analog magnitude representations of number and parallel individuation of small sets— contrasting the two. The analog magnitude number system and the system of parallel individuation each take sets of individuals as input and create representations that support quantitative computations. However, their qualitatively different processing signatures provide evidence for radically different formats of representation, with mental symbols with very different content.Less
This chapter lays out the evidence for two distinct systems of core cognition with numerical content—analog magnitude representations of number and parallel individuation of small sets— contrasting the two. The analog magnitude number system and the system of parallel individuation each take sets of individuals as input and create representations that support quantitative computations. However, their qualitatively different processing signatures provide evidence for radically different formats of representation, with mental symbols with very different content.
Susan Carey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367638
- eISBN:
- 9780199867349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367638.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter begins by considering how the child who uses counting to represent number (i.e., is a cardinal-principle-knower) integrates the count list with analog magnitude representations, and what ...
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This chapter begins by considering how the child who uses counting to represent number (i.e., is a cardinal-principle-knower) integrates the count list with analog magnitude representations, and what this integration buys the child. The goal is to illustrate further the meaning-making capacity of Quinian bootstrapping. It then presents evidence for a second discontinuity in the development of mathematical cognition: the construction of representations of fractions.Less
This chapter begins by considering how the child who uses counting to represent number (i.e., is a cardinal-principle-knower) integrates the count list with analog magnitude representations, and what this integration buys the child. The goal is to illustrate further the meaning-making capacity of Quinian bootstrapping. It then presents evidence for a second discontinuity in the development of mathematical cognition: the construction of representations of fractions.
Paul Helm
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590391
- eISBN:
- 9780191595516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590391.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysics/Epistemology
It is alleged that a timeless being could not act, or intend, or remember, and so could not be a person. R, C. Coburn, Richard Swinburne, and David Hume are cited. But the concept of a person can be ...
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It is alleged that a timeless being could not act, or intend, or remember, and so could not be a person. R, C. Coburn, Richard Swinburne, and David Hume are cited. But the concept of a person can be variously construed. Divine timelessness may have analogues to action, life and memory. Acts may have beginnings and endings but they maybe brought about by a timeless agent with timeless intentions. The purposed actions have to be in time but their purposers need not be. Pike's argument that omniscience is sufficient for personhood is considered. To sustain the universe may be to decree that it be endure for a period.Less
It is alleged that a timeless being could not act, or intend, or remember, and so could not be a person. R, C. Coburn, Richard Swinburne, and David Hume are cited. But the concept of a person can be variously construed. Divine timelessness may have analogues to action, life and memory. Acts may have beginnings and endings but they maybe brought about by a timeless agent with timeless intentions. The purposed actions have to be in time but their purposers need not be. Pike's argument that omniscience is sufficient for personhood is considered. To sustain the universe may be to decree that it be endure for a period.
Helmuth Spieler
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527848
- eISBN:
- 9780191713248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527848.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter first describes logic functions and illustrates how false signals are formed due to timing errors. Basic logic circuits are described (NMOS, PMOS, CMOS) together with propagation delays ...
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This chapter first describes logic functions and illustrates how false signals are formed due to timing errors. Basic logic circuits are described (NMOS, PMOS, CMOS) together with propagation delays and power dissipation. The application of logic circuitry in analog-to-digital converters is illustrated, with a detailed discussion of conversion flaws (channel profile, integral and differential non-linearity, rate dependence). Different types of analog-to-digital converters are described (flash, successive approximation, Wilkinson, and pipelined ADCs) with their strengths and shortcomings. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of sampling, the Nyquist criterion, and digital signal processing.Less
This chapter first describes logic functions and illustrates how false signals are formed due to timing errors. Basic logic circuits are described (NMOS, PMOS, CMOS) together with propagation delays and power dissipation. The application of logic circuitry in analog-to-digital converters is illustrated, with a detailed discussion of conversion flaws (channel profile, integral and differential non-linearity, rate dependence). Different types of analog-to-digital converters are described (flash, successive approximation, Wilkinson, and pipelined ADCs) with their strengths and shortcomings. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of sampling, the Nyquist criterion, and digital signal processing.
Margaret Iversen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226370026
- eISBN:
- 9780226370330
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226370330.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Photography
Photography as a medium is often associated with the psychic effects of trauma. The automaticity of the process, the wide open camera lens, and the light sensitivity of film all lend themselves to ...
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Photography as a medium is often associated with the psychic effects of trauma. The automaticity of the process, the wide open camera lens, and the light sensitivity of film all lend themselves to this association. Just as a photograph registers things that to some extent bypass artistic intention and convention, so also the event that precipitates a trauma bypasses consciousness leaving an indexical trace on the psyche. Both involve the chance exposure to something which leaves an indelible impression. This book is an exploration of artists and theorists who have thought of photography as somehow analogous to trauma. It also considers art in other media, especially those sculptural forms, like direct casts, that can readily be understood as presenting or simulating a trace or residue of a traumatic event. Chapters are devoted to indexicality, analogue photography and film, direct casting, rubbing, the graphic trace, and representing the “unrepresentable.” Contesting the rise of digitization, the art under consideration claims some referential weight and meaning but, like trauma, only indirectly, belatedly.Less
Photography as a medium is often associated with the psychic effects of trauma. The automaticity of the process, the wide open camera lens, and the light sensitivity of film all lend themselves to this association. Just as a photograph registers things that to some extent bypass artistic intention and convention, so also the event that precipitates a trauma bypasses consciousness leaving an indexical trace on the psyche. Both involve the chance exposure to something which leaves an indelible impression. This book is an exploration of artists and theorists who have thought of photography as somehow analogous to trauma. It also considers art in other media, especially those sculptural forms, like direct casts, that can readily be understood as presenting or simulating a trace or residue of a traumatic event. Chapters are devoted to indexicality, analogue photography and film, direct casting, rubbing, the graphic trace, and representing the “unrepresentable.” Contesting the rise of digitization, the art under consideration claims some referential weight and meaning but, like trauma, only indirectly, belatedly.
Mohan Matthen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199268504
- eISBN:
- 9780191602283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199268509.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
A number of influential positions in the philosophy of perception are grounded in the idea that the sensory image is raw and unprocessed. Dretske holds that sensation is analogue: he neglects ...
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A number of influential positions in the philosophy of perception are grounded in the idea that the sensory image is raw and unprocessed. Dretske holds that sensation is analogue: he neglects neurophysiological evidence for data extraction and overlooks the role of attention. Goodman=s inference from the ‘density‘ of sensation to its unprocessed character ignores the process of analogue conversion, or supplementation, as he calls it. Some philosophers argue that sensation has no structure: in fact, it possesses something parallel to syntactic structure. Other philosophers argue, on the contrary, that sensation must be conceptually articulated, but insist that such articulation must be ‘spontaneous‘: it is shown that some level of spontaneity is indeed found in sub-personally generated sensory concepts. Finally, it is argued that, pace Richard Heck, sensation provides us with a means by which to construct a descriptive vocabulary for sense features.Less
A number of influential positions in the philosophy of perception are grounded in the idea that the sensory image is raw and unprocessed. Dretske holds that sensation is analogue: he neglects neurophysiological evidence for data extraction and overlooks the role of attention. Goodman=s inference from the ‘density‘ of sensation to its unprocessed character ignores the process of analogue conversion, or supplementation, as he calls it. Some philosophers argue that sensation has no structure: in fact, it possesses something parallel to syntactic structure. Other philosophers argue, on the contrary, that sensation must be conceptually articulated, but insist that such articulation must be ‘spontaneous‘: it is shown that some level of spontaneity is indeed found in sub-personally generated sensory concepts. Finally, it is argued that, pace Richard Heck, sensation provides us with a means by which to construct a descriptive vocabulary for sense features.
William P. Banks and Eve A. Isham
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195381641
- eISBN:
- 9780199864911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195381641.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Is the moment of conscious decision (known as W), as timed by Benjamin Libet and colleagues, a measure of volition? This chapter discusses a new experiment showing that the perceived time of response ...
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Is the moment of conscious decision (known as W), as timed by Benjamin Libet and colleagues, a measure of volition? This chapter discusses a new experiment showing that the perceived time of response (known as M) is also shifted by the same auditory cue that shifts W. The experiment showed that the strength of the tactile sensation of pressing the response button does not affect the apparent time of response or the auditory cue. A second experiment showed that judgments of another person performing in a Libet task show an effect of the delayed cue on M and W. Two final experiments showed that use of a digital clock gives results quite different from the analog clock most often used in these studies. The chapter argues that many inferences drawn from M and W reported from an analog clock need to be reconsidered. It also discusses implications for theories of volition.Less
Is the moment of conscious decision (known as W), as timed by Benjamin Libet and colleagues, a measure of volition? This chapter discusses a new experiment showing that the perceived time of response (known as M) is also shifted by the same auditory cue that shifts W. The experiment showed that the strength of the tactile sensation of pressing the response button does not affect the apparent time of response or the auditory cue. A second experiment showed that judgments of another person performing in a Libet task show an effect of the delayed cue on M and W. Two final experiments showed that use of a digital clock gives results quite different from the analog clock most often used in these studies. The chapter argues that many inferences drawn from M and W reported from an analog clock need to be reconsidered. It also discusses implications for theories of volition.
William Lyons
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198752226
- eISBN:
- 9780191695087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198752226.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
This chapter is concerned with the primitive yet foundational intentionality of the brain. It argues that, while it is true that all sensory systems produce effects in the brain in currency called ...
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This chapter is concerned with the primitive yet foundational intentionality of the brain. It argues that, while it is true that all sensory systems produce effects in the brain in currency called electrical impulses, this currency is not a language of any kind. Firstly, the book provides general comments on the lessons learned in part one of the book. Then it discusses the layers of intentionality: brain-level intentionality, sensory experience intentionality, linguistic intentionality, and the intentionality of the propositional attitudes. The third section outlines the distinction between a language, a code, and an analogue transmission device. The fourth section examines the brain as an analogue information transmitter and processor. The next two sections introduce the concept of mapping and transforming, and maps and records.Less
This chapter is concerned with the primitive yet foundational intentionality of the brain. It argues that, while it is true that all sensory systems produce effects in the brain in currency called electrical impulses, this currency is not a language of any kind. Firstly, the book provides general comments on the lessons learned in part one of the book. Then it discusses the layers of intentionality: brain-level intentionality, sensory experience intentionality, linguistic intentionality, and the intentionality of the propositional attitudes. The third section outlines the distinction between a language, a code, and an analogue transmission device. The fourth section examines the brain as an analogue information transmitter and processor. The next two sections introduce the concept of mapping and transforming, and maps and records.
Richard North
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199206612
- eISBN:
- 9780191709807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206612.003.01
- Subject:
- Literature, Anglo-Saxon / Old English Literature, Mythology and Folklore
This introductory chapter opens with the importance of Wiglaf, who shares the limelight with Beowulf for the last fifth of the poem (580 lines), with this set alongside the near contiguous reigns of ...
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This introductory chapter opens with the importance of Wiglaf, who shares the limelight with Beowulf for the last fifth of the poem (580 lines), with this set alongside the near contiguous reigns of Beornwulf and Wiglaf in Mercian history. Manuscript, dialect, and metre are discussed as preliminaries, with the conclusion that the poet knew Vergil in 9th-century Mercia. The case is then made, using Vergil's place in the English Renaissance, for treating his Aeneid as a major influence on Beowulf. The poem's heroic sources and Norse analogues are introduced, whereupon the Frisians are considered as the most likely purveyors of Beowulf's Scylding tales. The Vikings, particularly Skaldic poets, are considered then dismissed, as Beowulf's sources for these. With the Liber historiae Francorum and Æthelwulf's genealogical use of Scyld Scefing as outer markers, the poem's period of composition is initially set at c. 727 x c. 855.Less
This introductory chapter opens with the importance of Wiglaf, who shares the limelight with Beowulf for the last fifth of the poem (580 lines), with this set alongside the near contiguous reigns of Beornwulf and Wiglaf in Mercian history. Manuscript, dialect, and metre are discussed as preliminaries, with the conclusion that the poet knew Vergil in 9th-century Mercia. The case is then made, using Vergil's place in the English Renaissance, for treating his Aeneid as a major influence on Beowulf. The poem's heroic sources and Norse analogues are introduced, whereupon the Frisians are considered as the most likely purveyors of Beowulf's Scylding tales. The Vikings, particularly Skaldic poets, are considered then dismissed, as Beowulf's sources for these. With the Liber historiae Francorum and Æthelwulf's genealogical use of Scyld Scefing as outer markers, the poem's period of composition is initially set at c. 727 x c. 855.
Paul Humphreys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195158700
- eISBN:
- 9780199785964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195158709.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
A definition of computer simulations is given, emphasizing the dynamic aspects of simulations. The important role of visualization in many simulations is explained. Computational issues in ...
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A definition of computer simulations is given, emphasizing the dynamic aspects of simulations. The important role of visualization in many simulations is explained. Computational issues in simulations are connected to observational issues with instruments via the microscope metaphor. Digital simulations are compared with analog simulations, and the advantages and disadvantages of simulations are explored. Agent-based simulations are compared to equation-based simulations.Less
A definition of computer simulations is given, emphasizing the dynamic aspects of simulations. The important role of visualization in many simulations is explained. Computational issues in simulations are connected to observational issues with instruments via the microscope metaphor. Digital simulations are compared with analog simulations, and the advantages and disadvantages of simulations are explored. Agent-based simulations are compared to equation-based simulations.
Tadaaki Tani
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199572953
- eISBN:
- 9780191731266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572953.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
The analysis of the present state of color films as a representative of analogue photography is followed by its comparison with that of digital photography with CCD and CMOS as sensors. Color films ...
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The analysis of the present state of color films as a representative of analogue photography is followed by its comparison with that of digital photography with CCD and CMOS as sensors. Color films are characterized by light absorption, which is ~1/2 of ultimate limit, and the efficiency of latent image formation, which is ~1/3 of ultimate limit. While amateur consumers asre satisfied with the sensitivity and image quality of digital photography together with analogue photography, many of them now use the latter owing to its overwhelming convenience. Several characteristics of color films are described as references for digital photography, including the merits of their three-dimensional structure, randomly arranged independent sensors (i.e., AgX grains), unique image-processing, and image permanence.Less
The analysis of the present state of color films as a representative of analogue photography is followed by its comparison with that of digital photography with CCD and CMOS as sensors. Color films are characterized by light absorption, which is ~1/2 of ultimate limit, and the efficiency of latent image formation, which is ~1/3 of ultimate limit. While amateur consumers asre satisfied with the sensitivity and image quality of digital photography together with analogue photography, many of them now use the latter owing to its overwhelming convenience. Several characteristics of color films are described as references for digital photography, including the merits of their three-dimensional structure, randomly arranged independent sensors (i.e., AgX grains), unique image-processing, and image permanence.
